EM-1 Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons

MAR&ALL
ISLANDS FILE TRACKING DOCUMENT

Record Number:
y&y

OPERATION
REDWING

Project
2.63
.:= +
Characterization
of Fallout

Pacific
Proving
Grounds
May-July
1956

Headquarters
Field Command
Defense Atomic
Support
Agency
-
3
ndia Base, Albuquerque,
New Mexico

March
15, 1961

NOTICE

This
is an extract
of WT-1317,
which
remains
classified
SECRET/RESTRICTED
DATA
as of this
date.

Extract
version
prepared
for:

Director

DEFENSE
NUCLEAR
AGENCY

Washington,
D.C.
20305

1 JUNE
1982

W-1317
(EX)

EXTRACTED
VERSION

40985

Approved
for public
release;
distribution
unlimited.

UNCLASSIFIED
I

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.
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REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGE
READ INSTRUCTIONS
BEFORE
COMPLETING
FORM
I. llIiroll1
YUY8LU
2. GOVT
ACCESSION
NO.
1.
RECIPIENT’S
CATALOG
NUYOER

WT-1317 (EX)

I.
TITLE
(md
Subclfle)

Operation REDWING - Project 2.63,
Characterization of Fallout

5.
TYPE
OF
REPORT
b PERIOD
COVERED

6.
PERFORMING
ORG.
RLPoW
NUYEER
WT-1317 (EX)
I. AUTNOR(a)
T. Triffet, Project Officer
P. D. LaRiviere

s.
CONTRACT
OR
GRANT
NUwmER(#)

I.
PERFORMING
ORGANIZATION
NAME
AND
ADDRESS
10.
PROGLIAY
ELEMENT.
PROJECT.
TAM
AREA
& WORK
UNIT
NIJYOERS
US Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory
San Francisco, California

1.
CONTROLLING
OFFICE
NAME
AN0
AOORESS
12.
REPORT
DATE
Headquarters, Field Command
March 15, 1961
Defense Atomic Support Agency
(1.
NUYlBER
OF
PAGES
Sandia Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico
4.
YONlTORING
AGENCY
NAUE
A AODRESS(If
d~llerml
from
Conrrolfln#
Or/ice)
IS.
SLCURITV
CLASS.
(of
fhl*
rmporf)

UNCLASSIFIED

fSm.
DECLAS~~FICATION/OOWNGRADINC
SCWEDULE

1.
DISTRIBUTION
STATEMENT
(of
thla
Report)

Approved for public release; unlimited distribution.

8.
SUPPLEYENTARY
NOTE5

This
report has had the classified information removed and has been republished
in unclassified form for public release. This work was performed by Kaman Tempo
under contract DNAOOl-79-C-0455 with the close cooperation of the Classification
Management Division of the Defense Nuclear Agency.
D.
KEV
801101
(Cmtlnue
on I.“.,..
aid.
il n.r...y
md
Id.ntlly
by block
numbor,
Operation REDWING
Fallout
Surface Radiation

D.
ABSTRACT
fCmfinup
on vpv~pp
dk
II n~cmm~~
md
Identlly
by bloc&
n_botJ
The
general
objective
was
f-0

obtain data sufficient to characterize the fallout, interpret the aerial and oceano-
graphic survey results, and check fallout-model theory for Shots Cherokee, Zuni,
'lathead, Navajo, and Tewa during Operation REDWING. Detailed measurements of fall-
jut buildup were planned. Measurements of radiation characteristics and physical,
:hemical, and radiochemical properties of individual solid and slurry particles and
:otal cloud and fallout samples were also planned, along with determinations of the
;urface densities of activity and environmental components in the fallout at each
iajor station.

DO I:::;, 1473
EDITION
OF
1 N~V
6s 1s OBSOLETE
UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY
CLASSIFICATION
OF
THIS
PAGE
f*rn
Dam
Lnt-rd)

FOREWORD

This report has had classified material removed in order to
make the information available on an unclassified, open
publication basis, to any interested parties.
This effort to
declassify this report has been accomplished specifically to
support the Department of Defense Nuclear Test Personnel Review
(NTPR) Program.
The objective is to facilitate studies of the
low levels of radiation received by some individuals during the
atmospheric nuclear test program by making as much information
as possible available to all interested parties.

The material which has been deleted is all currently
classified as Restricted Data or Formerly Restricted Data under
the provision of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, (as amended) or
is National Security Information.

This report has been reproduced directly from available
copies of the original material.
The locations from which
material has been deleted is generally obvious by the spacings
and "holes" in the text.
Thus the context of the material
deleted is identified to assist the reader in the determination
of whether the deleted information is germane to his study.

It is the belief of the individuals who have participated
in preparing this report by deleting the classified material
and of the Defense Nuclear Agency that the report accurately
portrays the contents of the original and that the deleted
material is of little or no significance to studies into the
amounts or types of radiation received by any individuals
during the atmospheric nuclear test program.

ABSTRACT

The general objective
was to obtain data sufficient to characterize
the fallout,
interpret the
aerial and oceanographic
survey results,
and check fallout-model
theory for Shots Cherokee,
Zuni, Flathead,
Navajo, and Tewa during Operation Redwing.
Detailed measurements
of fallout
buildup were planned.
Measurements
of the radiation characteristics
and physical,
chemical,
and radiochemical
properties
of individual solid and slurry particles
and total cloud and fallout
samples were also planned, along with determinations
of the surface densities of activity and
environmental
components
in the fallout at each major station.
Standardized instruments and instrument arrays were used at a variety of stations which
included three ships, two barges,
three rafts, thirteen to seventeen deep-anchored
skiffs,
and
four islands at Bikini Atoll.
Total and incremental
fallout collectors
and gamma time-intensity
recorders
were featured in the field instrumentation.
Special laboratory
facilities
for early-
time studies were established aboard one ship.
A number of buried trays with related survey
markers
were located in a cleared area at one of the island stations.
Instrument failures were
few, and a large amount of data was obtained.
This report summarizes
the times and rates of arrival,
times of peak and cessation,
mass-
arrival rates,
particle-size
variation with time, ocean-penetration
rates,
solid- and slurry-
particle
characteristics,
activity and fraction of device deposited per unit area,
surface densi-
’ ties of chemical
components,
radionuclide
compositions
with corrections
for fractionation
and
induced activities,
and photon and air-ionization
decay rates.
A number of pertinent correla-
tions are also presented:
predicted
and observed fallout patterns are compared,
sampling bias
is analyzed,
gross-product
decay is discussed
in relation to the t-“*
rule, fraction-of-device
calculations
based on chemical and radiochemical
analyses are given, the relationship
of film-
dosimeter
dose to gamma time-intensity
integral is considered,
a comparison
is made between,
effects computed from radiochemistry
and gamma spectrometry,
air-sampling
measurements
are interpreted,
and the fallout effects are studied in relation to variations
in the ratio of fission
yield to total yield.
Some of the more-important
general conclusions
are summarized
below:
The air burst of Shot Cherokee produced no fallout of military
significance.
Fallout-pattern
locations and times of arrival were adequately predicted by model theory.
Activity-arrival-rate
curves for water-surface
and land-surface
shots were similar,
and
were well correlated
in time with local-field
ionization rates.
particle-size
distributions
from land-surface
shots varied continuously
with time at each
station, with the concentration
and average size appearing to peak near time-of-peak
radiation
rate; the diameters
of barge-shot
fallout droplets,
on the other hand, remained remarkably
constant in diameter at the ship stations.
Gross physical and chemical
characteristics
of the solid fallout particles
proved much the
same as those for Shot Mike during Operation Ivy and Shot Bravo during Operation Castle.
New
information
was obtained,
however,
relating the radiochemical
and physical characteristics
of
individual particles.
Activity was found to vary roughly as the square of the diameter for irreg-
ular particles,
and as some power greater than the cube of the diameter for spheroidal particles.
Fallout from barge shots consisted
of slurry droplets,
which were composed
of water, sea
salts, and radioactive
solid ‘particles.
The latter were spherical,
generally less than 1 micron
in diameter,
and consisted
mainly of oxides of Calcium and iron.
At the ship locations,
the
solid particles
contained most of the activity associated
with the slurry droplets;
close in, how-
ever,
most of the activity was in soluble form.
Bulk rate of penetration of fallout in the ocean was, under several
restrictions,
similar for
both solid and slurry particles.
Estimates are given of the amount of activity which may have

5

been lost below the thermocline
for the fast-settling
fraction of solid-particle
fallout.
Fractionation
of radionuclides
from Shot Zuni was severe whue that from Shot Tewa was
moderate;
Shots Flathead and Navajo were nearly unfractionated.
Tables are provided,
incor-
porating fractionation
corrections
where necessary,
which allow the ready calculation
of infinite-
field ionization rates,
and the contribution
of individual induced activities
to the total ionization
rate.
Best estimates are given of the amount Of activity deposited per unit area at all sampling
stations.
Estimates of accuracy
are included for the major stations.

6

FOREWORD

This report presents the final results of one of the projects
participating
in the military-effect
programs
of Operation Redwing.
Overall information
about this and the other military-effect
projects
can be obtained from WT-1344,
the “Summary Report of the Commander,
Task Unit
3. ”
This technical summary includes:
(1) tables listing each detonation with its yield,
type,
environment,
meteorological
conditions,
etc. ; (2) maps showing shot locations;
(3) discussions
of results by programs;
(4) summaries
of objectives,
procedures,
results, etc., for all projects;
and (5) a listing of project
reports for the military-effect
programs.

PREFACE

Wherever possible,
contributions
made by others have been specifically
referenced
in the body
of this report and are not repeated here.
The purpose of this section is to express
appreciation
for the many important contributions
that could not be referenced.
aggestions
fundamental to the success
of the project were made during the early planning
stages by C. F. Miller,
E. R. Tompkins,
and L. B. Werner.
During the first part of the operation,
L. B. Werner also organized
and directed the analysis of samples at U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory
(NRDL).
Sample analysis at NRDL during the latter part of the operation
was directed by P. E. Zigman,
who designed and did much to set up the sample distribution
cen-
ter at Eniwetok Proving Ground (EPG) while he was in the field.
C. M. Callahan was responsible
for a large share of the counting measurements
at NRDL and also contributed to the chemical
analyses.
The coordination
of shipboard construction
requirements
by J. D. Sartor during the prelimi-
nary phase, the assembly
and checkout of field-laboratory
instrumentation by M. J. Nuckolls
and S. E. Ichiki, and the scientific
staff services
of E. II. Covey through the field phase were
invaluable.
Important services
were also rendered by F. Elrkpatrick,
who followed the process-
ing of all samples at NRDL and typed many of the tables for the reports,
V. Vandivert,
who pro-
vided continuous staff assistance,
and M. Wiener,
who helped with the final assembly
of. this
report.
Various NRDL support organizations
performed
outstanding services
for the project.
Some
of the most notable of these were:
the preparation
of all report illustrations
by members
of the
Technical
Information Division,
the final design and construction
of the majority of project
in-
struments by personnel from the Engineering
Division,
the packing and transshipment
of all
project gear by representatives
of the Logistics
Support Division,
and the handling of all rad-
safe procedures
by members
of the Health Physics Division.
In this connection,
the illustration
work of I. Hayashi, the photographic
work of M. Brooks,
and the rad-safe work of W. J. Neal1
were particularly
noteworthy.
The project
is also indebted to the Planning Department (Design Division),
and the Electronics
shop (67) of the San Francisco
Naval Shipyard, for the final design and construction
of the ship
and barge platforms
and instrument-control
systems;
and to U. S. Naval Mobile Construction
Battalion 5, Port Hueneme,
California,
for supplying a number of field personnel.
The names of the persons who manned the field phase are listed below.
Without the skills

and exceptional effort devoted to the project by these persons, the analyses and results presented
in this report could not have been achieved:
Deputy Project Officer (Bikini): E. C. Evans III.
Deputy Project Officer (Ship): W. W. Perkins.
Director of Water Sampling: S. Baum.
Assistant Director of Laboratory Operations: N. H. Farlow.
Program 2 Control Center: E. A. Schuert (fallout prediction), P. E. Zigman, and W. J.
Armstrong.
Eniwetok Operations: M. L. Jackson, V. Vandivert, E. H. Covey, A. R Beckman, SN T. J.
Cook, CD2 W.A. Morris, SW1 M. A. Bell, and SN I. W. Duma.
Laboratory Operations: C. E. Adams, M. J. Nuckolls, B. Chow, S. C. Foti, W. E. Shelberg,
D. F. Covell, C. Ray, L. B. Werner, W. Williamson, Jr., M. II. Rowell, CAPT B. F. Bennett,
S. Rainey, CDR T. E. Shea, Jr., and CDR F. W. Chambers.
Bikini Operations: J. Wagner, C. B. Moyer, R. W. Voss, CWO F. B. Rinehart, SWCN W. T.
Veal, SN B. L. Fugate, and CE3 K. J. Nell. Barge Team: L. E. Egeberg (captain), T. E. Sivley,
E. L. Alvarez, ET3 R. R. Easte, CMGl J. 0. Wilson, SW2 W. L. Williamson, A. L. Berto, E. A.
Pelosi, J. R. Eason, K M. Wong, and R E. Blatner. Raft Team: H. K Chan (captain), F. A.
Rhoads, SWCA W. L. Hampton, and SWCN H. A.-Hunter. Skiff Team: LTJG D. S. Tanner (cap-
tain), M. J. Lipanovich, L. D. Miller, DM2 D. R. Dugas, and ET3 W. A. Smith.
Ship Operations: YAG-40 Team: E. E. Boetel, ET1 T. Wolf, ET3 J. K. LaCost, J. D.
O’Connor and J. Mackin (water sampling), and CAPT G. G. Molumphy. YAG-39 Team: M. M.
Bigger (captain), W. L. Morrison, ET1 W. F. Fuller, ET3 R L. Johnson, and E. R. Tompkins
(water sampling). LST-611 Team: F. A. French (captain), ENS H. B. Curtis, ET2 F. E. Hooley,
and ET3 R J. Wesp.
Rad-Safe Operations: J. E. Law, Jr., E. J. Leahy, R A. &lit, A. L. Smith, F. A. Devlin, B.
G. Lindberg, G.E. Backman, L.V. Barker, G.D. Brown, L.A. Carter, C.K. Irwin, P.E. Brown,
F. Modjeski, and G. R. Patterson.

8

coMTEMTs

DUCT___----
_____--_---_________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5

FO~W(-j~
--_-_-_-_---
______________-
- _________
_ _____________
7

p~FACE-_---
______
__________
_______
__
_____
__________________
7

CHAPTER
1
~RO&)UCT’()N__-
____
_ _______
_ ____
_________
__________
15

1.1 Objectives------------
____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
15
1.3 &ckgro~_-__---_-
_____
-me__
____________
____________
____
15
1.3 Theory------_-----
_____-______________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
16
1.3.1 General Requirements ,,--,_:,,-,--
-----_--------
_--------
16
1.3.2 ~~~u~ements---_----___
_______
___-____
_______
_____-
16
1.3.3 SpecaProblemsandSoluttons
__________-_________----_-----
17
1.3.4 Radionuclide Composition and Radiation Characteristics- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
17
1.3.5 ~p~~g~~~-~~_~~~~~~~~~~~~
____________________------
17
1.3.6
meraAppro;lch--_______
______________
____________
_____
18

CRAPTER 2 PROCEDURE ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
19

2.1 Shot Participation- - - - - - - - - ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
19
2.2 Instrumentation - - -- ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~
19
2.2.1 ~jor&mpl~g~~y
________
____
___ ______
_ _.__ ___________
19
2.2.2 Minor Sampling Array ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
20
2.2.3 Special Sampling Facilities ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~
21
2.2.4 bboratoryFaciDties_-__-
______
______
____ -__ ______
-_-----
22
2.3 Station Locations - - - - - ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
24
2.3.1 Barges, Rafts, Islands, and Skiffs ____________________~~~~~~~~
24
2.3.2 Ships-- -- -- -- ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
24
2.4 Operations ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
25
2.4.1 Logistic- ____ ________
_______
_____
_____
___________
____ -
25
2.4.2 Technical ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
26

CRAPTER 3 RESULTS__--
_____ ------_
___________________________(
42

3.1 Data Presentation- - - - - - - - - - ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~
42
3.2 ~~~~p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~-~-~~~~
______
--_
_______
__-_-_--
42
3.2.1 Rate of Arrival ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
42
3.2.2 Times of Arrival, Peak Activity, and Cessation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
44
3.2.3 Mass-Arrival Rate- - - - - - - ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~-
45
3.2.4 Particle-Size Variation- - - - - - __________________~_~~~~~~~~--
46
3.2.5 Ocean Penetration ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
47
3.3 Physical, Chemical, and Radiochemical Characteristics- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
49
3.3.1 Solid Particles ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
49
3.3.2 Slurry Particles ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---
53
3.3.3 Activity and Fraction of Device -- _____
- ____ -------------_----
55
3.3.4 Chemical Composition and Surface Density- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -‘- - - -
56
3.4 Radionuclide Composition and Radiation Characteristics - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
56
3.4.1 ~pp~~~~~~_~~~~~~~~~~~~_~~~~
____
_ ___________
-______---
56

9

3.4.2
Activities
and Decay Schemes
---__-_________
______
_---------
57
3.4.3
Instrument Response and Air-Ionization
Factors - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -
57
3.4.4
Observed Radionuclide
Composition
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
58
3.4.5
Fission-Product-Fractionation
Corrections
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
58
3.4.6
Res~ts~dDtscussion-----------------__________---------
59

CHAPTER
4
DISCUSSION -----------------------_-________--------
113

4.1 ShotCherokee--------------------------__-________--_-----
113
4.2 ~~Reliab~i~-----------------------________________-----
114
4.3 Correlations--------------------------_____________-------
114
4.3.1
FalloutPredictions
--------------------_,,_,,,,_,,_,,_,,_
114
4.3.2
~mpl~ngBias----------------------_____________-------
115
4.3.3
GrossPr~uct~cay-------------------~-~~_~~~_~~-------
126

4.3.4
Fraction of Device by Chemistry
and Radiochemistry-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 121
4.3.5
Total Dose by Dosimeter
and Time-Intensity
Recorder-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 121
4.3.6
Radiochemistry-Spectrometry
Comparison-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 122
4.3.7
~~~~~~p~~~g_~-~~~~~~~~~_~~~_---~_____________~~___~-~~
122

4.3.8
Relation of Yield Ratio to Contamination
Mex
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 123

CHAPTER
5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 150

5.1 Conclusions-
- - - - - - - _--_______-___-_
_____
_____
________
_____
150
5.1.1
Operat~o~~_~~~_~~__~~_~~___~-~___________________~___
156
5.1.2
Technical----------_--
______
---
________
______
_________
151
5.2 Recommen~ttons~~~~~~~__~~~__~_-~--~_~
_____
_______
____
____
154

A.1
Collector
Identification - _____-______________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---
162
A.2
~tectorI)ata-~~~-~~~~~~~~~__~_~~-~~_~___~_____
_________
__
162
A.2.1
End-W~~Co~~r~~__~___~__~-~~__~_~~_~__
_______
__-__
162
A-2.2
BetaCounter
__ _____
_ ____
_____-____________________
____
162
A.2.3
4-~IoniaationChamber
_-__
_____
_-________
________
________
162

A.2.4
Well Counter _____________________~~~~~~~~~
____
________
163
A-2.5
20-ChannelAnaIyser
_______
_____-_______
____
_________
____
163
A-2.6
~g~~~~~~~~~_~____________-~__~~~~~~___~_~_____-~~_
163

A-2.7
~p~~~~~~_~_______________~-~~_~~__~~~__~_~_____~___
164

A.2.8
~~gl~~~~~~~y~~~_________~~~~_~_~_~~_______________
164
A.2.9
Gamma T~e~~tenst~~corder~__~~-__-~~~~-~___~~_-~__---~
164

AppENDmB
MEASUREMENTS_____-_____-_-___--___--__-
_____
______
169

B-1
BuUdupD&a---
____ _ _____
____ ____ -____________---_______--
169

B.2 Physical,
Chemical,
andR,adiologicalData
-------------------------
207
B.3 CorrelationsData
______________________
______
__-_______
____
269
B-4 U~educed~~~_~~_____________~_~___~--~~-~~~-~~~--__~-~~
279

FIGURES

‘2.1
Aeri~viewofmajorsampl~g~ray_---_---_---------------------
33
2.2 Planandelevationof
major samplingarray
-------------------------
34
2.3
Ship~db~ges~tions___-__--______-___---------------------
35

2.4 Functional view of
time-“intensity
recorder
(TIR)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
gamma
36
2.5 FunctionalviewofincrementaIcoUector(IC)
------------------------
36

10

2.6 Functional view of open-close.
total collector
(CCC) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
37
2.7
~~~~~~p~~g~~~y---------~_~__~~~~~___~~~_____~_________
37

2.8 LocationmapandplandrawingofSiteHow--------------------------
38
2.9
Cou&xrgeome~ies
------__--______-___--__-________________
39
2.10
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~----~~_-~~~_~_~__~_________
40

2.11 Shiplocationsattimesofpeakactivity----------------------------
41
3.1 Rates of arrival
at major stations,
Shot Flathead- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
76
3.2 Ratesofarrivalatmajorstations,
ShotNavajo-----------------------
77
3.3 Ratesofarrivalatmajorstations,
ShotZuni
------------------------
78
3.4 Ratesofarrivalatmajor
stations,
ShotTewa------------------------
79
3.5 Calculated mass-arrival
rate, Shots Zuni and Tewa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
80
3.6 Particle-size
variation at ship stations,
Shot Zuni - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
81
3.7 Particle-size
variation at barge and island stations,
Shot Zuni- - - - - - - - - - - - -
82
3.8 Particle-size
variation at ship stations,
Shot Tewa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
83
3.9 Particle-size
variation at barge and island stations,
Shot Tewa - - - - - - - - - - - -
84
3.10 Gceanactivityprofiies,
ShotsNavajoandTewa----------------------
3.11
~~~~~~~~y~f~~~~~f~~~par~~~~~~_____~~~~__~_~_~~____~_________

3.12 Gamma-energy
spectra of sea-water-soluble
activity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3.13
~yp~~~~~~~~f~~~~p~~~~~~~~~~__~~~~~~~~~__~~~~~~~~_~~_______

3.14
&@~f~outparticle,
~~~~~~~~~~_~_~~~______~_____~_~________

3.15 High magnification
of part of an angular fallout particle,
Shot Zuni - - - - - - - - -
3.16
Spheroi~lfalloutparticle,
~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~---~~~~-~~~~~___~_

3.17
~ngula~f~~~~par~~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~____~~_~___~~~________

3.18
Spheroidalfalloutparticle,ShotTewa
____-___-_--______-_---_----

3.19 Thin section and radioautograph
of spherical
fallou’ yrticle,
Shot Inca - - - - - -
3.20 Energy-dependent
activity ratios for altered and unaltered

3.21

3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32

3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39

p~~~~~~~,~~~~~~__~~~______~~___~~~~~~~___~______~~~_

Atoms of NP*~, Ball’,
and Sra’ versus atoms of MO” for altered
andudteredparticles,
~otZuni~~~~~__~_~~~~~__~~
_____
___--

Particle
group median activity versus mean size,
Shot Zuni- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Particle
group median activity versus mean size,
Shot Tewa - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Relation of particle
weight to activity,
Shot Tewa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Relation of particle
density to activity,
Shot Zuni - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Gamma decay of altered and unaltered particles,
Shot Zuni - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Gamma spectra of altered and unaltered particles,
Shot Zuni - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Photomkrograph
of slurry-particle
reaction area and insoluble solids- - - - - - -
Electronmicrograph
of slurry-particle
insoluble solids - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
NaCl mass versus activity per square foot, Shot Flathead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Radioautograph
of slurry-particle
trace and reaction area - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Radionuclide
fractionation
of xenon, krypton,
and antimony

pro&cts,Sh&Zun~
____________________~~~~~_~~~_~___~~~

R-value relationships
for several compositions,
Shot Zuni- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Photon-decay
rate by doghouse counter,
Shot Flathead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Photon-decay
rate by doghouse counter,
Shot Navajo- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Photon-decay
rate by doghouse counter,
Shot Zuni - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Photon-decay
rate by doghouse counter,
Shot Tewa- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Beta-decay
rates,
Shots Flathead and Navajo- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Computed ionization-decay
rates,
Shots Flathead, Navajo,
\

4.1
4.2
4.3

Zunt,andTewa-
______
- ____
_-----____--
____
---_---___-~

Approximate
station locations
and predicted fallout pattern,
Shot Cherokee
- - - -
Survey-meter
measurement
of rate of arrival on YAG 40, Shot Cherokee-
- - - - -
Incremental collector
measurement
of rate of arrival on YAG 40,
Shot Cherokee ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94

95

96
97

98
99
100
101
102
103
103
104
104

105
106
107
108
109
110
111

112
135
136

137

4.4 Gamma-energy spectra of slurry particles, Shot Cherokee - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - 138
4.5 Photon decay of slurry particles, Shot Cherokee - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 139
4.6 Predicted and observed fallout pattern, Shot Flathead- - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - 140
4.7 Predicted and observed fallout pattern, Shot Navajo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 141
4.6 Predicted and observed fallout pattern, Shot Zuni - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 142
4.9 Predicted and observed fallout pattern, Shot Tewa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 143
4.10 Close and dtstant particle collections, Shot Zuni - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
144
4.11 Cloudmodelforfalloutprediction-------------------------------
145
4.12 Comparison of incremental-collector,
particle-size frequency
distributions, ShotsZuniandTewa---------------------------
146
4.13 Comparison of incremental-collector,
mass-arrival rates and
variation with particle size, Shots Zuni and Tewa --_-__-----------
147
4.14 Comparative particle-size
variation with time, YAG 39, Shot Tewa- - - - - - - - - 146
4.15 ~ustrativegamma-rayspectra-------------------__~_----------
149
A.]. Co&ctor&signatio~
------------------____-_________-------
165
A.2 Shadowing interference in horizontal plane for TIB - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 166
A.3 Maximum shadowing interference in vertical plane for TIR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 167
A.4 Minimum shadowing interference in vertical plane for TlR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 166
B.l Ocean-penetration rates, Shots Flathead, Navajo, and Tewa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 206
B.2 Gamma decays of solid fallout particles, Shot Zuni - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 263
B.3 Gamma spectra of solid fallout particles, Shot Zuni- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 264
B.4 Gamma spectra of solid fallout particles, Shot Zuni- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 265
B.5 Relation of inscribed to projected particle diameter- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 266
B.6 Computed gamma-ionization rate above a uniformly contaminated
I
smoo~inf~~tep~~e---------------_---_-_________~_~~---
267
B-7 Gamma-ionization-decayrate,
SiteHow --------~~-~~__~~~~,,,_~--~--
268
B.8 Surface-monitoring-device
record, YAG 39, Shot Zuni- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 299
B-9 Surface-monitoring-device
record, YAG 39, Shot Flathead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 300
B.10 Surface-monitoring-device
record,
YAG 40, Shot Flathead - - -- -- -- - - - - - - 301
B.ll
Surface-monitoring-device
record, YAG 39, Shot Navajo - - - - - - - - - - - - : - - 302
B.12
Surface-monitoring-device
record,
YAG 40, Shot Navajo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 303
B-13 ‘Surface-monitoring-device
record,
YAG 40, Shot Tewa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 304
B-14
~~~~~~~~~~p-~~~~~-~~~~y~u~~~-----~-~~~---_~~--~-~~-~_~--
305
B.15 Gamma spectra of slurry-particle
insoluble solids, Shot Flathead _--_-----
306
B.16 Gamma spectra of slurry-particle reaction area, Shot Flathead- - - - - - - - - - - 307

TABLES

2.1
~h&~t;r--
_________________
___,‘-____
_______
_________
____
28
2.2
~~on~~men~tton~~~~~~~~~~~__~~~~___~~~~~~~,~~~-~__~---
29
2.3
&ationLocationsmtJreAtoDArea
-_--------_--------------------
30
2.4
ShipLocationsatTimesdPeakActivity---------------------------
31
3.1
Times d Arrival,
Peak Activity,
and Cessation
at Major Stations
- - - - - - - - - -
61
3.2
Times of Arrival
at Major and Minor Stations in the Atoll Area - - - - - - - - - - - -
61
3.3
Penetration
Bates Derived from Equivalent-Depth
Determinations
- - - - - - - - - -
62
3.4
Depths at Which Penetration
Ceased from Equivalent-Depth
Determinations
- - - -
62
3.5
MaximumPenetrationRatesObserved-----------------------------
62
3.6
Exponent Values for Probe Decay Measurements
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
62
3.7
X-Bay
Diffraction
Analyses
and Specific Activities
of Individual
Particles,
~ot/Z~i~~__~~~____~~~~~~~-~-------~----~----
63

3.8
Distribution
of Particle
Densities,
Shot Zuni- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
63
3.9
Badiochemical
Properties
of Altered and Unaltered Particles,
Shot Zuni - - - - - -
64
3.10
Activity Ratios for Particles
from Shots Zuni and Tewa- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
64

.
12

3.11 Distribution of Activity of YAG 40 Tewa Particles
with Size and Type - - - - - - -
64
3.12
Physical,
Chemical,
and Radiological
Properties
of Slurry Particles
- - - - - - -
65
3.13 Compounds Identified in Slurry-Particle
Insoluble Solids - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
65
3.14 Radiochemical
Properties
of Slurry Particles,
YAG 40, Shot Flathead- - - - - - -
65
3.15 Fissions
and Fraction of Device (Mo99) Per Unit Area - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
66
3.16 Surface Density of Fallout Components in Terms of Original Composition-
- - - -
67
3.17 Radiochemical
Fission-Product
R-Values - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
67
3.18 Radiochemical
Actinide Product/Fission
Ratios of Fallout and
StandardCloudSamples---____
_____
__ ____
_________________
68

3.19 Radiochemical
Product/Fission
Ratios of Cloud Samples and
SelectedF~out~ples-_____
__________
__________________
68

3.20 Estimated Product/Fission
Ratios by Gamma Spectrometry
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
69
3.21 Theoretical
Corrections
to Reference
Fission-Product
Composition,
ShotZunl
--_________
_____
_ ________
___________________
69

3.22 Computed Ionization Rate 3 Feet Above a Uniformly
Conta.ninated Plane - - - - -
70
4.1 Activity Per Unit Area for Skiff Stations, Shot Cherokee - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 124
4.2 Evaluation of Measurement
and Data Reliability-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - f 124
4.3 Comparison
of Predicted
and Observed Times of Arrival
and Maximum
P~ticle-Si~eV~~at~onwt~Time~~~~~~_~_~~~~____~_~~___~~--
126

4.4 Relative Bias of Standard-Platform
Collections
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 127
4.5 ComparisonofHowLlandCollections-----------------------------
128
4.6 Surface Density of Activity Deposited on the Ocean- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 128
4.7 D~p-Co~terConvers~onFactors-.._---__-
_________
_______________
129
4.8 FractionofDedceperSquareFoot-------------------------------
130
4.9 Gamma
Dosage by ESL Film Dosimeter
and Integrated TIR Measurements-
- - - - 131
4.10 Percent of Film msimeter
Reading Recorded
by TIR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 132
4.11 Comparison
of Theoretical
Doghouse Activity of Standard-Cloud
Samples
by Gamma Spectrometry
and Radiochemistry
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 132
4.12
Comparison
of Activities
Per Unit Area Collected by the High Volume
FilterandOtherSamplingInstruments-------------------------
133
4.13 Normalized
Ionization Rate (SC), Contamination Index, and Yield Ratio - - - - - - 134
B-1 Observed‘ Ionization Rate, TIR ____________________-__---
____
____
170
8.2
Incremental
Collector
Data ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
176
B.3 Measured Rate of Particle
Deposition,
Shots Zuni and Tewa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 198
B-4 Calculated Rate of Mass Deposition,
Shots Zuni and Tewa- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 200
B.5 Measured Rate of Particle
Deposition,
Supplementary Data,
Shots Zuni and Tewa ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~
______
202
B-6 Calculated Rate of Mass Deposition,
Supplementary Data,
ShotsZuniandTewa----
_______
_____
_____
_____
______
_____
204

B-7 Counting and Radiochemlcal
Results for Individual Particles,
ShotsZunlandTewa___-________________-
____
____________
208

B-8 Weight, Activity,
and Fission Values for Sized Fractions
from
Whlm&mpleYFNB29ZU_____
_____
:_ ____
________
_________
209

B-9 Frequencies
and Activity Characteristics
of Particle
Size and
ParticleTypeGroups,
ShotsZuniandTewa---------------------
210
B-10 Survey of Shot Tewa Reagent Films for Slurry Particle
Traces
- - - - - - - - - - - 213
B-11 TotalActivityandMassofSlurryFallout--------------------------
214

B-12 Gamma
Activity and Fission Content of GCC and ACXt Collectors
by MO’” Analysis
- - - - - ,,__,;,-________-_______________-_
215

B-13 Observed Doghouse Gamma Activity-Fission
Content Relationship
- - - - - - - - - 217
B-14 Dip-Counter
Activity and Fission Content of AOCz Collectors-
- - - - - - - - - - - - 218
B-15 Dip Probe and Doghouse-Counter
Correlation
with Fission Content - - - - - - - - - 220

13

B.16
Elemental Analysis of Device Environment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - 221
B.17 Principal
Components of Device Complex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ - - - - - - 221
B.18 Component Analysis of Fallout Samples - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 222
B.19 Air-Ionization
Bates of Induced Products for 10” Fissions/Ft’,
Product/Fission
Ratio of Unity (SC)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 232
B.20 Absolute Photon Intensities in Millions of Photons per Second
per Line for Each Sample ----_______________________,_-----
235
B.21 Gamma-Bay
Properties
of Cloud and Fallout Samples Based on
Gamma-BaySpe&rometry(NBB)
------------___________-----
237

B.22 Computed Doghouse Decay Bates of Fallout and Cloud Samples- - - - - - - - - - - - 240
B.23 Observed Doghouse Decay Rates of Fallout and Cloud Samples - - - - - - - - - - - - 251
B.24 ComputedBe~-~cay~tes--------------------___________----
254
B.25 Observed~~-~cay~tes--------------__-_______________---
257

B.26 4-r Gamma Ionization Chamber Measurements
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 258
B.27 Gamma Activity and Mean Fission Content of How F Buried Collectors
- - - - - - 260
B.28 HowIslandSurveys,
StationF
------------___________-____-----
261
B.29 Sample Calculations
of Particle
Trajectories
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 270
B.30 Radiochemical
Analysis of Surface Sea Water and YAG 39
Decay-Tar&Samples
_________
-_--___________________~_____
277
B.31 ~inf~-Co~e~tion~esults~-~--~-~~-~-~~____________________~
278
B.32 Activities
of Water Samples - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 280
B.33 Integrated Activities
from Probe Profile
Measurements
(SIO) __________--
289
B.34 Individual Solid-Particle
Data, Shots Zuni and Tewa- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 290
B.35 Individual Slurry-Particle
Data, Shots Flathead and Navajo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 294
B.36 High Volume Filter Sample Activities
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 296
B.37 Observed Wind Velocities
Above the Standard Platforms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 297

14

Chapfer I
Im?omYloN

1.1
OBJECTIVES

The general
objective
was to collect
and correlate
the data needed to characterize
the fallout,
interpret the observed
surface-radiation
contours,
and check the models used to make predic-
tions, for Shots Cherokee,
Zuni, Flathead, Navajo,
and Tewa during Operation Redwing.
The specific objectives
of the project were:
(1) to determine
the time of arrival,
rate of
arrival, and cessation of fallout, as well as the variation
in particle-size
distribution
and gamma-
radiation field intensity with time, at several points close to and distant from ground zero; (2)
. to collect undisturbed samples of fallout from appropriate
land- and water-surface
detonations
for the purpose of describing
certain physical properties
of the particles
and droplets,
includ-
ing their shape, size,
density and associated
.radioactivity;
measuring the activity and mass
deposited per unit area; establishing
the chemical
and radiochemical
composition
of the fallout
material; and determining
the sizes of particles
and droplets
arriving at given times at several
important points in the fallout area; (3) to make early-time
studies of selected particles
and
samples in order to establish their radioactive-decay
rates and gamma-energy
spectra; (4) to
measure the rate of penetration of activity in the ocean during fallout, the variation of activity
with depth during and after fallout,
and the variation
of the gamma-radiation
field with time a
short distance above the water surface; and (5) to obtain supplementary
radiation-contour
data
at short and intermediate
distances from ground zero by total-fallout
collections
and time-of-
arrival measurements.
It was not an objective
of the project to obtain data sufficient for the determination
of com-
plete fallout contours.
Instead, emphasis was placed on: (1) complete and controlled
documen-
tation of the fallout event at certain key points throughout the pattern, also intended to serve as
correlation
points with the surveys
of other projects;
(2) precise
measurements
of time-
dependent phenomena,
which could be utilized to establish
which of the conflicting
assumptions
of Various fallout prediction
theories
were correct;
(3) analysis of the fallout material for the
Primary purpose of obtaining a better understanding of the contaminant produced by water-surface
detonations; and (4) gross documentation
of the fallout at a large number of points in and near the
lagoon.

I .2
BACKGROUND

A few collections
of fallout from tower shots were made in open pans during Operation Green-

howe (Reference
1).
More extensive measurements
were made for the surface and underground
shots of Operation Jangle (Reference
2).
Specialized
collectors
were designed to sample incre-
mentally with time and to exclude extraneous material
by sampling only during the fallout period.
The studies during Operation Jangle indicated that fallout could be of military
importance
in a-
reas beyond the zones of severe blast and thermal damage (Reference
3).
BUing Operation Ivy, a limited effort was made to determine
the important faLlOut areas for

a device of megaton
yield
(Reference
4).
Because of operational
difficulties,
no information on

fallout in the downwind direction was obtained. Contours were established in the upwind and
crosswind directions by collections on raft stations located in the lagoon.
Elaborate plans to measure the fallout in all directions around the shot point were made for
Operation Castle (Reference 5). These plans involved the use of collectors mounted on free-
floating buoys placed in four concentric circles around the shot point shortly before detonation.
Raft stations were also used in the lagoon and land stations were located on a number of the is-
lands. Because of poor predictability of detonation times and operational difficulties caused by
high seas, only fragmentary data was obtained from these stations.
The measurement of activity levels on several neighboring atolls that were unexpectedly con-
taminated by debris from Shot 1 of Operation Castle provided the most useful data concerning
the magnitude of the fallout areas from multimegaton weapons (Reference 6). Later in the op-
eration, aerial and oceanographic surveys of the ocean areas were conducted and water samples
were collected (References 7 and 8). These measurements, made with crude equipment con-
structed in the forward area, were used to calculate approximate fallout contours.
The aerial-
survey data and the activity levels of the water samples served to check the contours derived
from the oceanographic survey for Shot 5. No oceanographic survey was made on Shot 6; how-
ever, the contours for this shot were constructed from aerial-survey and water-sample data.
In spite of the uncertainty of the contours calculated for these shots, the possibility of deter-
mining the relative concentration of radioactivity in the ocean following a water-surface detona-
tion was demonstrated.
During Operation Wigwam (Reference 9), the aerial and oceanographic
survey methods were again successfully tested.
During Operation Castle, the question arose of just how efficiently the fallout was sampled
by the instruments used on that and previous operations.
Studies were made at Operation Tea-
pot (Reference 10) to estimate this efficiency for various types of collectors located at different
heights above the ground. The results demonstrated the difficulties of obtaining reliable samples
and defined certain factors affecting collector efficiency.
These factors were then applied in the
design of the collectors and stations for Operation Redwing.

1.3 TREORY

1.3.1 General Requirements.
Estimates of the area contaminated by Shot 1 during Operation
Castle indicated that several thousand square miles had received significant levels of fallout (Ref-
erences 5, 11 and 12), but these estimates were based on very-meager data. It was considered
essential, therefore, to achieve adequate documentation during Operation Redwing. Participation
in a joint program designed to obtain the necessary data (Reference 13) was one of the responsi-
bilities of this project.
The program included aerial and oceanographic surveys, as well as lagoon and island sur-
veys, whose mission was to make surface-radiation readings over large areas and collect
surface-water samples (References 14, 15 and 16). Such readings and samples cannot be used
directly, however, to provide a description of the contaminated material or radiation-contour
values.
Corrections must be made for the characteristics of the radiation and the settling and
dissolving of the fallout in the ocean.
It was these corrections which were of primary interest
to this project.
_

1.3.2 Data Requirements.
Regardless of whether deposition occurs on a land or water sur-
face, much the same basic information is required for fallout characterization, contour con-
struction, and model evaluation, specifically:
(1) fallout buildup data, including time of arrival,
rate of arrival, time of cessation, and particle-size variation with time; (2) fallout composition
data, including the physical characteristics,
chemical components, fission content, and radio-
nuclide composition of representative particles and samples; (3) fallout radiation data, including
photon emission rate and ionizing power as a function of time; and (4) total fallout data, including
the number of fissions and amount of mass deposited per unit area, as well as the total gamma-
ionization dose delivered to some late time.

16

,
; _ s.‘f.3.3 Special Problems and Solutions. Models can be checked most readily by means of
‘:&t-buildup
data, because this depends only on the aerodynamic properties of the particles,
their initial distribution in the cloud, and intervening meteorological conditions.
The construe-
tfon of land-equivalent radiation contours, on the other hand, requires characterization of the
composition and radiations of the fallout in addition to information on the total amount deposited.

,_
1.3.4 Radionuclide Composition and Radiation Characteristics.
In the present case, for ex-
i ample, exploratory att empts to resolve beta-decay curves into major components failed, because
;‘at the latest times measured, the gross activity was generally still not decaying in accordance
“with the computed fission-product disintegration rate. It was known that, at certain times, in-
duced activities in the actinides alone could upset the decay constant attributed to fission prod-
ucts, and that the salting agents present in some of the devices could be expected to influence
ik
gross decay rate to a greater or lesser extent depending on the amounts, half lives, and
‘decay schemes of the activated products. The extent to which the properties of the actual fission
products resembled those of thermally fissioned d”
and fast fission of da was not known, nor
were the effects of radionuclide fractionation.
In order to establish the photon-emission char-
acteristics of the source, a reliable method of calculating the gamma-ray properties of a defined
quantity and distribution of nuclear-detonation products had to be developed.
Without such infor-
‘mation, measurements of gamma-ionization rate and sample activity, made at a variety of times,
could not be compared, nor the results applied in biological-hazard studies.
Fission-product, induced-product, and fractionation corrections can be made on the basis of
-radiochemical analyses of samples for important nuclides. This leads to an average radionuclide
composition from which the emission rate and energy distribution of gamma photons can be com-
Ned for various times. A photon-decay curve can then be prepared for any counter with known
response characteristics and, by calculating ionization rates at the same times, a corresponding
ionization-decay curve. These curves can in turn be compared with experimental curves to check
the basic composition and used to reduce counter and survey-meter readings.

1.3.5 Sampimg Bias. Because the presence of the collection system itself usually distorts
the local air stream, corrections for sample bias are also required before the total fallout de-
posited at a point may be determined. To make such corrections,
the sampling arrays at all
stations must be geometrically identical, so that their collections may be compared when cor-
rected for wind velocity, and an independent and absolute measure of the total fallout deposited
at one or more of the stations must be obtained. The latter is often difficult, if not impossible,
to do and for this reason it is desirable to express radiological effects, such as dose rate, in
terms of a reference fission density. bertion
of the best estimate of the actual fission density
then leads to the computed infinite-plane ionization rate for that case.
lir principle, on the deck of a ship large enough to simulate an infinite plane, the same fallout-
radiation measurements can be made as on a land mass. In actual fact, however, there are im-
portant differences:
an additional deposition bias exists because of the distortion of the airflow

. around the ship; the collecting surfaces on the ship are less retentive than a land plane, and
their geometric configuration is different; a partial washdown must be used if the ship is manned,
and this requires headway into the surface wind in order to maintain position and avoid sample
contamination in the unwashed area.
For these reasons, the bias problem is even more severe
aboard ship than on land.
The preceding considerations were applied in the development of the present experiment and
will be reflected in the treatment of the data. All major sampling stations were constructed
alike and included an instrument for measuring wind velocity.
The buried-tray array surround-
ing the major station on Site How was intended to provide one calibration point, and it was hoped
that another could be derived from the water-sampling measurements.
In the ana.lySi.9 which
f”UoWS, fractionation corrections wffl be made and radiological quantities expressed in terms
of 10’ fissions wherever possible.
Relative-bias corrections will be included for each major
station, and an attempt will also be made to assess absolute bias for these stations.

17

I

1.3.6 Overall Approach. It should be emphasized that, at the time this project was conceived,
the need for controlled and correlated sets of fallout data for megaton bursts was critical.
Be-
cause of the lack of experimental criteria, theoretical concepts could be neither proved nor dis-
proved, and progress was blocked by disagreements over fundamental parameters.
The distri-
bution of particle sizes and radioactivity withtn the source cloud, the meteorological factors
which determined the behavior of the particles falling through the atmosphere, the relationship
of activity to particle size, and the decay and spectral characteristics of the fallout radiations:
all were tn doubt. Even the physical and chemical nature of the particulate from water-surface
bursts was problematical, and all existing model theory was based on land-surface detonations.
Corrections necessitated by collection bias and radionuclide fractionation were considered re-
finements.
The objectives stated in Section 1.1 were formulated primarily to provide such sets of data.
However, the need to generalize the results so that they could be applied to other combinations
of detonation conditions was also recognized, and it was felt that studies relating to basic radio-
logical variables should receive particular emphasis. Only when it becomes possible to solve
new situattons by inserting the proper values of such detonation parameters as the yield of the
device and the composition of environmental materials in generalized mathematical relation-
ships wffl it become possible to truly predict fallout and combat its effects.

18

Chopfef 2
PROCEDURE

2.1
SHOT PARTICIPATION

This project participated
in Shots Cherokee,
Zuni, F’lathead, Navajo and Tewa.
Shot data
is given in Table 2.1.

2.2
INSTRUMENTATION

The instrumentation
featured standardized
arrays of sampling instruments located at a vari-
ety of stations and similar
sets of counting equipment located in several different laboratories.
Barge, raft, island, skiff, and ship stations were used, and all instruments were designed to
document fallout from air, land, or water bursts.
The standardized arrays were of two general types:
major and minor.
The overall purpose
of both was to establish a basis for relative
measurements.
Major arrays were located on the
ships, barges,
and Site How; minor arrays were located on the rafts,
skiffs,
and Sites How,
George,
William,
and Charlie.
All major array collectors
are identified by letter and number
in Section A.1, Appendix A.
Special sampling facilities
were provided on two ships and Site How.
The instrument arrays located at each station are listed in Table 2.2.

2.2.1 Major Sampling Array.
The platforms
which supported the major arrays were 15 or
20 feet in diameter and 3 feet 8 inches deep.
Horizontal windshields were used to create uni-
form airflow conditions over the surfaces
of the collecting
instruments (Figures 2.1 and 2.2).
Ail platforms were mounted on towers or king posts of ships to elevate them into the free air
stream (Figure 2.3).
Each array included one gamma time-intensity
recorder
(TIR), one to three incremental
collectors
(IC), four open-close
total collectors
(OCC), two always-open
total collectors,
Type
1 (AOCJ, one recording
anemometer
(RA), and one trigger-control
unit (Mark I or Mark II).
The TIR, an autorecyclic
gamma ionization dosimeter,
is shown dissambled
in Figure 2.4.
It consisted of several similar units each of which contained an ionization chamber,
an integrat-
ing range capacitor,
associated
electrometer
and recyclic
relay circuitry,
and a power ampli-
fier, fed to a 20-pen Esterline-Angus
operational
recorder.
Information was stored as a line
pulse on a moving paper tape, each line corresponding
to the basic unit of absorbed radiation
for that channel.
In operation,
the integrating capacitor
in parallel with the ionization chamber
Was charged negatively.
In a radiation field,
the voltage across
this capacitor became more
Positive with ionization until a point was reached where the electrometer
circuit was no longer
nonconducting.
The resultant current flow tripped the power amplifier
which energized a re-
cycling relay,
actuated the recorder,
and recharged
the chamber to its original voltage.
AP-
Proximately ‘/ inch of polyethylene
was used to exclude beta rays, such that increments
of gamma
ionization dose from 1 mr to 10 r were recorded
with respect to time.
Dose rate could then be
obtained from the spacing of increments,
and total dose from the number of increments.
This
instrument provided data on the time of arrival,
rate of arrival,
peak and Cessation of fallout,
and decay of the radiation field.
The IC, shown with the side covers
removed in Figure 2.6, contained 66 to 60 trays with
sensitive collecting
surfaces
3.2 inch in diameter.
The trays were carried to exposure position
bY a pair of interconnected
gravity-spring-operated
vertical
elevators.
Each tray was exposed

19

at the
top of
the
ascending
elevator for
Gill C?qti i.llCrement
Of time,
Varying
from
2 t0 15 minutes
for different
instruments;
after exposure
it was pushed horizontally
across
to the descending

elevator
by means
of a pneumatic
piston.
For land-surface
shots,
grease-coated
cellulose
ace-
tate disks were used as collecting
surfaces;
for water-surface
Shots these were interspersed
with disks carrying
chloride-sensitive
films.
This instrument
also furnished
data on the time
of arrival,
rate of arrival,
peak and cessation
of fallout and, in addition,
provided
samples
for
measurements
of single-particle
properties,
particle-size
distribution,
and radiation
charac-

teristics.
The CCC,
shown with the top cover
removed
in Figure 2.6, contained
a square
aluminum
tray about 2 inches deep and 2.60 square
feet in area.
Each tray was lined with a thin sheet of
polyethylene
to facilitate
sample
removal
and fffled with a fiberglass
honeycomb
insert to im-
prove collection
and retention efficiency
without hindering
subsequent
analyses.
The collector
was equipped witi
a sliding lid, to prevent
samples
from being altered
by environmental
condi-
tions before or after collection,
and designed
in such a way that the top of the collecting
tray
was raised
about ‘A inch above the top of the instrument when the lid was opened.
Upon recovery,
each tray was sealed with a separate aluminum cover i/1 inch thick which was left in place until
the time of laboratory
analysts.
The samples collected
by this instrument were used for chemi-
cal and radiochemical
measurements
of total fallout and for determinations
of activity deposited
per unit area.
The AOCt was an OCC tray assembly
which was continuously exposed from the time of place-
ment until recovery.
It was provided as a backup for the OCC, and the samples were intended
to serve the same purposes.
The BA was a stock instrument (AN/UIW-SB,
BD108/UMQ-5)
capable of recording
wind
speed and direction
as a function of time.
The Mark I and II trigger-control
units were central
panels designed
to control the operation
of tlm tnstruments
in the major
sampling
array.
The Mark I utilized
ship power and provided
for manual control
of CCC’s and automatic
control
of IC’s.
The Mark II had its own power and
was completely
automatic.
A manually operated direct-circuit
trigger
was used for the ship
installations
and a combination of radio,
light, pressure
and radiation triggers
was used on the
barges and Site How.
In addition to the instruments described
above, an experimental
high-volume
filter unit (HVF),
or incremental
air sampler,
was located on each of the ship platforms.
It consisted of eight
heads, each with a separate closure,
and a single blower.
The heads contained dimethyltere-
phalate (DART) filters,
3 inches in diameter,
and were oriented vertically
upward.
Air was
drawn through them at the rate of about 10 cubic feet per minute as they were opened sequen-
tially through the control unit.
The instrument was designed to obtain gross aerosol
samples
under conditions
of low concentration
and permit the recovery
of particles
without alteration
resulting from sublimation of the DMT.
Sets a[ instruments
consisting
of one incremental
and one total-fallout
collector
belonging to
IWect
2.65 and one gamma dose recorder
belonging
to Project
2.2 were also placed on the ship
Platforms and either
on or near the barge and Site How platforms.
These were provided to make
eventual cross-correlation
of data possible.

2.2.2
Minor Sampling Array.
The minor array (Figure 2.7) was mounted in two ways.
Cn
the skiffs,
a telescoping
mast and the space within the skiff were used for the instruments.
On
the rafts and islands,
a portable structure
served both as a tower and shield against blast and
thermal effects.
However,
all arrays included the same instruments:
one time-of-arrival
de-
tector (TOAD),
one film-pack
do&meter
(ESL), and one always-open
total collector,
Type 2
WC&
I

The TOAD consisted
of an ionization-chamber
radiation trigger and an 8-day chronometric
clock started by the trigger.
With this instrument, the time of arrival
was determined by sub-
tracting the clock reading from the total period elapsed between detonation and the time when
the instrument was read.
The ESL was a standard Evans Signal I&oratory
film pack used to estimate the gross gam-

20

m
ionixation dose.
Abe AGCI consisted
of a ‘t-inch-diameter
funnel, a !&inch-diameter
tube, and a a-gallon
;;&tle, all of polyethylene,
with a thin layer of fiberglass
honeycomb in the mouth of the funnel.
Collected samples were used to determine
the activity deposited per unit area.

2.2.3 Special Sampling Facilities.
The YAG 40 carried
a shielded laboratory
(Figure 2.3),
which could commence
studies shortly after the arrival af the fallout.
This laboratory
was
in-
dependentiy served by the special incremental
collector
(SIC) and an Esterline-Angus
recorder
which continuously recorded
the radiation field measured by TIB’s located on the king-post
plat-
form and main deck.
The SIC consisted of two modified IC’s, located side by side and capable of/being operated
independently.
Upon completion
of whatever sampling period was desired,
trays from either
instrument could be lowered directly
into the laboratory
by means of an enclosed
elevator.
Both
the trays and their collecting
surfaces
were identical to those employed in the unmodified
IC’s.
.The samples were used first for early-time
studies,
which featured work on single particles
arxi gamma decay and measurements
of energy spectra.
Later, the samples were used for de-
tailed physical,
chemical,
and radiochemicai
analyses.
Both the YAG 39 and YAG 40 carried
water-sampling
equipment (Figure 2.3).
The YAG 39
was equipped with a penetration probe,
a decay tank with probe,
a surface-monitoring
device,
and surface-sampling
equipment.
The YAG 40 was similarly
equipped except that it had no de-
cay tank with probe.
The penetration probe (SIG-P),
which was furnished by Project
2.62a, contained a multiple
GM tube sensing element and a depth gage.
It was supported on an outrigger
projecting
about
25 feet over the side of the ship at the bow and was raised and lowered by a winch operated from
the secondary control room.
Its output was automatically
recorded
on an X-Y recorder
located
in the same room.
The instrument was used during and after fallout to obtain successive
verti-
cal profiles
of apparent milliroentgens
per hour versus depth.
The tank containing the decay probe (SIG-D) was located on the main deck of the YAG 39 and
Was, in effect,
a large always-open
total collector
with a windshield similar
to that on the stand-
ard platform secured to its upper edge.
It was approximately
6 feet in diameter and 6% feet
deep.
The probe was identical to the SIO-P described
above.
Except in the case of Shot Zuni,
the sea water with which it was filled afresh before each event, was treated with nitric acid to
retard plating out of the radioactivity
and stirred continuously
by a rotor located at the bottom
ofthetank.
The surface-monitoring
device (NYO-M),
which was provided by Project
2.64, contained a
plastic phosphor and photomultiplier
sensing element.
The instrument was mounted in a fixed
position at the end of the bow outnigger and its output was recorded
automatically
on an Esterline-
Angus recorder
located in ther secondary
control room of the ship.
During fallout,
it was pro-
tectedby a polyethylene
bag.
This was later removed while the device was operating.
The
Ptvpose of the device was to estimate the contribution
of surface contamination
to the total read-
ing. The instrument was essentially
unshielded,
exhibiting a nonuniform 4-77 response.
It was
intended to measure the changing gamma-radiation
field close above the surface of the Ocean for
purposes of correlation
with readings of similar
instruments carried by the survey aircraft.
The surface-sampling
equipment consisted of a 5-gailon polyethylene
bucket with a hand line
and a number of ‘/1-gallon polyethylene
bottles.
This equipment was used to collect
water sam-
ples after the cessation
of fallout.
A supplementary
sampling facility was established
on Site How near the tower of the major
Sampling array (Figure 2.8).
It consisted
of twelve AGCi’s without liners or inserts (AOCi-B),
each with an adjacent survey stake, 3 feet high.
The trays were filled with earth and buried in
such a way that their collecting
surfaces
were flush with the ground.
Every location marked
with a stake was monitored with a hand survey meter at about l-day intervals for 5 or 6 days
after each event.
Samples from the trays were used in assessing
the collection
bias of the major
sampling array by providing an absolute value of the number of fissions
deposited per unit area.

21

The survey-meter
readings were used to establish the gamma-ionization
decay above a surface
approximating
a uniformly contaminated
infinite plane.

2.2.4
Laboratory
Facilities.
Samples were measured and analyzed in the shielded laboratory
aboard the YAG 40, the field laboratory
at Site Elmer and the U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense
Laboratory
(NBDL).
The laboratories
in the forward area were equipped primarily
for making
early-time
measurements
of sample radioactivity,
all other measurements
and analyses being
performed
at NBDL.
Instruments used in determining the radiation characteristics
of samples
are discussed
briefly below and shown in Figure 2.9; pertinent details are given in Section A.2,
Appendix A.
Other special laboratory
equipment used during the course of sample studies con-
sisted of an emission
spectrometer,
X-ray diffraction
apparatus,
electron microscope,
ion-
exchange columns,
polarograph,
flame photometer,
and Galvanek-Morrison
fluorimeter.
The YAG 40 laboratory
was used primarily
to make early-gamma
and beta-activity
measure-
ments of fallout samples from the SIC trays.
All trays were counted in an end-window gamma
counter as soon as they were removed from the elevator;
decay curves obtained from a few of
these served for corrections
to a common time.
Certain trays were examined under a wide-
field stereomicroscope,
and selected particles
were sized and removed with a hypodermic
needle
thrust through a cork.
Other trays were rinsed with acid and the resulting stock solutions used
as correlation
and decay samples
in the end-window counter,
a beta proportional
counter,
a 4-n
gamma ionization chamber and a gamma well counter.
Each particle
removed was stored on its
needle in a small glass vial and counted in the well counter.
Occasional
particles
too active for
this counter were assayed in a special holder in the end-window counter,
and a few were dis-
solved and treated as stock solutions.
Gamma-ray
pulse-height
spectra were obtained from a
selection of the described
samples using a 20-channel gamma analyzer.
Sturdy-energy
calibra-
tion and reference-counting
standards were prepared at NRDL and used continuously with each
instrument throughout the operation.
The end-window counter (Figure
2.9A) consisted of a scintillation
detection unit mounted in
the top portion of a cylindrical
lead shield ii/r inch thick, and connected to a preamplifier,
am-
plifier and scaler unit (Section A.2).
The detection unit contained a l’/-inch-diameter-by-yr-

inch-thick NaI(T1) crystal fitted to a photomultiplier
tube.
A ‘/(-inch-thick
aluminum beta ab-
sorber was located between the crystal
and the counting chamber,
and a movable-shelf
arrange-
ment was utilized to achieve known geometries.
The beta counter (Figure 2.9B) was of the proportional,
continuous-flow
type consisting
of a
gas-filled
chamber with an aluminum window mounted in a l’/&inch-thick
cylindrical
lead shield
(Section A.2).
A mixture of go-percent
argon and lo-percent
CQ was used.
The detection unit
was mounted in the top part of the shield with a l-inch circular
section of the chamber window
exposed toward the sample,
and connected through a preamplifier
and amplifier
to a conventional
scaler.
A movable-shelf
arrangement
similar to the one described
for the end-window counter
was used in the counting chamber.
Samples were mounted on a thin plastic film stretched across
an opening in an aluminum frame.
The 4-u gamma ionization chamber (GIC) consisted of a large,
cylindrical
steel chamber with
a plastic-lined
steel thimble extending into it from the top (Figure 2.9C).
The thimble was sur-
rounded by a tungsten-wire
collecting
grid which acted as the negative electrode,
while the cham-
ber itself served as the positive
electrode.
This assembly was shielded with approximately
4
inches of lead and connected externally
to variable resistors
and a vibrating reed electrometer,
which was coupled in turn to a Brown recorder
(Section A.2).
Measurements
were recorded
in
millivolts,
together with corresponding
resistance
data from the selection of one of four possible
scales,
and reported in milliamperes
of ionization current.
Samples were placed in lusteroid
tubes and lowered into the thimble for measurement.
The gamma well counter (Figure 2.9D) consisted of a scintillation
detection unit with a
hollowed-out
crystal,
mounted in a cylindrical
lead shield 1*/l inches thick, and connected through
a preamplifier
to a scaler system (Section A.2).
The detection unit contained a l?.-inch-diameter-
by-a-inch-thick
NaI(T1) crystal,
with a S/(-inch-diameter-by-lyr-inch
well, joined to a phototube.
Samples were lowered into the well through a circular
opening in the top of the shield.

22

The 2O-&annel
analyzer
(Figure 2.9E) consisted
of a scintillation
detection unit, an amplifi-
dhxr
system and a multichannel pulse-height
analyzer
of the differential-discriminator
type,
_mg glow transfer tubes and fast registers
for data storage.
Two basic lo-channel
units were
-rated
together from a common control panel to make up the 20 channels.
Slit amplifiers
for
both units furnished the basic amplitude-recognition
function and established an amplitude sensi-
tivity for each channel. The detection unit consisted
of a 2-inch-diameter-by-a-inch-thick
NaI(T1)
erya
encased in j/.. inch of polyethylene
and joined to a photomultiplier
tube.
This unit was
mounted in the top part of a cylindrical
lead shield approximately
2 inches thick.
A movable-
‘wlf
arrangement,
similar to that described
for the end-window counter,
was used to achieve
bwn
geometries
in the counting chamber,
and a collimating
opening i/Z inch in diameter in the
w
of the shield was used for the more active samples.
The laboratory on Site Elmer was used to gamma-count
aLl XC trays and follow the gamma
meon
and beta decay of selected
samples.
All of the instruments described
for the YAG 40
.&xatory
were duplicated in a dehumidified
room in the compound at this site, except for the
nR counter and 20-channel analyzer,
and these were sometimes
utilized when the ship was
-hored
at Eniwetok.
Permanent standards prepared at NRDL were used with each instrument.
Operations such as sample dissolving
and aliquoting were performed
in a chemical
laboratory
trailer located near the counting room.
Rough monitoring
of GCC and AGC samples was also
accomplished
in a nearby facility (Figure
2.9F); this consisted
of a wooden transportainer
con-
taining a vertically
adjustable rack for a survey meter and a fixed lead pad for sample placement.
Laboratory facilities
at NRDL were used for the gamma-counting
of all GCC and AGC samples,
&mtinuing decay and energy-spectra
measurements
on aliquots of these and other samples,
and
all physical,
chemical,
and radiochemical
studies except the single-particle
work performed
in
the YAG 40 laboratory.
Each type of instrument in the field laboratories,
including the monitor-
@ facility on Site Elmer,
also existed at NRDL and, in addition, the instruments described
be-
low were used.
Permanent calibration
standards were utilized in every case,
and different kinds
d Counters were correlated
with the aid of various mononuclide
standards,
U*x slow-neutron
fission products,
and actual cloud and fallout samples.
All counters of a given type were also
rXWua.Lized to a sensibly uniform response by means of reference
standards.
The doghouse counter (Figure 2.9G) was essentially
an end-window scintillation
counter with

counting chamber large enough to take a complete OCC tray.
It consisted of a detection unit
containing a 1-inch-diameter-by-l-inch-thick
NaI(T1) crystal
and a phototube, which was shielded
With 1% inches of lead and mounted over a ?-inch-diameter
hole in the roof of the counting cham-
ber.
The chamber was composed
of a j/,-inch-thick
plywood shell surrounded by a P-inch-thick
lead shield with a power-operated
vertical
sliding door.
The detector was connected through a
PreiJJnPlifier and amplifier
to a special scaler unit designed for high counting rates.
Sample
trays were decontaminated
and placed in a fixed position on the floor of the chamber.
All trays
-re
counted with their ‘/,-inch-thick
aluminum covers
in place.
This instrument was used for

ksiC
gamma measurements
of cloud samples and OCC, AGC*, and AGC1-B trays.
The dip counter (Figure 2.9H) consisted
of a scintillation-detection
unit mounted on a long,
metal Pipe inserted through a hole in the roof of the doghouse counter and Connected to the same
auWfier
and scaler system.
The detection unit consisted
of a l’/,-inch-diameter-by-‘/t-inch-
thick NaI(T1) crystal,
a photomultiplier
tube, and a preamplifier
sealed in an aluminum case.
This Probe was positioned for counting by lowering
it to a fixed level,
where it was suspended
by means of a flange on the pipe.
A new polyethylene
bag was used to protect the probe from
contamination during each measurement.
The sample solution was placed in a polyethylene con-
tainer that could be raised and lowered on an adjustable platform to achieve a constant probe
dePth. A ma gnetic stirrer
was utilized to keep the solution thoroughly mixed, and all measure-
ments were made with a constant sample volume of 2,000 ml.
The instrument was used for
gamrna measurements
of all AGC2 and water samples,
as well as aliquots of GCC samples of
known fission content.
The single-channel
analyzer (Figure 2.9B consisted
of a scintillation-detection
unit, an am-
P1ification system,
a pulse-height
analyzer,
and an X-Y plotter.
After amplification,
pulses
from the detection unit were fed tnto the pulse-height
analyzer.
The base line of the analyzer

23

was swept slowly across
the pulse spectrum and the output simultaneously
fed into a count-rate
meter.
Count rate was recorded
on the Y-axis of the plotter,
and the analyzer base-line
posi-
tion on the X-axis,
giving a record
reducible to gamma intensity versus energy.
The detection
unit consisted
of a 4-inch-diameter-by-4-inch-thick
NaI(T1) crystal,
optically
coupled to a
photomultiplier
tube and housed in a lead shield 2*/2 inch thick on the sides and bottom.
A 6-
inch-thick lead plug with a 5/3-inch-diameter
collimating
opening was located on top, with the
collimator
directed toward the center of the crystal.
The sample was placed ln a glass vial
and suspended in a fixed position a short distance above the collimator.
All quantitative gamma-
energy-spectra
measurements
of cloud and fallout samples were made with this instrument.
Relative spectral
data was also obtained at later times with a single-channel
analyzer.
This
instrument utilized a detection unit with a 3-inch-diameter-by-3-inch-thick
uncollimated
NaI(T1)
crystal.
Reproducible
geometries
were neither required nor obtained; energy calibration
was
accomplished
with convenient known standards.

2.3
STATION LOCATIONS

2.3.1
Barges,
Rafts, Islands, and Skiffs.
The approximate
locations
of all project
stations
in the atoll area are shown for each shot in Figure
2.10; more exact locations
are tabulated ln
Table 2.3.
The Rafts 1, 2, and 3, the island stations on Sites George and How, and the Skiffs
DD, EE, KE, LL, and TT remained in the same locations
during the entire operation.
Other
stations changed position at least once and sometimes
for each shot.
These changes are indi-
cated on the map by the letters for the shots during which the given position applies; the table,
however,
gives the exact locations.
All stations were secured and protected
from fallout during
Shot Dakota ln which this project did not participate.
The choice of locations
for the barges was conditioned by the availability
of cleared anchoring
sites, the necessity
of avoiding serious blast damage, and the fact that the YFNB 29 carried two
major sampling arrays while the YFNB 13 carried
only one.
Within these limitations
they were
arranged to sample the heaviest fallout predicted for the lagoon area and yet guard against late
changes ln wind direction.
In general,
the YFNB 29 was located near Site How for all shots ex-
cept Tewa, when it was anchored off Site Bravo.
The YFNB 13 was located near Site Charlie
for all shots except Cherokee and Tewa, when it was positioned
near Site How.
Because both
barges were observed
to oscillate
slowly almost completely
around their points of anchorage,
an uncertainty of
200 yards must be associated
with the locations
given in Table 2.3.
The raft positions
were chosen for much the same reasons as for the barge positions,
but
also to improve the spacing of data points in the lagoon.
An uncertainty of *150 yards should
be associated
with these anchorage coordinates.
The island stations,
except for Site How, were selected on the basis of predicted
heavy fall-
out.
It was for this reason that the minor sampling array (M) located at Site Wllliam for Shots
Cherokee,
Zuni, and Flathead was moved to Site Charlie for Shots Navajo and Tewa.
Site How
was selected to be in a region of moderate fallout so that survey and recovery
teams could enter
at early times.
A detailed layout of the installation on Site How is shown in Figure 2.8.
Because the skiffs were deep anchored and could not be easily moved (Reference
15), their
locations were originally
selected to provide roughly uniform coverage
of the most probable
fallout sector.
With the exception of Stations WW, XX, and W-assembled
from components
recovered
from other stations and placed late in the operation-
their positions were not delib-
erately changed.
Instead, the different locations
shown in Figure 2.10 reflect the fact that the
skiffs sometimes
moved their anchorages
and sometimes
broke loose entirely and were tempo-
rarily lost.
Loran fixes were taken during arming and recovery,
before and after each shot.
The locations
given in Table 2.3 were derived from the fixes and represent
the best estimate of
the positions of the skiffs during fallout,
for an average deviation of f 1,000 yards in each coor-
dinate.

2.3.2
Ships.
The approximate locations
of the three project
ships at the times when they ex-
perienced peak ionization rates during each shot are presented
ln Figure 2.11.
Table 2.4 gives

24

these locations
more precisely
and also lists a number of other successive
positions occupied
by each ship between the times of arrival and cessation
of fallout.
From the tabulated data, the approximate
courses
of the ships during their sampling intervals
may be reconstructed.
The given coordinates
represent
Loran fixes,
however,
and cannot be
considered
accurate to better than
500 yards.
Further,
the ships did not always proceed from
one point to another with constant velocity,
and an uncertainty of * 1,000 yards should be applied
to any intermediate
position calculated by assuming uniform motion in a straight line between
points.
The ships were directed to the initial positions
listed in Table 2.4 by messages
from the Pro-
gram 2 Control Center (see Section 2.4.1); but once fallout began to arrive,
each ship performed
a fixed maneuver which led to the remaining positions.
This maneuver,
which for Shots Chero-
kee and Zuni consisted
of moving into the surface wind at the minimum speed (< 3 knots) neces-
sary to maintain headway, was a compromise
between several requirements:
the desirability
of remaining in the same location with respect to the surface of the earth during the fallout-
collection period,
and yet avoiding nonuniform sampling conditions; the importance
of preventing
sample contamination by washdown water -particularly
on the forward part of the YAG 40 where
the SIC was located; and the necessity
of keeping the oceanographic
probe @IO-P) away from the
ship.
It was found, however,
that the ships tended to depart too far from their initial locations
when surface winds were light; and this maneuver was modified for the remaining shots to include
a figure eight with its long axis (< 2 nautical miles) normal to the wind, should a distance of 10
nautical miles be exceeded.
The YAG 40 ami LST 611 ordinarily
left their sampling sites soon after the cessation
of fall-
out and returned to Eniwetok by the shortest route.
The YAG 39, on the other hand, after being
relieved long enough to unload samples at Bikini to the vessel,
Horizon (Scripps institution of
Oceanography),
remained in position for an additional day to conduct water-sampling
operations
before returning to Eniwetok.

2.4
OPERATIONS

2.4.1
Logistic.
Overall project operations
were divided into several parts with one or mores
teams and a separate director
assigned to each.
Both between shots and during the critical
D-3
to D+3 period,
the teams functioned as the basic organizational
units.
In general,
instrument
maintenance was accomplished
during the interim periods,
instrument arming between D-3 and
D-l,
and sample recovery
and processing
from D-day to D+3.
Control-center
operations
took place in the Program
2 Control Center aboard the command
ship, USS Estes.
This team, which consisted
of three persons headed by the project officer,
constructed probable fallout patterns based on meteorological
information obtained from Task
Force 7 and made successive
corrections
to the patterns as later information became available.
The team also directed
the movements of the project
ships and performed
the calculations
re-
quired to reduce and interpret early data communicated
from them.
.

Ship operations
featured the use of the YAG 40, YAG 39, and LST 611 as sampling stations.
These ships were positioned
in the predicted
fallout zone before the arrival of fallout and re-
mained there until after its cessation.
Each ship was manned
by a minimum crew and carried
one project team of three or four members
who readied the major array instruments,
operated
them during fallout,
and recovered
and packed the collected
samples for unloading at the sample-
distribution center on Site Elmer.
Water sampling,
however, was accomplished
by separate two-
nt.zIn teams aboard the YAG’s,
and early-sample
measurements
were performed
by a team bf six
persons in the YAG 40 laboratory.
Bikini operations
tncluded the maintenance,
armfng,
and recovery
of samples from all proj-
ect stations in the atoll area.
Because every station had to operate automatically
during fallout
and samples had to be recovered
at relatively
early times,
three teams of four or five men each
were required.
The barge team was responsible
for the major sampling arrays on the YFNB 13,
YFNB 29, and Site How, as well as for the special sampling facility located on the latter.
The
raft team was responsible
for the minor sampling arrays on the rafts and atoll islands,
and the

25

collected on selected
trays from the SIC were also dissolved
in the YAG 40 laboratory
and ali-
quots of the resulting
solution used for similar purposes.
Information obtained in these ways,
when combined with radiochemical
results,
provided a basis for establishing
an average radio-
auclide composition
from which air-ionization
rates could be calculated.
Measurement
of the actual air-ionization
rate above a simulated infinite plane was made on
Site How.
In addition to the record obtained by the TIR, periodic
ionization-rate
readings were
made with a hand survey meter held 3 feet above the ground at each of the buried-tray
(AOCi-B)
locations.
The number of fissions
collected
in these trays served both to calibrate
the collec-
tions made by the major array on the tower and to establish experimental
values of the ratio of
roentgens per hour to fissions
per square foot.
Fission concentrations
in a number of surface-
water samples collected
from the YAG 39 and YAG 40 were also determined
for use in conjunc-
tion with the average
depth of penetration,
to arrive at an independent estimate of the total
amount of fallout deposited at these locations.
It was intended to calibrate
one of the oceanographic
probes (X0-D)
directly
by recording
its
response to the total fallout deposited in the tank aboard the YAG 39, and subsequently measur-
ing the activities
of water samples from the tank.
Because it malfunctioned,
the probe could
not be calibrated
in this way, but the samples were taken and fission
concentrations
estimated
for each shot.
Records
were also obtained from the surface-monitoring
devices
(NYO-M) on the
YAG 39 and YAG 40.
These records
could not be reduced to ocean-survey
readings, however,
because the instruments
tended to accumulate
surface contamination
and lacked directional
shielding.

.-

21

I

d ~spky
&cay
tank probe; and NYO-Y.
New York Oper8Uon8
OKIce AEC monitor.
Nunrrti
indicata
numbor
d
lmstrumen~.
Addsid
sltlam
-
-Jar -@S-Y
-w
--am

Typ8
D88tgluuo8
Army
qJ8cl8l Prillty
ln8trumeId8

P-TIB XC OCC
AOC,
BA DdlB
NW
TOAD
ESt A*
IC
SW-P
SIO-D
NY&Y
AOC,-B

-9

mdl

I
1

1
3

1
3

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1

4
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
3
4
1
1
1

4
a
1
1
4
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
4
a

1
1

1

1
,,
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1

1

1

1
1
1
1

1
1

1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

l2

1
1

1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

I

TABLE 2.3 STATION LOCATIONS
IN THE ATOLL ABEA

Shot Cherdcee
smtzunl
GhntFlathead
Shot Navajo
Shot Tewa

Slnti0n
North Latitude North Latitude North Lztitude North Latitude North Latitude
aJxl
4
and
yd
and

East bngltude
En.stLOn@tu&
Ea.etlon@tude Eat Longitude Ea8tLongitude

YFNB 13 (E)

YFNB
29 (C,H)

Howlslvd (P)*

How IslamI
(K)*

George blpnd (L).

Wlluam Llmd (bl).

Chulte Island @I)*

rat-1 8)

Bat-2 (R)

m-3
(s)

SkUf-M

SdfI-BB

9kiff4-X

Gkiff-DD

U-ES

stiff-PP

Sklff-GG

Gkiff-HH

9ktff-KK

sdff-LL

GkiJT-MM

sdff-PP

Wff-BB

sin-s

SW-TT

S&f-W

sdff-w

skiff-WW

skc[I-XX

M-W

deg
mlJl
&g
mln

11
35.3
11
40.0
165
31.2 165
17.2
11
37.5
11
37.5
165
27.0 165
27.0

146,320 N
146,320 N
167.360 E
167,360 E
146.450
N
149,450 N
167,210
E
167flO E
166.530
N
168,530 N
131,250 E
131.250 E
109,030
N
109.030 N
079&40 E
079.540 E

11
35.1
11
35.1
11
165
27.6 165
27.6 165
11
34.6
11
34.6
11
165
22.2 165
22.2 165
11
35.4
11
35.4
11
165
17.2 165
17.2 165
12
06.1
12
06.1
12
lG4
47.0 l&
47.0 164

12
165
12
165
12
165
12
165

11.6
12
10.0 165
11.3
12
23.0 165
11.5
12
40.0 165
11.3
12
57.3 165

12
166
11
165
12
165
12
165

12
165
11
164
11
165
11
165

11.6
12
10.0 165
11.3
12
23.0 165
11.5
12
40.0 165
11.3
12
57.3 165

02.4
12
15.5 166
57.9
11
13.8 165
01.2
12
22.9 165
02.0
12
40.0 165

02.0
12
58.0 165
52.6
11
56.4 lG4
52.0
-
22.8
-
51.0
11
40.0 165

02.4
12
15.5 166
57.9
11
13.6 165
01.3
12
22.9 165
02.0
12
40.0 165

02.0
56.0
52.6
56.4

12
165
11
164
11
165
11
165

11
165
11
166
11
165
11
165

50.0
11
56.0 165
50.6
11
15.0 166
42.5
11
47.5 165
21.7
11
19.5 165

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
--

51.0
40.0

50.0
58.0
59.9
15.0
42.5
47.5
21.7
19.5

11
166
11
166
11
165
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-

*IT
mln

11
40.0
165
17.2
11
37.5
165
27.0

146,320
N
167.360
E
148.450
N
167,210
E
166.530
N
131250 E
109,030
N
079.540 E

hz
mln

11
39.1
165
16.2
11
36.2
165
29.6

149.320 N
167,360 E
146.450 N
167.210 E
169,530 N
131,250 E

172,150 N
-
061.150 E

35.1
11
27.6 165
34.6
11
22.2 165
35.4
11
17.2 165
06.1
12
47.0 164

11.6
12
10.0 165
10.7
12
17.6 165
11.5
12
40.0 165
11.3
12
57.3 165

03.5
12
14.2 166
57.9
-
13.8
-
02.0
12
21.6 165
02.0
12
40.0 165

02.0
12
56.0 165
52.6
11
58.4 164
50.5
11
23.9 165
53.3
11
35.2 165

51.1
-
50.0
-
50.6
11
15.0 166
42.5
-
47.5
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

35.1
11
35.1
27.6 165
27.6
34.6
11
34.6
22.2 165
22.2
35.4
11
35.4
17.2
165
17.2
05.4
12
05.4
44.9 164
44.9

11.5
12
11.5
07.5 165
07.5
11.6
12
11.8
20.9 165
20.9
11.5
12
11.5
40.0 165
40.0
11.3
12
11.3
57.3 165
57.3

02.4
12
02.4
15.5 166
15.5
-
12
01.1
-
165
10.2
02.0
12
02.0
21.6 165
21.6
02.0
12
02.0
40.0 165
40.0

02.0
12
02.0
58.0 165
56.0
52.7
11
52.7
56.0 164
56.0
52.0
11
52.0
22.6 165
22.5
52.3
11
52.3
39.7 165
39.7

-
-
50.8
15.0
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-

172.150 N
061.150 E

-
-
11
166
-
-
-
-
\

-
-
50.6
15.0
-
-
-
-

11
43.2
165
11.5
11
41.2
164
55.1
11
54.0
164
36.4

&g
min

11
37.5
165
27.0
11
37.4
165
14.2

148,320 N
167,360 E
146.450 N
iG7.210 E
168,530 N
131,250 E
-

30

TABLE&4
BJUP LOCr)TlON8ATTIME60?
PEAK ACTIVITY

The clymbolr
tp Md b reprerent
the Umer d nrriv~l
pod oesacrllonoffnllout,
respeotlvely;
t,,
Ia the time ofpeak observed
Ionlzatlon
rate.

Shot Cherokee
slot zunt
shot Flathead
8botNavajo
Shot Tewa

station
.
North Latitude
North Latitude
North Latitude
North Latltude
North Latitude
Time
nnd
nme
and
Time
and
TlIlM
and
ThlM
and
Erust Loagitude
EastLa@uda
EastLongItude
East Longitude
East Longitude
TSD,hr
deg
mln
TSD,hr
deg
min
TSD,hr
deg
mln
'ISD,hr deg
min
TSD,hr
deg
min

YAG 40
(A,W

YAG 39

(C)

6(t3*
12
164
9 (tp)*
12
164

10 &a)'
13
163
12 ctp,*
12
163

40.0
3.4 (Q
20.0
40.0
4.3
36.0
4.0

5.3

6.6

6.3

6.7 (tp)

7.4 ib)

18.0
12 (tp)
42.0
20.0
12.6
40.0
14.6

16.1

17.6

18.6

19.6

20.6

21.6

24.6

12
22.0
165
46.8
12
22.0
165
37.0
12
22.0
166
30.3
12
22.6
166
24.6
12
22.0
166
19.0
12
23.0
166
16.4
12
23.6
166
16.7
12
24.4
166
16.2

13
00.6
166
02.2
13
00.6
166
03.0
12
53.0
165
02.8
13
00.0
166
07.1
13
03.8
165
00.0
13
00.4
166
00.6
12
68.0
165
08.0
12
69.0
165
01.2
13
00.6
166
10.7
13
00.0
165
11.4

8.0 (t,

11.6

12.8

13.8

17.0 ('p)

22 (b)

4.5 (tp)

5.1

6.1

8.1

10.1

11.0 (tp)

12.1

13 ('0)

12
19.7
185
20.8
12
23.2
166
31.2
12
34.7
166
34.0
12
26.0
186
37.1
12
31.9
166
43.6
12
41.8
186
64.3

12
04.2
166
23.4
12
04.7
186
18.0
12
06.0
186
26.0
12
03.0
186
28.0
12
07.0
166
27.0
12
06.6
166
27.0
12
04.0
166
27.0
12
05.1
165
27.8

8.0 (t,,) 12
12.3
166
08.8
8.8
12
12.0
166
11.0
7.3
12
11.0
166
10.0
9.2
12
13.0
165
04.3
11.1
12
11.0
166
04.8
12.1
12
12.0
166
04.8
12.3 (tp) 12
12.2
166
04.2
13.1
12
13.0
166
01.0
16 (b)
12
09.9
184
69.5

2.3 (ta) 12
01.8
166
18.3
4.6
11
69.7
165
20.0
6.6
12
01.7
166
19.5
8.0 (tp) 11
68.3
165
20.7
6.8
11
67.0
166
22.0
8.6
12
02.0
166
20.0
9.6
11
69.0
166
19.0
11.6
11
68.0
165
20.0
12.6
11
67.0
165
18.0
14.6
11
55.0
166
23.6

4.4 (+J

6.2

7.2 (tp)

8.2

8.5 (k)

2:o (to,

2.2

2.7

4.7

6.0 ctp,

6.3 (t,,)

12
04.6
164
44.8
12
04.6
164
46.9
12
06.0
164
49.2
12
06.4
164
63.0
12
06.2
164
52.8

,
12
06.6
186
12.0
12
03.6
166
12.0
12
04.0
166
13.1
12
01.5
165
18.0
12
01.6
166
18.2
12
01.8
165
18.3

-

TABLE
2.4
CONTlNUED

The rym@l#
1, ami tu rrprerel
the timer of arrIveI ami oerration
of fallout,
reepecttvely;
tp tr tie time of pe& obrerved
io,dratton
rh.

Shot Cherokee
Bhot zlmt
mlot PlatiHrd
Shot Navajo
fhot Tawa

station
North Latftuda
North Latitude
North Latftude
North Latitude
North Latitude
TIUH
and
Time
auf
The
Uxi
Time
and
nme
and

Eest Longftuds
EtiLongitub
East Longitude
East LongRude
East Longitude
TSD, k
dog
mfn
TSD, k
deg
mfn
TSD, k
mill
TSD, k
da
mln
TSD, k
bll
min

YM
30
25 (‘PI
13
00.8

(C)
166
10.6
26.6
13
03.0
166
06.0

29 lb,
13
02.4
166
10.7

LST 611
20 (tp) t
14
20.0
16 (‘p) t
13
41.6

(D)
163
40.0
164
22.0

6.6 (‘0)

7.3

7.6

6.3

0.1 $)

12.6

16.6

16.2

20 lb,

12
06.9

164
40.0
12
00.0
164
40.0
12
00.0
164
42.0
12
01.6
164
43.6
12
02.0
164
47.0
12
03.0
166
01.0
12
06.0

166
13.0
11
46.0
166
08.0

11
47.4
166
16.2

16 (b)

3.0 (t#J

3.6

4.4

6.1

6.1 (tp)

7.1

7.6

10.1

12.1

12.9

13 Cb,

12
166
00.1
20.1

11
36.2
164
39.6
11
36.0
164
40.0
11
33.7
164
41.6
11
36.6
164
41.6
11
34.1
164
42.4
11
34.6
164
41.6
11
37.2

164
41.0
11
36.6
164
39.6

11
34.2
164
38.6
11
33.7
164
36.7
11
33.9
164
36.8

7.0 (t3

7.2

10.2

12.2

13.2

13.6 (‘p)

14 (‘0)

12
27.6
164
40.6
12
26.6

144
36.9
12
24.0
164
46.3
12
26.5
164
4s.o
12
25.0
164
60.6
12
26.3
164
60.4

12
25.4
164
50.3

QuestIonable value; aotlvlty near background
level.
t Predicted
value; no fallout ocourred.

Figure
2.1 Aerial
view of major
sampling
array.

33

COLLECTING
SURFACE
FOR ALL INSTRUMENTS

.

20 ft D for ship stut/ons
ft 0 for barge and How land stotlons

SPACE RESERVED
FOR
OTHER INSTRUMENTS
ALWAYS OPEN TOTAL
COLLECTOR
( AOCl b

OPEN CLOSE TOTAL
COLLECTOR
(OCC 1

CONTROL
UNIT

INCREMENTAL
COLLECTOR
(IC 1

HIGH VOLUME
FILTER
UNIT
(HVF)

SPACE RESERVED
FOR
OTHER INSTRUMENTS

SPACE RESERVED
FOR’
OTHER INSTRUMENTS
-r

Figure 2.2 Plan and elevation of major sampling array.

34

YAG 39
8 40

TELEVISION
CAMERA,
MAJOR
SAMPLING

DROCUE
RACK
(YAG
40
ONLY 1
PECIAL
INCRE

2.62
AN0
2.64
PROBE
’
AN0
MONITOR
RECOROERS
AN0
WINCH
CONTROL
\

ELEVATOR’
4
2.62
PROBE

PANEL
AND
RECOROER
CONTROLS
FOR
SHIELDED
LABORATORY
STANARO
PLATFORM
(YAG
40
ONLY
1

PLAfVlEW

CONTROL
PPNEL
FOR SPECIAL
INCREMENTAL
COLLECTOR

EN0
WINOOW
GAMMA
COUNTER

UICROSCOPE

WELL
GAMY4
COUNTER

20 CHANNEL
4NALYZER
AN0
ACCESSORIES

BETA COUNTER

4TT ION CtfAMBER
AN0
ACCESSORIES

CASTLE
FOR
SAMPLE
STORAGE

ACCESS
PASSAGE

PISS
WINDOW
LEA0
SHIELD

‘ELEVATOR
FROM
SIC

LST 611

MAJOR
SALYPLINB

GAMY4
TIME-INTENSITY
ARRAY

RECORDING
ANEMOMETER

CONTROL
PANEL
- -.-
’
RECOROERS
FOF. i
ARP

STANDARD
PLATFORM
ROOM
‘SHIELDED
CONTROL

YFNB 13 a 29

Figure 2.3 Ship and barge stations.

35

I

Figure 2.4 Functional view of gamma time-intensity
recorder (TIR).

I

Figure 2.6
Functional
view of open-close
total collector
(OCC).

YIP?
STbTioM
I
CAvLI”ncmc
wstms (MC*)

Figure 2.7 Minor sampling
array.

37

NOO9Wl

NW330

OOO’Btl
N
($31VNlClM003 N Q H)
ooz
001
OS
L
(13)
3lV'3S

.klON)

; I
MOH

. . .

1
i
1
P
,

I

-w--i

@
EN0
WNOOW
COUNTER

@
WELL
COUNTER

.
Q GW+OUSE
COUNTER

@
GETA
COUNTER

@ DIP COUNTEll

me...
_

@
SINGLE
CHANNEL
.N.L”ZLR
(NM,

Figure 2.9 Counter geometries.

39

40’
164.
20’
40.
165

lo,
1
LST-611
c

:
YAG-39
c

, YAG-40
C

1
LST-611
T
,

N

I

Lil;611,

L-l-
t

, LST-611
N

.
20’

, YAG-39
-
z

, YAG- 40
z

, YAG-40
N

_ VAG-39,
4 YAT-3s
r
-2 YAG-39 -
N

, YAG-40
F

SIKINI OR CSCIWOLTL
ATOLL

Figure 2.11 Ship locations
at times of peak activity.

41

Cbaplef 3

RESUL TS

3.1
DATA PRESENTATION

The data has been reduced and appears in comprehensive
tables (Appendix B) that summarize
certain kinds of information
for all shots and stations.
The text itself contains only derived re-
sults.
In general,
the detafls of calculations,
such as those involved in reducing gross gamma spec-
tra to absolute photon intensfties
or in arriving at R-values,
have not been included.
Instead,
original data and final results are given, together with explanations of how the latter were ob-
tained and with references
to reports containing detailed calculations.
Results for the water-surface
Shots Flathead and Navajo, and the land-surface
and near-land-
surface Shots Zuni and Tewa, are presented in four categories:
fallout-buildup
characteristics
(Section 3.2); physical,
chemical,
and radiochemical
characteristics
of the contaminated
mate-
rial (Section 3.3); its radionuclide
composition
and radiation characteristics
(Section 3.4); and
correlations
of results (Section 4.3).
Appendix B contains all reduced data for these shots sep-
arated fnto three types:
that pertaining to the buildup phase (Section B.l);
information
on phy-
sical,
chemical,
and radiological
properties
(Section 8.2); and data used for correlation
studies
(Section B.3).
Measurements
and results for Shot Cherokee,
an air burst during which very little fallout
occurred,
are summarized
tn Section 4.1.
Unreduced data are presented
in Section B.4.
Each of the composite
plots of TIR readings and IC tray activities
presented
in the section on
buildup characteristics
may be thought of as constituting a general description
of the surface
radiological
event which occurred
at that station.
In this sense the information
needed to corn-.
plete the picture is provided by the remainder
of the section on particle-size
variation
with time
and mass-arrival
rate, as well as by the following
sections on the activity deposited per unit
area, the particulate properties
of the contaminated
material,
its chemical
and radiochemical
composition,
and the nature of its beta- and gamma-ray
emissions.
Penetration
rates and ac-
tivity profiles
in the ocean extend the description
to subsurface
conditions at the YAG locations.
The radiological
event that took place at any major station may be reconstructed
in as much
detail as desired by using Figures 3.1 through 3.4 as a guide and referring
to the samples from
that station for the results of interest.
Each sample is identified by station,
collector,
and shot
in all tables and figures of results,
and the alphabetical
and numerical designations
assigned to
all major array collectors
are summarized
in Figure A.l.
Throughout the treatment which follows,
emphasis has been placed on the use of quantities
such as fissions per gram and R” values,
whose variations
show fundamental differences
in
fallout properties.
In addition,
radiation characteristics
have been expressed
in terms of unit
fissions
wherever possible.
As a result,
bias effects are separated,
certain conclusions
are
made evident, and a number of correlations
become possible.
Some of the latter are presented
in Sections 3.3, 3.4, and 4.3.

3.2
BUILDUP CI-IARACTERISTICS

3.2.1 Rate of Arrival.
Reduced and corrected
records
of the ionization rates measured by
one TIR and the sample activities
determined from one IC at each major array station are plot-
ted against time since detonation (TSD) in Figures 3.1 through 3.4 for Shots Flathead,
Navajo,

42

Z,,& and Tewa.
Numerical
values are tabulated in Tables B.l and B.2.
Because the records
d the TJWS and the deck (D-TIR) are plotted for the YAG’s,
the measurements
made by the
T&S
in the standard platform (P-TIR)
have been included in Appendix B.
The records
of the
es
with shorter collection
intervals
have been omitted,
because they show only the greater
variability in the fine structure of the other curves and do not cover the entire fallout period.
TAR readings have been adjusted in accordance
with the calibration
factors applying to the
four ionization chambers present in each instrument,
and corrected
to account for saturation
loss over all ranges.
(The adjustments were made in accordance
with a private communication
frcm H. Rinnert, NRDL, and based upon Co6* gamma rays incident on an unobstructed chamber,
normal to its axis.)
Recorder
speeds have also been checked and the time applying to each
reading verified.
In those cases where saturation occurred
in the highest range, readings have
heen estimated on the basis of the best information
available and the curves dotted in on the

figures.
It is pointed out that these curves give only approximate
air-ionization
rates.
Because of
-‘the varying energy-response
characteristics
of each ionization chamber,
and internal shielding
effects resulting from the construction
of the instrument,
TIR response was nonuniform with
respect both to photon energy and direction,
as indicated in Figures A.2 through A.4.
The over-
all estimated effect was to give readings as much as 20 percent lower than would have been re-
corded by an ideal instrument.
(M easurements
were made on the YAG 39 and YAG 40 during
all four shots with a Cutie Pie or TlB hand survey meter held on top of an operating TIR.
The
TIR’s indicated, on the average,
0.85 *25 percent of the survey meter readings,
which them-
selves indicate only about 75 percent of the true dose rate 3 feet above a uniformly distributed
plane source (Reference
17).
Total doses calculated from TIR curves and measured by film-
pack dosimeters
(ESL) at the same locations
are compared
in Section 4.3.5.)
Detailed corrections
are virtually
impossible
to perform,
requiring source strength and
&ctral
composition
as functions of direction
and time, combined with the energy-directional
response characteristics
of each chamber.
It is also pointed out that these sources
of error
‘UC inherent to some degree in every real detector and are commonly
given no consideration
Whatsoever.
Even with an ideal instrument,
the measured dose rates could not be compared
rith theoretical land-equivalent
dose rates because of irregularities
in the distribution of the
eavce
material and shielding effects associated
with surface conditions.
However,
a qualitative
study of the performance
characteristics
of ship, barge,
and island TIR’s indicated that all per-
formed in a manner similar for the average numbers of fissions
deposited and identical radio-
n=lide compositions.
The exposure interval associated
with each IC tray has been carefully
checked.
In those
cases where the time required to count all of the trays from a single instrument was unduly long,
activities have been expressed
at a common time of H + 12 hours.
Background and coincidence
loss corrections
have also been made.
The time interval during which each tray was exposed is of particular
importance,
not only
‘because its midpoint fixes the mean time of collection,
but also because all tray activities
in
couW Per minute (co unts/min)
have been normalized
by dividing by this interval,
yielding counts
per minute per minute of exposure (counts/min*).
Such a procedure
was necessary,
because
.enBection intervals of. several different lengths were used.
The resulting quantity is an activity-
arrival rate, and each figure shows how this quantity varied over the successive
collection
inter-
vals at the reference
time, or time when the trays were counted.
If it can be established
that
-&s
is proportional
to activity,
these same curves can be used to study mass-arrival
rate with
time (Section 3.2.3, Shots Flathead and Navajo); if, on the other hand, the relationship
of mass
ta activity is unknown, they may be used for comparison
with curves of mass-arrival
rate con-
-ted
by some other means (Section 3.2.3, Shots Zuni and Tewa).
*
Thus

duced at that time by all sources
of activity,
the corresponding
time point on the IC curve gives
, while each point on a TIR curve expresses
the approximate
gamma ionization rate pro-

the decaY-corrected
relative rate at which activity was arriving.
Both complementary
kinds of
Worrnation are needed for an accurate description
of the radiological
event that took place at a
given station and are plotted together for this reason
other my.
-not
because they are comparable
in any

43

The activities of the IC trays have not been adjusted for sampling bias, although some un-
doubtedly exists, primarily because its quantitative effects are unknown. Relative rates may
still be derived if it is assumed that all trays are biased alike, which appears reasonable for
those cases in which wind speed and direction were nearly constant during the sampling period
(Section 4.3.2). More extensive analysis would be required to eliminate uncertainties in the re-
maining cases.
It should also be mentioned that XC trays with alternating greased-disk and reagent-film col-
lecting surfaces were intentionally used in all of the collectors for Shots Flathead and Navajo
-with
no detectable difference in efficiency for the resulting fallout drops-and
of necessity
for Shot Tewa. The late move of Shot Tewa to shallow water produced essentially solid particle
fallout, for which the efficiency of the reagent film as a collector was markedly low. Thus, only
the greased-disk results have been plotted for the YAG 40 in Figure 3.4, although it was neces-
sary to plot both types for some of the other stations. Trays containing reagent-film disks, all
of which were assigned numbers between 2994 and 3933, may be distinguished by reference to
Table B.2. A few trays, designated by the prefix P, also contained polyethylene disks to facil-
itate sample recovery.

3.2.2 Times of Arrival, Peak Activity, and Cessation. The times at which fallout first ar-
rived, reached its peak, and ceased at each major array station are summarized for all shots
in Table 3.1. Peak ionization rates are also listed for convenient reference.
Time of arrival
detector (TOAD) results, covering all minor array stations and providing additional values for
the major stations in the atoll area, are tabulated in Table 3.2.
The values given in Table 3.1 were derived from Figures 3.1 through 3.4, and the associated
numerical values in Tables B.l and B.2, by establishing certain criteria which could be applied
throughout. These are stated in the table heading; while not the only ones possible, they were
felt to be the most reasonable in view of the available data.
Arrival times (ta) were determined by inspection of both TIR and IC records, the resulting
values being commensurate with both. Because the arrival characteristics varied, arrival
could not be defined in some simple way, such as “1 mr/hr above background.”
The final val-
ues, therefore,
were chosen as sensible-arrival
times,
treating each case individually.
It
should be mentioned that, within the resolving
power of the instruments used, no time differ-
ence existed between the onset of material
collections
on the IC trays and the toe of the TIR
buildup curve.
The IC’s on the ships were manually operated and generally were not triggered
until the arrival of fallout was indicated by the TIR or a survey meter,
thus precluding
any ar-
rival determination
by ICC; those at the unmanned stations,
however,
triggered
automatically
at
shot time, or shortly thereafter,
and could be used.
The SIC on the YAG 40 also provided usa-
ble data, ordinarily yielding an earlier arrival time than IC B-7 on the same ship. In order to
conserve trays, however, the number exposed before fallout arrival was kept small, resulting
in a larger time uncertainty within the exposure interval of the first active tray.
Once defined, times of peak activity (tp> could be taken directly from the TIR curves. Be-
cause peaks were sometimes
broad and flat, however, ii was felt to be desirable to show also
the time interval during which the ionization rate was within 10 percent of the peak value. Ex-
amination of these data indicated that tp -2 ta ; thii
point is discussed and additional data are
presented in Reference 18.
Cessation time (&.) is even more difficult to define than arrival time. In almost every case,
for example, fallout was still being deposited at a very low rate on the YAG 40 when the ship
departed station. Nevertheless, an extrapolated cessation time which was too late would give
an erroneous
impression,
because 90 or 95 percent of the fallout was down hours earlier.
For
this reason,
IC-tray activities
measured
at a common time were cumulated and the time at
which 95 percent of the fallout had been deposited read off.
A typical curve rises abruptly,
rounds over, and approaches
the total amount of fallout asymptotically.
Extrapolated cessation
times were estimated primarily
from the direct IC plots (Figures
3.1 through 3.41, supplemented
by the cumulative plots,
and the TIR records
replotted on log-log
paper.
It must be emphasized

44

that the cessation
times reported are closely
related to the sensitivity
of the measuring systems
used and the fallout levels observed.
m values for time of arrival given in Table 3.2 were determined
from TOAD measurements.
They were obtained by subtracting the time interval measured by the instrument clock,
which
started when fallout arrived,
from the total period elapsed between detonation and the time when
, @ instrument was read.
Because the TOAD’s were developed for use by the project and could not be proof-tested
in
advance, certain operational problems
were encountered in their use; these are reflected
by
Footnotes 8, q and t in Table 3.2.
only Footnote t indicates that no information
was obtained
by the units; however,
Footnotes 8 andl are used to qualify questionable
values.
Because the
TOAD’s from the barge and island major stations were used elsewhere
after Shot Flathead,
Foot-
note * primarily
expresses
the operational
difficulties
involved
in servicing
the skiffs and keep-
ing them in place.
‘;
The fact that a station operated properly
and yet detected no fallout is indicated in both tables
by Footnote $ .
In the case of the major stations,
this means that the TIR record
showed no
measurable
increase
and all of the IC trays counted at the normal
background
rate.
For the
minor stations,
however,
it means that the rate of arrival
never
exceeded
20 mr/hr per half
ti,
because the radiation trigger contained in the TOAD was set for this value.

3.2.3 Mass-Arrival
Rate.
A measure of the rate at which mass was deposited at each of
the major stations during Shots ‘Zuni and Tewa is plotted in Figure 3.5 from data contained in
Table B.4; additional data are contained in Table B.6.
Corresponding
mass-arrival
rates for
shots Flathead and Navajo may be obtained,
where available,
by multiplying
each of the E-tray
activities
(count/minz)
in Figures
3.1 and 3.2 by the factor,
micrograms
per square feet per
IKIU per counts per minute per minute,
[&(ft’-hr-count/min*)].
For the YAG 40, YAG 39,
and LST 611, the factor is 0.0524 for Shot Flathead and O.‘Vl for Shot Navajo.
For the YFNB
29, the factor is 0.343 for Shot Flathead.
For the YFNB 13 and How-F, the factor is 3.69 for
Shot Navajo.
The former
values of mass-arrival
rate, micrograms
per square foot per hour [&(ft’/hr)],
Were calculated from the particle-size
distribution
studies in Reference
19, discussed
in more
detail in Section 3.2.4.
The number of solid particles
in each size increment
deposited
per
Ware
foot per hour was converted
to mass
by assuming
the particles
to be spheres
with a den-
sity of 2.36 gm/cm3.
Despite the fact that a few slurry
particles
might have been present
(Sec-
tion 3.3.1), these values
were then summed,
over all size iricrements,
to obtain the total mass-

~riVval rate for each tray, or as a function of time since detonation
(TSD).
These results
may
not be typical for the geographic
locations
from which the samples were taken, because of col-
lector bias (Section 4.3.2).
Because
this result
will be affected
by any discrepancy
between the number
of particles
of
a certain sixe,
which would have passed
through an equal area in free space had the tray not
been present,
and the number ultimately
collected
by the tray and counted,
both sampling bias
(Section 4.3.2) and counting error
(Section 3.2.4) are reflected
in the curves
of Figure
3.5.
For
this reason they, like the curves
of Section 3.2.1, are intended to provide
only relative-rate
in-
formation and should not be integrated
to obtain total-mass
values,
even over the limited
periods
ahen it would be possible
to do so.
The total amount of mass
(mg/ft*)
deposited
at each major
shtion,
determined
from chemical
analysis
of CCC collections,
is given in Table 3.16.
The constants
to be used for the water-surface
shots follow from the slurry-particle
sodium
cuoride
analyses
in Reference
31 and were derived on the basis of experimentally
determined

mues
relating well-counter
gamma activity
to sodium chloride
weight in the deposited fallout.

These Values and the methot&g by which they were obtained are presented
in Section 3.3.2.
The
htors
were calculated
from the ratio of counts per minute per minute
(count/mint)
for the IC-
-%
area to counts per minute per gram [(counts/min)/gm]
of NaCl from Table 3.12. The grams
of Naci were converted
to grams of fallout,
with water included,
in the ratio of l/2.2;
and the
gamma well counts from the table were expressed
as end-window
gamma
counts by use of the
ratio l/62.
An average
value of specific
activity
for each shot Was used for the ship stations,

45

while a value more nearly applicable
for material deposited from 1 to 3 hours after detonation
was used for the barge and island Stations.
It is to be noted that the insoluble solids of the slurry particles
(Section 3.3.2) were not in-
cluded in the conversion
of grams Of NaCl to grams of fallout.
Even though highly active, they
constituted less than 2 to 4 percent of the total mass and were neglected in view of measurement
errors
up to *5 percent for sodium chloride,
f 15 percent for specific
activity,
and f 25 percent

for water content.

3.2.4 Particle-Size
Variation.
The way in which the distribution of solid-particle
sizes
varied over the fallout buildup period at each of the major stations during Shots Zuni and Tewa
is shown in Figures 3.6 through 3.9.
The data from which the plots were derived are tabulated
in Table B.3, and similar data for a number of intermediate
collection
intervals are listed in
Table B.5.
All of the slurry
padC1e.S
collected
over a single time interval at a particular
lo-
cation during Shots Flathead and Navajo tended to fall in one narrow size range; representative
values are included in Table 3.12.
The information
contained in Tables B.3 through B.6 and plotted in the figures represents
the results of studies described
in detail in Reference
19.
All XC trays were inserted in a fixed
setup employing an 8-by-lo-inch-view
camera and photographed with a magnification
of 2., soon
after being returned to NRDL.
Backlighting
and low-contrast
film were used to achieve maxi-
mum particle visibility.
A transparent
grid of 16 equal rectangular
areas was then superim-
posed on the negative and each area,
enlarged five times, printed on 8-by-lo-inch
paper at a
combined linear magnification
of 10.
Since time-consuming
manual methods had to be used in sizing and counting the photographed
particles,
three things were done to keep the total number as small as possible,
consistent with
good statistical practice
and the degree of definition required.
(1) The total number of trays
available from each collector
was reduced by selecting a representative
number spaced at more
or less equal intervals over the fallout-buildup
period.
Reference
was made to the TIR and IC
curves (Figures 3.1 to 3.4) during the selection
process,
and additional trays were included in
time intervals where sharp changes were indicated.
(2) Instead of counting the particles
in all
areas of heavily loaded trays,
a diagonal
line was drawn from the most dense to the least dense
edge and only those areas selected which were intersected
by the line.
(3) No particles
smaller
than 50 microns in diameter were counted,
this being arbitrarily
established as the size defin-
ing the lower limit of significant local fallout.
(The lower limit was determined from a fallout
model, using particle
size as a basic input parameter
(Section 4.3.1).
Particles
down to - 20
microns in diameter will be present,
although the majority of particles
between 20 and 50 mi-
crons will be deposited at greater distances
than those considered.)
Actual sizing and counting of the particles
on the selected ten times enlargements
was ac-
complished by the use of a series of gages consisting
of four sets of black circular
spots of the
same magnification,
graduated in equal-diameter
increments
of 5, 10, 30, and 100 microns.
These were printed on a sheet of clear plastic so that the largest spot which could be completely
inscribed in a given particle area could be determined by superimposition.
Thus, all of the par-
ticle sizes listed refer to the diameter
of the maximum circle
which could be inscribed
in the
projected area of the particle.
A preliminary
test established that more-consistent
results could
be achieved using this parameter
than the projected
diameter,
or diameter of the circle
equal to
the projected area of the particle.
A number of problems
arose in connection
with the counting procedure:
touching particles
were difficult to distinguish from single aggregates;
particles
which were small,
thin, translu-
cent, or out of focus were difficult to see against the background; particles
falling on area bor-
derlines could not be accurately
sized and often had to be eliminated;
some elongated particles,
for which the inscribed-circle
method was of questionable validity,
were observed;
a strong
tendency existed to overlook particles
smaller than about 60 microns,
because of the graininess
of the print and natural human error.
Most of these problems were alleviated,
however, by hav-
ing each print processed
in advance by a specially
trained editor.
All particles
to be counted
were first marked by the editor,
then sized by the counter.

46

Once the basic data, consisting
of the number of particles
in each arbitrary
size interval
between 50 and 2,600 microns,
were obtained for the selected trays,
they were normalized
to
a l-micron
interval and smoothed,
to compensate
in part for sample sparsity,
by successive
applications of a standard smoothing function on a digital computer.
These,
with appropriate
unit conversions,
are the results listed in Tables B.3 and B.5: the numbers of particles,
within
a l-micron
interval centered at the indicated sizes,
collected
per hour for each square foot of
surface.
Figures 3.6 through 3.9 show how the concentration
of each particle
size varied over the
buildup period by providing,
in effect,
successive
frequency
distributions
on time-line
sections.
The curves representing
the 92.5- and 195-micron
particles
have been emphasized
to bring out
overall trends and make the figures easier to use.
Measures
of central tendency have been
avoided, because the largest particles
which make the most-significant
contribution to the ac-
tivity are not significantly
represented
in the calculation
of the mean particle
size,
while the
small particles
which make the greatest contribution
in the calculation
of the mean particle
size
are most subject to errors
from counting and background dust deposits.
It should also be re-
membered that sampling bias is present and probably assumes
its greatest
importance
for the
small particles.
Plots of pure background collections
for the ship and barge stations resemble
the plot of the
YAG 39 data for Shot Zuni, but without the marked peaks in the small particles
or the intrusions
of the large particles
from below, both of which are characteristic
of fallout arrival.
This is
not necessarily
true for the How-land station,
however,
where such features may result from
disturbances of the surface dust; the series of peaks at about 4 hours during Shot Zuni, for ex-
ample, appears to be the result of too close an approach by a survey helicopter.

3.2.5 Ocean Penetration.
Figure 3.10 shows the general penetration behavior of fallout ac-
tivity in the ocean for Shot Navajo, a water-surface
shot, and Shot Tewa, resembling
a land-
surface shot.
These simplified
curves show a number of successive
activity profiles
measured
during and after the fallout period with the oceanographic
probe (SIO-P) aboard the YAG 39 and
demonstrate the changing and variable nature of the basic phenomena.
The best estimates of
the rate at which the main body of activity penetrated at the YAG 39 and YAG 40 locations during
Shots Flathead, Navajo, and Tewa are summarized
in Table 3.3, and the depths at which this
penetration was observed to cease are listed in Table 3.4.
The data from which the results were
obtained are presented in graphical form in Figure B.l; reduced-activity
profiles
similar to those
shown in Figure 3.10 were used in the preparation
of the plots.
Estimates of the maximum pene-
tration rates observed
for Shots Zuni, Navajo,
and Tewa appear in Table 3.5.
The values tabulated in Reference
20 represent
the result of a systematic
study of measured
Profiles for features indicative of penetration rate.
Various shape characteristics,
such as the
depth of the first increase
in activity level above normal background and the depth of the juncture
of the gross body of activity with the thin body of activity below,
were considered;
but none was
found to be applicable
in every case.
The concept of equivalent depth was devised so that: (1) all the profile data (i. e.,
all the
curves giving activity concentration
as a function of depth) could be used, and (2) the results of
the Project 2.63 water-sampling
effort could be related to other Program
2 studies,
in which
the determination
of activity per unit volume of water near the surface (surface
concentration)
Was a prime measurement.
The equivalent depth is defined as the factor which must be applied
to the surface concentration
to give the total activity per unit water surface area as represented
bp the measured profile.
Because the equivalent depth may be determined
by dividing the pla-
mmetered area of any profile by the appropriate
surface concentration,
it is relatively
independ-
ent Of profile shape and activtty level and, in addition,
can utilize any measure of surface con-
centration which can be adjusted to the time when the profile was taken and expressed
in the
same units of activity measurement.
obviously,
if the appropriate
equivalent depth can be de-
termined,
it may be applied to any measurement
of the surface concentration
to produce an es-
timate of the activity per unit area when no other data are available.
The penetration rates in Table 3.3 were obtained by plotting all equivalent-depth
points avail-

47

able for each ship a,& shot (Figure B-l),
dividing the data into appropriate
intervals on the basis
of the plots,
and calculating the Slopes of the least-Squares
lines for these intervals.
The max-

imum depths af penetration listed in Table 3.4 were derived from the same plots by establishing

that the slopes did not differ SignifiCa.ntlY from Zero outside of the selected intervals.
Erratic

behavior or failure of the probes on both ships during Shot Z~ni and on the YAG 40 during Shot
Flathead prevented the taking of data which could be used for equivalent-depth
determinations.

It did prove possible
in the former
case, however,
to trace the motion of the deepest tip of the
activity profile from the YAG 39 measurements;
and this is reported,
with corresponding
values
from the other events, as a maximum penetration rate in Table 3.5.
It is important to emphasize that the values given in Tables 3.3 and 3.4, while indicating re-
markably uniform penetration behavior for the different kinds of events,
refer only to the gross
body of the fallout activity as it gradually settles to the thermocline.
When the deposited mate-
rial consists
largely of solid particles,
as for Shots Zuni and Tewa, it appears that some fast
penetration
may occur.
The rates listed for these shots in Table 3.5 were derived from a fast-
travel-
component which may have disappeared
below the thermoclfne,
leaving the activity
profile
open at the bottom (Figure 3.10).
On the other hand, no such penetration was observed
for Shot Flathead and was questionable
in the case of Shot Navajo.
This subject is discussed
further in Section 4.3.2, and estimates
of the amount of activity disappearing
below the thermo-
cline are presented.
It is also important to note that the linear penetration
rates given in Table 3.3 apply only from
about the time of peak onward and after the fallout has penetrated to a depth of from 10 to 20 me-
ters.
Irregular
effects at shallower
depths, like the scatter of data points in the vicinity of the
thermoclme,
no doubt reflect the influence both of differences
in fallout composition
and uncon-
trollable
oceanographic
variables.
The ships did move during sampling and may have encoun-
tered nonuniform conditions resulting from such localized
disturbances
as thermal gradients,
turbulent regions,
and surface currents.
In addition to penetration behavior,
decay and solubility
effects are present in the changing
activity profiles
of Figure 3.10.
The results of the measurements
made by the decay probe
@IO-D) suspended in the tank filled with ocean water aboard the YAG 39 are summarized
in
Table 3.6.
Corresponding
values from Reference
15 are included for comparison;
although sim-
ilar instrumentation
was used, these values were derived from measurements
made over slightly
different time intervals
in contaminated
water taken from the ocean some time after fallout
had ceased.
Two experiments
were performed
to study the solubility
of the activity associated
with solid
fallout particles
and give some indication of the way in which activity measurements
made with
energy-dependent
instruments might be affected.
Several attempts were also made to make di-
rect measurements
of the gamma-energy
spectra of water samples,
but only in one case (Sample
YAG 39-T-K-D,
Table B.20) was there enough activity present in the aliquot.
The results of the experiments
are summarized
in Figures
3.11 and 3.12.
Two samples of
particles
from Shot Tewa, giving 4-s ionization chamber readings of 208 X lo-’
and 674 x lo-*
ma respectively,
were removed from a single GCC tray (YAG 39-C-34
TE) and subjected to
measurements
designed to indicate the solubility
rates of various radionuclides
in relation to
the overall
solubility rate of the activity in ocean water.
The first sample (Method I) was placed on top of a glass-wool
plug in a short glass tube.
A
piece of rubber tubing connected the top of this tube to the bottom of a lo-ml
microburet
filled
with sea water. The sea water was passed over the particles
at a constant rate, and equivolume
fractions
were collected
at specified
time intervals.
In 23 seconds,
3 ml passed over the parti-
cles, corresponding
to a settling rate of 34 cm/min -approximately
the rate at which a particle
of average diameter in the sample (115 microns)
would have settled.
The activity of each frac-
tion was measured with the well counter soon after collection
and, when these measurements
were combined with the total sample activity,
the cumulative
percent of the activity dissolved
was computed (Figure 3.11).
Gamma-energy
spectra were also measured on fractions
corre-
sponding roughly to the beginning (10 seconds),
middle (160 seconds) and end (360 seconds) of
the run (Figure 3.12).
The time of the run was D+5 days.

48

:
on D+4 the second sample (Method 11) was placed in a vessel containing 75 ml of sea water.
After stirring for a certain time interval,
the solution was centrifuged
and a 50-X aliquot re-
moved from the supernate.
This procedure
was repeated several times over a 48-hour period,
xkh the activity of each fraction being measured shortly after separation and used to compute
the cumulative percent of the total activity in solution (Figure 3.11).
The gamma spectrum of
the solution stirred for 48 hours was also measured for comparison
with the spectra obtained
by Method I (Figure 3.12).
As indicated in Figure 3.11, more than 1 percent of the total activity went into solution in less
than 10 seconds,
followed by at least an additional 19 percent before equilibrium
was achieved.

This
was accompanied
by large spectral
changes,
indicating marked radionuclide
fractionation
13*
(Figure 3.12); nearly all of the I
, for example,
appears to have been dissolved
in 360 seconds.
The dip-counter
activities
of all water samples taken by Projects
2.63 and 2.62a are tabulated
in Table B.32.
Ocean background corrections
have not been attempted but may be estimated for
each shot at the YAG 39 and YAG 40 locations from the activities
of the background
samples
collected just prior to the arrival
of fallout.
All other corrections
have been made, however,
including those required by the dilution of the designated l,IOO-ml depth samples to the standard
2,000-ml counting volume.
Normalized
dip-counter
decay curves for each event (Figure B.14),
lad the records of the surface-monitoring
devices (NYG-M,
Figures B.8 through B.13) are also
included in Section B.4.

3.3
PHYSICAL,
CHEMICAL,
AND RADKXXEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS

3.3.1 Solid Particles.
All of the active fallout collected
during Shot Zuni, and nearly all
collected during Shot Tewa, consisted
of solid particles
which closely
resembled
those from
Shot M during Operation Ivy and Shot 1 during Operation Castle (References
21 and 22).
Alter-
nate trays containing greased disks for solid-particle
collection
and reagent films for slurry-
particle collection
were used in the XC’s during Shot Tewa.
Microscopic
examination of the
latter revealed an insignificant
number of slurry particles;
these results are summarized
in
Table B.lO.
No slurry particles
were observed
in the Zuni fallout,
although a small number
may have been deposited.
As illustrated in Figure 3.13, the particles
varied from unchanged irregular
grains of coral
sand to completely
altered spheroidal
particles
or flaky agglomerates,
and in a number of cases
included dense black spheres (Reference
19).
Each of these types is covered
in the discussion
of physical, chemical,
radiochemical,
and radiation characteristics
which follows.
Basic data
for about 100 particles
from each shot, selected at random from among those removed from the
SIC trays in the YAG 40 laboratory,
are included In Table B.34.
Physical
and
Chemical
Characteristics.
A number of irregular
and spheroidal
particles collected
on the YFNB 29 during Shots Zuni and Tewa were thin-sectioned
and studied
under a petrographic
microscope
(Reference
23); some from Shot Zuni were also subjected to
X-ray diffraction analysis (Table 3.7).
Typical thin sections of both types of particles
are pre-
sented in Figures 3.14, 3.15 and 3.16 for Shot Zuni and Figures 3.17 and 3.18 for Shot Tewa.
Although the particles
shown ln the figures were taken from samples of close-in
fallout,
those
colh%ted 40 miles or more from the shot point by the SIC on the YAG 40 were observed
to be
similar, except for being smaller
in size.
Both methods of analysis showed the great majority of irregular
particles
to consist of flne-
mined
calcium hydroxide,
Ca(OH)r, with a thin surface layer of calcium carbonate,
CaCOS
(%ure
3.17).
A few, however,
had surface layers of calcium hydroxide with central cores of
-hanged
coral (CaCGJ,
and an even smaller number were composed
entirely of unchanged
coW (Figure 3.14).
R is likely that the chemically
changed particles
were formed by decar-
borUon of the original calcium
carbonate to calcium oxide followed by hydration to calcium
hydroxide and subsequent reaction with CQ in the atmosphere
to form a thin coat of calcium
carbonate.
Particles
of this kind were angular in appearance
and unusually white in color (Fig-
ure 3.13, A and G).
Many of the irregular
particles
from Shot Zuni were observed to carry small highly active

49

spherical
particles
1 to 25 microns
in diameter on their surfaces (Figures
3.13G and 3.15).
Shot Tewa particles
were almost entirely free from spherical particles
of this kind, although
a few with diameters
less than 1 micron were discovered
when some of the irregular
particles
were powdered and examined with an electron microscope.
A few larger
isolated spherical
particles
were also found in the Zuni fallout (Figures
3.13, B and H).
Such particles
varied in
color from orange-red
for the smallest sizes to opaque black for the largest
sixes.
While these particles
were too small to be subjected to petrographic
or X-ray diffraction
analysis,
it was possihte to analyze a number of larger particles
collected
during Shot Inca
which appeared to be otherwise
identical (Figure 3.19).
The Inca particles
were composed
primarily
of Fe30, and calcium
iron oxide (2 CaO.Fe,O$
but contained smaller
amounts of
Fez03 and CaO.
Some were pure iron oxide but the majority contained calcium
oxide in free
form or as calcium iron oxide (Reference
24).
Most of the spheroidal particles
consisted of coarse-grained
calcium hydroxide with a thin
surface layer of calcium carbonate (Figure 3.16).
Nearly all contained at least a few grains of
calcium oxide,
however,
and some were found to be composed largely of this material (Figure
3.18) -5
to 75 percent by volume.
Although melted, particles
of this kind probably underwent
much the same chemical
changes as the irregular
particles,
the principal difference
being that
they were incompletely
hydrated.
They varied in appearance from irregular
to almost perfect
spheres and in color from white to pale yellow (Figure 3.13, C, H, and IQ.
Many had central
cavities,
as shown in Figure 3.16 and were in some cases open on one side.
Because of their delicacy,
the agglomerated
particles
could not be thin-sectioned
and had to
be crushed for petrographic
and X-ray diffraction
analysis.
They were found to be composed
primarily
of calcium hydroxide and some calcium carbonate.
It has been observed
that similar
particles
are formed by the expansion of calcium oxide pellets placed in distilled
water, and that
the other kinds of fallout particles
sometimes
change into such aggregates
if exposed to air for
several weeks.
The particles
were flaky ln appearance,
with typical agglomerated
structures,
and a transparent white in color (Figure 3.13, D, I, and .I); as verified by examination of IC
trays in the YAG 40 laboratory
immediately
after collection,
they were deposited
in the forms
shown.
The densities of 71 yellow spheroidal particles,
44 white spheroidal particles,
and 7 irregular
particles
from Shot Zuni were determined
(Reference
25) using a density gradient tube and a
bromoform-bromobenzene
mixture with a range from 2.0 to 2.8 gm/cm3.
These results,
show-
ing a clustering
of densities
at 2.3 and 2.7 gm/cm3,
are summarized
in Table 3.8.
The yellow
spheres are shown to be slightly more dense than the white, and chemical
spot tests made for
iron gave relatively
high intensities
for the former
with respect to the latter.
No density deter-
minations were made for agglomerated
particles,
but one black spherical particle
(Table 3.7)
was weighed and calculated to have a density of 3.4 gm/cm3.
The subject of size distribution
has been covered
separately
in Section 3.2.4,
and all infor-
mation on particle
sizes is included in that section.
Radiochemical
Characteristics.
Approximately
30 irregular,
spheroidal
and ag-
glomerated particles
from Shot Zuni were subjected to individual radiochemical
analysis (Ref-
erence 26), and the activities
of about 30 more were assayed in such a way that certain of their
radiochemical
properties
could be inferred.
A number of particles
of the same type were also
combined in several cases so that larger amounts of activity would be available.
These data
are tabulated in Tables B.7 and B.8.
Radiochemical
measurements
of Sr*‘, Mea), Ba140-La1Jo and Nptss were made.
(All classified
information such as the product/fission
ratio for NP*~‘, which could not be included in Reference
26, and the limited amount of data obtained for Shots Tewa and Flathead were received
in the
form of a private communication
from the authors of Reference
26.)
For the most part, con-
ventional methods of analysis (References
27 and 28) were used, although the amounts of NP*~
and MO” (actually Tcasm) were determined
in part from photopeak areas measured
on the single-
channel gamma analyzer (Section 2.2 and Reference
29).
The total number of fissions
in each
sample was calculated from the number of atoms of MO” present,
and radiochemical
results
were expressed
as R-values
using MO” as a reference.
(R-values,
being defined as the ratio

50

d the observed amount of a given nuclide to the amount expected from thermal neutron fission
,,f U*x, relative to some reference
nuclide,
combine the effects of fractionation
and variations
m fission yield and contain a number of experimental
uncertainties.
Values between 0.5 and 1.5
wet
be considered
significantly
different from 1.0. ) Selected particles
were also weighed so
that the number of fissions
per gram could be computed.
Radioactivity
measurements
were made in the gamma well counter (WC) and the 4-n gamma
ionization chamber (GIG), both of which are described
in Section 2.2.
Because the efficiency
of
the former decreased
with increasing
photon energy,
while the efficiency
of the latter increased,
samples were often assayed in both instruments and the ratio of the two measurements
(counts
per minute per 10’ fissions
to milliamperes
per 10’ fissions)
used as an indication of differences
in radionuclide composition.
R will be observed that the particles
in Table B.7 have been classified
according
to color and
shape.
For purposes of comparing
radiochemical
properties,
spheroidal and agglomerated
par-
ticles have been grouped together and designated as “altered
particles,”
while irregular
parti-
cles have been designed “unaltered particles.”
The latter should not be interpreted literally,
d course; it will be evident from the foregoing
section that the majority of irregular
particles
bve undergone some degree of chemical change.
Particles
were classified
as altered if they
exhibited the obvious physical changes of spheroidal
or agglomerated
particles
under the optical
microscope.
Radiochemical
results for all altered and unaltered particles
from Shot Zuni are summarized
in Table 3.9, and activity ratios of the particles
from this shot and Shot Tewa are compared in
Table 3.10.
The differences
in radiochemical
composition
suggested in the tables are empha-
sized in Figure 3.20, which shows how the energy-dependent
ratios (counts per minute per lo’
fissions,
milliamperes
per 10’ fissions and counts per minute per milliamperes)
varied with
time, and in Figure 3.21, wherein the data used for computing the R-values
and product/fission
(p/f) ratios (number of atoms of induced product formed per fission)
in Tables B.7 and B.8 are
presented graphically
by plotting the numbers of atoms of each nuclide in a sample versus the
munber of atoms of MO”.
Data obtained from calibration
runs with neutron-irradiated
U*x are
plotted in the former for comparison;
and the standard cloud sample data for NP*~‘, as well as
those derived from the estimated device fission yields for Ba”’
and Sraa, are included in the
ktter.
8: is interesting to note that these results not only establish that marked differences
exist
between the two types of particles,
but also show the altered particles
to be depleted in both
B#O_~l40
and Sraa

depleted in Srae.
while the unaltered particles
are enriched in Ba”“-L,a”o
and perhaps slightly
The altered particles
are also seen to be about a factor of 100 higher than the
unaltered in terms of fissions
per gram.
When these R-values
are compared
with those obtained
k”m gross fallout samples (Tables 3.17 and 3.21),
it is further found that the values for altered
micles
resemble
those for samples from the lagoon area,
while the values for the unaltered
micles
resemble
those from cloud samples.
’
*ctivity
Relationships.
All of the particles
whose gamma activities
and physical
Properties were measured in the YAG 40 laboratory
(Table B.34), as well as several hundred
addiuonal particles
from the incremental
collectors
on the other ships and barges,
were studied
qstematically
(Reference
30) in an attempt to determine
whether the activities
of the particles
kre
functionally related to their size.
wd
in Figures 3.22 and 3.23.
These data are listed in Table B.9 and the results are
Possible
relationships
between particle
activity,
weight, and
denstty Were also considered
(Reference
25), using a separate group of approximately
135 par-
.!eies collected on the YFNB 29 during Shots Zuni and Tewa and the YAG 39 during Shot Tewa
?y;
Figures 3.24 and 3.25 show the results.

As implied by the differences
in radiochemical
composition
discussed
in the preceding
section,
WkM

*‘,

diffe rences exist in the gamma-radtation
characteristics
of the different types of parti-
Compared with the variations
in decay rate andenergy
spectrum observed for different
par%es
Collected at about the same time on the YAG 40 (Figures
B.2, B.3 and B.4), altered
Pzrticles show large changes relative to unaltered particles.
erence 26 Ulustrate this point.

Figures 3.26 and 3.27 from Ref-
The former,
arbitrarily
normalized
at 1,000 hours, shows how

51

wel.l-counter
decay rates for the two types of PahiCleS
deviate on both sides of the interval from
200 to 1,200 hours, and how the same curves fail to coincide,
as they should for equivalent radio_
nuclide compositions,
when plotted in terms d 10’ fissions.
The latter shows the regions
in
which the primary
radionuclide
deficiencies
exist.
The previous
considerations
suggest that Particles
should be grouped according
to type for
the study af activity-size
relationships.
Figures 3.22 and 3.23 show the results of a study made in this way (Table B.9).
A large num-
her af the particles
for which size and activity data were obtained in the YAG 40 laboratory
dur-
ing shots zmi
and Tewa were first grouped according
to size (16 groups,
about 32 microns
wide,
from II to 528 microns),
then
subdivided
according
to type (irregular
or angular,
spheroidal
or
spherical,
and agglomerated)
within each size group.
The distribution
of activities
in each size
group and subgroup was considered
and it was found that, while no regular distribution
was ap-
parent for the size group, the subgroup tended toward normal distribution.
Median activities
were utilized for both, but maximum and minlmum values for the overall size group were ln-
chided in Table B.9 to show the relative
spread.
It will be observed that activity range and
median activity both increase
with Sfie.
Similar results for groups of particles
removed from IC trays exposed aboard the YAG 39,
LST 611, YF’NR 13, and YFNB 29 during Shot Tewa are also included in Table B.9.
These have
not been plotted or used in the derivation of the final relationships,
because the particles
were
removed from the trays and well- counted between 300 and 600 hours after the shot, and many
were so near background that their activities
were questionable.
(This should not be interpreted
to mean that the fallout contained a significant number of inactive particles.
Nearly 100 percent
of the particles
observed
in the YAG 40 laboratory
during Shots Zuni and Tewa were active. )

In the figures,
the median activity of each size group from the two sets of YAG 40 data has
been plotted against the mean diameter of the group for the particles
as a whole and several of
the particle type subgroups.
Regression
lines have been constructed,
using a modified least-
squares method with median activities
weighted by group frequencies,
and 95-percent-confidence
bands are shown in every case.
Agglomerated
particles
from Shot Zuni and spheroidal
particles
from Shot Tewa have not been treated because of the spars&y of the data.
It should also be noted that different measures
of diameter
have been utilized in the two cases.
The particles
from both shots were sized under a low-power
microscope
using eyepiece
microm-
eter disks; a series of sizing circles
was used during Shot Zunt, leading to the diameter
of the
equivalent projected
area Da, while a linear scale was used for Shot Tewa, giving simply the
maximum particle
diameter
Dm .
The first method was selected because it could be applied
under the working conditions
in the YAG 40 laboratory
and easily related to the method described
in Section 3.2.4 (Figure B.5); the second method was adopted so that more particles
could be proc-
essed and an upper limit established
for size in the development
of activity-size
relationships.
The equations for the regression
lines are given in the figures and summarized
as follows:
all particles,
Shot Zuni, A a: Da*“, Shot Tewa, A = D,“”
;
a D,2*2,
shot Tewa, A 0: I),‘.
’ ;
irregular
particles,
Shot Zuni, A
spheroidal particles,
Shot Zuni, A a Da’.‘;
and agglomerated
particles,
Shot Tewa, A a Dm2” .
hnalogous
relationships
for Tewa particles
from the YFNE 29 were derived on the basis of
much more limited data in Reference
25, using maximum diameter as the measure of size.
These are listed below; error not attributable to the linear regression
was estimated at about
200 Percent for
the first two cases and 400 percent for the last:
all particles,
A a: Dm2~o’ ; ir-
regular particles,
A a Dm1-a2 ; and spheroidal particles,
A c1: DmaW3’ .)
It may be observed that the activity of the irregular
particles
varies approximately
as the
square af the diameter.
This is in good agreement with the findings in Reference
23; the radio-
autographs in Figures 3.14 and 3.17 show the activity to be concentrated
largely
on the surfaces
of the irregular
Particles.
The activity of the spheroidal
particles,
however,
appears to vary
as the third or fourth power of the diameter,
which could mean either that it is a true function
of Particle volume
or that it diffused into the molten particle
in a region of higher activity con-
centration in the cloud.
The thin-section
radioautographs
suggest the latter to be true, showing
the activity to be distributed throughout the volume in some cases (Figure 3.16) but confined to

52

w surface in others (Figure 3.18).
It may also be seen that the overall variation of activity
with size is controlled by the irregular particles, which appear to predominate numerically in
w fallout (Table B.9), rather than by the spheroidal particles.
Table 3.11 illustrates how the
rctivity in each sixe group was divided among the three particle types.
No correlation of particle activity with density was possible (Figure 3.25) but a rough rela-
tionship with weight was derived for a group of Tewa particles from the YFNB 29 on the basis
af Figure 3.24: A a w”,
where W refers to the weight in micrograms and nonregression
error is estimated at - 140’percent (Reference 25). (An additional study was performed at
RlIDL, using 57 particles from the same source and a more stable microbalance.
The result-
ing relation was: A a w
e a WzD.
*“. ) This result is consistent with the diameter functions, because
The relative activities of the white and yellow spheroidal particles referred to ear-
lier were also compared and the latter were found to be slightly more active than the former.

3.3.2 Surry Particles.
All of the fallout collected during Shots Flathead and Navajo consist-
ed of slurry particles whose inert components were water, sea salts, and a small amount of
fnsoluble solids.
(Although IC and SIC trays containing greased disks were interspersed among
those containing reagent films for shots, no isolated solid particles that were active were ob-
served.) Large crystals displaying the characteristic cubic shape of sodium chloride were oc-
casionally observed in suspension.
The physical and chemical, radiochemical, and radiation
ckuacteristics of these particles are discussed below. Table B.35 contains representative sets
of data, including data on particles collected on the YAG 40 and at several other stations during
each shot.
.
Physical
and Chemical
Characteristics.
Slurry particles have been studied
extensively and are discussed in detail in Reference 31. The results of preliminary studies of
the insoluble solids contained in such particles are given in Reference 32. Figure 3.28 is a
Pbotomicrograph of a typical deposited slurry droplet, after reaction with the chloride-sensitive
,.reagent film surface.
The chloride-reaction area appears as a white dish, while the trace or
impression of the impinging drop is egg shaped and encloses the insoluble solids.
The concen-
t&c rings are thought to be a Liesegang phenomenon. An electronmicrograph of a portion of the
eOlids is shown in Figure 3.29, illustrating the typical dense agglomeration of small spheres
and irregular particles.
The physical properties of the droplets were established in part by microscopic examination
in the YAG 40 laboratory soon after their arrival, and in part by subsequent measurements and
‘calculations. For example, the dimensions of the droplets that appeared on the greased trays
provided a rapid approximation of drop diameter, but the sphere diameters reported in Table
j.12 were calculated from the amount of chloride (reported as NaCl equivalent) and Hz0 meas-
ured later from the reagent films.
It wffl be noted that particle size decreased very slowly with
thne; and that for any given time period, size distribution need not be considered, because stand-
ard devfations are small. Average densities for the slurry particles, calculated from their di-
mensions and the masses of NaCl and Hz0 present, are also given in Table 3.12.
’
0~. the basis of the data in Table 3.12, and a calibration method for solids volume that in-
volved the coRection on reagent film of simulated slurry droplets containing aluminum oxide
suspensions of appropriate diameter at known concentrations, it was estimated that the particles
were about 80 percent NaCl, 18 percent H20, and 2 percent insoluble solids by volume.
The
.uer
were generally amber in color and appeared under high magnification (Figure 3.29) to be
.womerates
composed of irregular and spherical solids ranging in size from about 15 microns
: ta leaa than O.limicron in diameter.
The greatest number of these solids were spherical and
less than 1 micron in diameter, although a few were observed in the size range from 15 to 60
mtcrons.
‘-_ Chemical properties were determined by chloride reagent film, X-ray diffraction, and elec-
tron dLffractton techniques. (The gross chemistry of slurry drops is of course implicit in the
.*Yses
of the OCC collections from Shots Flathead.and Navajo (Table B.18); no attempt has
been made to determine the extent of correlation.)
The first featured the use of a gelatin film
contafMng colloidal red silver dichromate, with which the soluble halides deposited on the film

53
.

react when dissolved
in saturated,
hot water vapor.
The area of the reaction
disk produced,
easily measured with a miCrOscoPe,
is proportional
to the amount of NaCl present (Reference
33).
The values of NaCl mass listed in Table 3.12 were obtained by this method; the values of
Hz0 mass were obtained by constructing
a CalibratiOn curve relating the volume of water in the
particle at the time of impact to the area of its initial impression,
usually well defined by the

insoluble solids trace (Figure
3.28).
Because the water content of slurry fallout varies with
atmospheric
conditions at the time of deposition,
mass is expressed
in terms of the amount of
NaCl present;
the weight of water may be estimated by multiplying the NaCl mass by 1.2, the

average observed factor.
Conventional X-ray
diffraction
methods were used for qualitative analysis of the insoluble
solids,
skipped
from the reagent film by means Of an acrylic
spray coating,
and they were
found to consist of calcium
iron oxide (2 Ca0.Fez03),
oxides of calcium and iron, and various

other compounds (Table 3.13).
Some of these were also observed by electron
diffraction.
Radiochemical
Characteristics.
Thirteen of the most-active
slurry particles
removed from the SIC trays in the YAG 49 laboratory
during Shot Flathead were combined (Ref-
erence 28), and analyzed radiochemically
in much the same way as the solid particles
described
earlier
in Section 3.3.1.
The sample was assayed in the gamma well counter (WC) and the 4-n
gamma ionization chamber (GIC), then analyzed for Moss, Ba1’0-La140, Sr”,
and Npz3’ ; tctal
fissions,
activity ratios,
R-values
and the product/fission
ratio were computed as before.
The
results are presented
in Table 3.14.
It may be seen that the product/fission
ratio and Rss(89) value are comparable
with the values
obtained for gross fallout samples (Tables 3.17, 3.18, and 3.21), and that the overall
radionuclide
composition
resembles
that of the unaltered solid particles.
Slight depletion of both Ba”“-La140
and Sres is indicated.
Activity
Relationships.
Since the mass of slurry-particle
fallout was expressed
in
terms of,NaCl mass,
it was decided to attempt to express
activity relationships
in the same
terms.
This was accomplished
in two steps.
First,
the H+ la-hours well-counter
activities
measured on the IC trays from the majority of the stations listed in Table 3.12 were summed
to arrive at the total amounts of activity deposited per unit area (counts per minute per square
foot).
These values were then divided by the average specific
activity calculated
for each sta-
tion (counts per minute per microgram
NaCl) to obtain the total amount of NaCl mass deposited
per unit area (micrograms
NaCl per square foot).
Results for Shot Flathead are plotted in Fig-
ure 3.30, and numerical
values for both shots are tabulated in Table B.ll;
the Navajo results
were not plotted because of insufficient
data.
(Figure 3.30 and Table B.ll
have been corrected
for recently discovered
errors
in the tray activity summations reported in Reference
31. )
While this curve
may be used to estimate
the amount of activity
associated
with a given
amount of slurry-fallout
mass in outlying areas,
it must be remembered
that the curve is based
on average specific
activity.
It should also be noted that the unusually high values of NaCl mass
obtained for the YFNB 29 during Shot Flathead have not been plotted.
A correspondingly
high
value for the YFNB 13 during Shot Navajo appears in the table.
These were felt to reflect dif-
ferences
in composition
which are not yet well understood.
A preliminary
effort was also made to determine
the way in which the activity of slurry par-
ticles was divided between the soluble and insoluble phases.
As illustrated
in Figure 3.31,
radioautographs
of chloride
reaction areas on reagent films from all of the Flathead collections
and a few of the Navajo shipboard collections
indicated that the majority of the activity was as-
sociated with the insoluble
solids.
This result was apparently confirmed
when it was found that
84 Percent of the total activity was removable
by physical
stripping of the insoluble
solids; how-
ever,
more careful later studies (private communication
from N. H. Farlow,
NRDL) designed
to establish the amount of activity in solids that could not be stripped from the film,
and the
amount of dissolved
activity
in gelatin removed with the strip coating,
decreased
this value to
85 Percent.
It must be noted that the stripping process
was applied to a Flathead sample from
the YAG 49 only, and that solubility
experiments
on OCC collections
from other locations
at
Shot Navajo (Reference
32) indicated the partition of soluble-insoluble
activity may vary with
collector
location or time of arrival.
The latter experiments,
performed
in duplicate,
yielded

54

average insoluble percentages
Of 93 and 14 for the YAG 39 (two aliquots) and the YFNB 13 re-
spectively.
While such properties
of barge shot fallout as the slurry nature of the droplets,
diameters,

densities,
and individual activities
have been adequately measured,
it is evident that more ex-
tensive experimentation
is required
to provide the details of composition
of the solids,
their
contribution to the weight of the droplets,
and the distribution
of activity within the contents of
the droplets.

3.3.3 Activity and Fraction of Device.
An estimate of the total amount of activity deposited
at every major and minor station during each shot is listed in Table 3.15.
Values are expressed
both as fissions per square foot and fraction of device per square foot for convenience.
In the
case of the major stations the weighted mean and standard deviation of measurements
made on
the four OCC’s and two AGCt’s on the standard platform are given, while the values tabulated
for the minor stations represent
single measurements
of AGCr collections.
Basic data for both
cases are included in Tables B.12 and B-14.
(Tray activities
were found to pass through a max-
imum and minimum separated by about 180 degrees when plotted against angular displacement
from a reference
direction;
ten values at 20-degree
intervals between the maximum and mini-
mum were used to compute the mean and standard deviation (Section 4.3.2).)
The number of fissions
in one OCC tray from each major station and one standard cloud sam-
ple was determined by radiochemical
analysis for MO” after every shot (Reference
34). Because
these same trays and samples had previously
been counted in the doghouse counter (Section 2.21,
the ratio of doghouse counts per minute at 100 hours could then be calculated for each shot and
location, as shown in Table B.13, and used to determine the number of fissions
in the remaining
CCC trays (fissions per 2.60 ft’, Table B.12).
Final fissions
per square foot values were con-
verted to fraction of device per square foot by means of the fission yields contained in Table 2.1
and use of the conversion factor 1.45 x 10” fissions/Mt (fission).
(Slight discrepancies _may be
found to exist in fraction of device values based on MO a8, because only interim yields were avail-
able at the time of calculation.)
Aliquots from some of the same CCC trays analyzed radiochemically for MO” were also
measured on the dip counter.
Since the number of fissions in the aliquots could be calculated
and the fallout from Shots Flathead and Navajo was relatively unfractionated, the total number
a fissions in each AOCr from these shots could be computed directly from their dip-counter
activities using a constant ratio of fissions per dip counts per minute at 100 hours. Table B.141
gfves the results.
Shot Zuni, and to a lesser extent Shot Tewa, ‘fallout was severely fractionated, however, and
it was necessary first to convert dip-counter activities to doghouse-counter activities, so that
the more-extensive relationships between the latter and the fissions in the sample could be util-
@d-
With the aliquot measurements referred to above, an average value of the ratio of dog-
house activity per dip-counter activity was computed (Table B.15), and this used to convert all
dfp counts per minute at 100 hours to doghouse counts per minute at 100 hours (Table B.14II).
.Tbe most appropriate value of fissions per doghouse counts per minute at 100 hours was then
@?lected for each minor station, on the basis of its location and the time of fallout arrival, and
.tba total number of fissions calculated for the collector area, 0.244 ft?.
;.foot values were arrived at by normalizing to 1 ft*,
Final fission per square
and fraction of device per square foot was
;?Qputed from the total number of device fissions as before.
;‘?- ManY of the results presented
in this report are expressed
in terms of lo’ fissions.
For
+mPle,
all gamma- and beta-decay
curves in Section 3.4 (Figures
3.34 to 3.38) are plotted in
>units of counts per second per lo’ fissions, and the final ionization rates as a function of time
‘lor each shot (F&ure 3.39) are given in terms of roentgens per hour per 10’ fissions per square
“Oaa
Thus the estimates
in Table 3.15 are all that is required to calculate the radiation inten-
lwes whicfI would have been observed at each station under ideal conditions any time after the
cessation of fallout
It should be noted, however, that the effects of sampling bias have not been
e*irelY eiiminated’from
the tabulated values and, consequently,
will be reflected
in any quantity
determmed by means of them.
Even though the use of weighted-mean
collector
values for the

55

major stations constitutes
an adjustment for relative platform bias, the question remains as to
what percent of the total number of fissions per unit area, which would have been deposited in
the absence of the collector,
were actually collected
by it.
This question is considered
in detail

in Section 4.3.2.

3.3.4
Chemical Composition
and Surface Density.
The total mass of the fallout collected
per
unit area at each of the major stations is summarized
for all four shots in Table 3.16.
Results
are further divided into the amounts of Coral and Sea Water
Ixding
up the totals, on the assump-
tion that all other components
in the device complex contributed negligible
mass.
These values
were obtained by conventional
quantitative chemical
analysis of one or more of the OCC tray
collections
from each station for calcium,
sodium,
chlorine,
potassium,
and magnesium (Ref-
erences 35 through 38); in addition analyses were made for iron, copper and uranium (private
communication
from C. M. Callahan and J. R Lai, NRDL).
The basic chemical
results are pre-
sented in Tables B-16 and B.18.
(Analyses were also attempted for aluminum and lead; possibly
because of background
screening,
however,
they were quite erratic and have not been included.)
The chemical
analysis
was somewhat complicated
by the presence
in the collections
of a rela-
tively large amount of debris from the fiberglass
honeycomb (or hexcell)
inserts,
which had to
be cut to collector
depth and continued to spall even after several removals
of the excess
mate-
rial.
It was necessary,
therefore,
to subtract the weight of the fiberglass
present in the samples
in order to arrive at their gross weights (Table B.180.
The weight of the fiberglass
was deter-
mined in each case by dissolving
the sample in hydrochloric
acid to release
the carbonate,
fil-
tering the resultant solution,
and weighing the insoluble residue.
In addition,
the soluble portion
of the resin binder was analyzed for the elements listed above and subtracted out as hexcell con-
tribution to arrive at the gross amounts shown (References
39 and 40).
Aliquots of the solution
were then used for the subsequent analyses.
It was also necessary
to subtract the amount of mass accumulated as normal background.
These values were obtained by weighing and analyzing samples from a number of OCC trays
which were known to have collected
no fallout,
although exposed during the fallout period.
Many
of the trays from shot Cherokee,
as well as a number of inactive trays from other shots, were
used; and separate mean weights with standard deviations were computed for each of the elements
under ocean and land collection
conditions (Tables B.16 and B.18).
After the net amount of each element due to fallout was determined,
the amounts of original
coral and sea water given in Table 3.16 could be readily computed with the aid of the source
compositions
shown in Table B.16.
In most cases,
coral was determined by calcium;
however,
where the sea water/coral
ratio was high, as for the barge shots, the sea water contribution
o
the observed calcium
was accounted for by successive
approximation.
Departure from zero of
t.
the residual weights of the coral and sea water components
shown in Table B.18 reflect
comb
ed
errors
in analyses and compositions.
It should be noted that all f values given in these data
represent
only the standard deviation of the background collections,
as propagated through the
successive
subtractions.
In the case of Shot Zuni, two OCC trays from each platform were
‘analyzed several months apart, with considerable
variation resulting.
It is not known whether
collection
bias, aging, or inherent analytical variability
is chiefly responsible
for these dis-
crepancies.
The principal
components
of the device and its immediate
surroundings,
exclusive
of the
naturally occurring
coral and sea water, are listed in Table B.17. The quantities of iron, copper
and uranium in the net fallout are shown in Table B.181 to have come almost entirely from this
source.
Certain aliquots from the OCC trays used for radiochemical
analysis were also ana-
lyzed independently for these three elements (Table B.18II).
These data, when combined with
the tabulated device complex
information,
allow computation of fraction of device; the calcula-
tions have been carried
out in Section 4.3.4 for uranium and iron and compared
with those based
on MO”.

3.4
RADIONUCLJDE COMPOSITION AND RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS

3.4.1 Approach.
If the identity, decay scheme,
and disintegration
rate of every nuclide in

56

a sample are known, then ail emitted particle or photon properties
of the mixture can be com-
plted.
If, in addition, calibrated radiation detectors
are available,
then the effects of the sam-
ple emissions in those instruments may also be computed and compared with experiment.
Fi-

dy,
air-ionization
or dose rates may be derived for this mixture under specified geometrical
conditions and concentrations.

III the calculations
to follow,
quantity of sample is expressed
in time-invariant
fissions,
i.e.,
the number of device fissions responsible for the gross activity observed; diagnostically, the
quantity is based on radiochemically assayed MO” and a fission yield of 6.1 percent. This nuclide,
therefore, becomes the fission indicator for any device and any fallout or cloud sample. The
computation for slow-neutron fission of UtS, as given in Reference 41, is taken as the reference
fission model; hence, any R”(x) values in the samples differing from unity, aside from experi-
mental uncertainty, represent the combined effects of fission kind and fractionation, and neces-
sitate modification of the reference model if it is to be used as a basis for computing radiation
properties of other fission-product compositions.
(An R-value may be defined as the ratio of
the amount of nuclide x observed to the amount expected for a given number of reference fissions.
The notation Rg’(x) means the R-value of mass number x referred to mass number 99.)
Two laboratory instruments are considered: the doghouse counter employing a l-inch-
diameter-by-l-inch-thick
NaI(T1) crystal detector, and the continuous-flow proportional beta
counter (Section 2.2). The first was selected because the decay rates of many intact CCC col-
lections and all cloud samples were measured in this instrument; the second, because of the
desirability of checking calculated decay rates independent of gamma-ray decay schemes. Al-
though decay data were obtained on the 4-n gamma ionization chamber, response curves (Ref-
erence 42) were not included in the calculations.
However, the calculations made in this section
are generally consistent with the data presented in Reference 42. The data obtained are listed

In Table B.26.

,
3.4.2 Activities and Decay Schemes. The activities or disintegration rates of fission prod-
W8 for 1W fissions were taken from Reference 41; the disintegration rates are used where a
‘radioactive disintegration is any spontaneous change in a nuclide.
Other kinds of activities are

Vilified,
e.g., beta activity.
(gee Section 3.4.4.)
Those of induced products of interest were

computed for 10’ fissions and a product/fission ratio of 1, that is, for 10 initial atoms (Refer-
ien= 43).
i
fiepublication results of a study of the most-important remaining nuclear constants-the

&aY
schemes of these nuclidea -are
contained in References 42 and 44. The proposed
schemes, which provide gamma and X-ray photon energies and frequencies per disintegration,
mude all fission products known up to as early as -45 minutes, as well as most of the induced

m&S
required.
ALI of the following calculations are, therefore, limited to the starting time
mentioned and are arbitrarily terminated at 301 days.

”
3.4.3 Instrument Response and Air-Ionization Factors.
,Qsbo
A theoretical response curve for the
use counter. based on a few calibrating nuclides. led to the expected counts/disintenration
id each fission and induced product as a function of time, for a point-source
geometry and 10’

,~afo~
or initial atoms (Reference 43).
:*lides
were also included.
The condensed decay schemes of the remaining induced
To save time, the photons emitted from each nuclide were sorted
2.fnt” Standardized energy tncrements, 21 of equal logarithmic width comprising the scale from
2g kev to 3.25 Mev. The response was actually computed for the average energy of each incre-
T-*%
which in general led to errors no greater than
$
- 10 percent.
-** C%ting rates expected in the beta counter were obtained from application cd the physical-
$&rnetJ’y factor to the theoretical total-beta and positron activity of the sample.
’ *nse
W.rve essentially flat to beta
With a re-
E a
over a reasonably wide range of energies, it was not
‘=PecessarY to derive the response to each nuclide and Sum for the total.
Because the samples
hwnre essentially weightless point sources, supported and covered by 0.60 mg/cm* of pliofilm,
I-
%
and absorption corrections were not made to the observed count rates; nor were
,?-a
-ray contributions subtracted out. Because many of the detailed corrections are self-

57

I

canceling,
it is assumed the results are correct
to within -20
percent.
The geometries
(or
counts/beta)
for Shelves 1 through 5 are given in Section A.2.
Air-ionization
rates 3 feet above an infinite uniformly
contaminated plane, hereafter referred
to as standard conditions (SC), are based on the curve shown in Figure B.6, which was originally
obtained in another form in Reference
7.
The particular
form shown here, differing mainly in
choice of parameters
and units, has been published in Reference
45.
Points computed in Ref-
erence 46 and values extracted from Reference
47 are also shown for comparison.
The latter
values are lbw, because air scattering
is neglected.
The ionization rate (SC) produced by each fission-product
nuclide as a function of time for
lo’ reference
fissions/f?
(Reference
l?),
was computed on a line-by-line
basis; the induced
products appear in Table B.19 for 10’ fissions/ft’
and a product/fission
ratio of 1, with lines
grouped as described
for the doghouse-counter-response
calculations.
The foregoing
sections provide all of the background information
necessary
to obtain the ob-
jectives
listed in the first paragraph of Section 3.4.1, with the exception of the actual radionuclide
composition
of the samples.
The following
sections deal with the available data and methods used
to approximate
the complete composition.

3.4.4
Observed Radionuclide
Composition.
Radiochemical
R-values
of fission products are
given in Table 3.17 and observed
actinide product/fission
ratios appear in Table 3.18, the two
tables summarizing
most of the radiochemistry
done by the Nuclear and Physical
Chemistry,
and Analytical
and Standards Branches,
NRDL (Reference
34).
The radiochemical
results in Reference
34 are expressed
as device fractions,
using fission
yields estimated for the particular
device types.
These have been converted
to R-values
by use
of the equation:

FOD&)
FYE(X)
Ry (x) = FOD(99)
m

Where RtB (x) is the R-value of nuclide x relative to MoB9 ; FODR(X) and FYH(x) are respec-
tively the device fraction and estimated yield of nuclide x reported
in Reference
34, FYe(x) is
-the thermal yield of nuclide x, and FOD(99) is the device fraction
by MoB9. The thermal yields
used in making this correction
were taken from ORNL 1793 and are as follows:
ZrB5, 6.4 per-
cent; Tel%, 4.4 percent;
Sr”,
4.8 percent;
S?,
5.9 percent;
Csi3?, 5.9 percent; and Cel”,
6.1
percent.
The yield of MoBB was taken as 6.1 percent in all cases.
The R-values
for all cloud-
sample nuclides were obtained in that form directly
from the authors of Reference
34.
Published radiochemical
procedures
were followed (References
48 through 54), except for
modifications
of the strontium procedure,
and consisted
of two Fe(OH)J and BaCrO, scavenges
and one extra Sr(NO& precipitation
with the final mounting as SrC03.
Table 3.19 lists princi-
pally product/fission
ratios of induced activities
other than actinides for cloud samples;
sources
are referenced
in the table footnotes.
Supplementary
information on product/fission
ratios in fallout and cloud samples was ob-
tained from gamma-ray
spectrometry
(Tables B.20 and B.21) and appears in Table 3.20.

3.4.5
Fission-Product-Fractionation
Corrections.
Inspection of Tables 3.17 through 3.20,
as well as the various doghouse-counter
and ion-chamber
decay curves,
led to the conclusion
that the radionuclide
compositions
of Shots Flathead and Navajo could be treated as essentially
unfractionated.
It also appeared that Shots Zuni and Tewa, whose radionuclide
compositions
seemed to vary continuously from lagoon to cloud, and probably within the cloud, might be cov-
ered by two compositions:
one for the close-in
lagoon area, and one for the more-distant
ship
and cloud samples.
The various compositions
are presented as developed,
starting with the
simplest.
The general method and supporting data are given, followed by the results.
Shots
Flathead
and
Navajo.
Where fission products are not fractionated,
that is,
where the observed
R”(x) values are reasonably
close to 1 (possible
large R-values
among low-
yield valley and right-wing
mass numbers are ignored),
gross fission-product
properties
may

58

ba readily extracted from the sources
cited.
Induced product contributions
may be added in
,fter diminishing the tabular values (product/fission
= 1) by the proper ratio.
After the result-
ant computed doghouse-counter
decay rate is compared
with experiment,
the ionization rate (SC)
s,ay be computed for the same COIXIpOSitiOn. Beta activities
may also be computed for this com-

position -making
allowance
for those disintegrations
that produce no beta particles.
The Navajo
composition was computed in this manner, as were the rest of the compositions,
once fractiona-
ulpn corrections
had been made.
- Shot
ZUni.
A number of empirical
corrections
were made to the computations
for un-
Iractionated fission products
in an effort to explain the decay characteristics
of the residual
radiations. from this shot.
The lagoon-area
composition
was developed first,
averaging
avail-
1Me lagoon area R-values.
As shown in Figure 3.32, R-values
of nuclides which, in part at
Ieut, are decay products
of antimony are plotted against the half life of the antimony precursor,
_u&@I~
fission-product
decay chains tabulated in Reference
56.
[Some justification
for the

.- -
\
.
If the -
.--~
1
assumptions are made that, after -45
minutes,
the R-values
of all members
of a given chain
are identical, and related to the half life of the antimony precursor,
then Figure 3.32 may be
ased to estimate R-values
of other chains containing antimony precursors
with different
half
Ifves. The R-value so obtained for each chain is then used as a correction
factor on the activity
(Reference 41) of each nuclide in that chain, or more directly,
on the computed doghouse activ-
iQ or ionization (SC) contribution
(Table 3.21).
The partial decay products of two other frac-
tionating precursors,
xenon and krypton, are also shown in Figure 3.32, and are similarly
employed.
These deficiencies
led to corrections
in some 22 chains, embracing
54 nuclides
tbpt contributed to the activities
under consideration
at some time during the period of interest.
‘k
R-value of 1i3t was taken as 0.03; a locally
measured but otherwise unreported
I’3’/I131 ratio
d 5.4 yields an I’33 R-value
of 0.16.
Although the particulate
cloud composition
might have been developed similarly,
using a
different set of curves based on cloud R-values,
it was noticed that a fair relation existed be-
bn
cloud and lagoon nuclide R-values
as shown in Figure 3.33.
Here R”(x) cloud/Rgg(x) lagoon
b Plotted versus R”(x)
lagoon average.
The previously
determined lagoon chain R-values
were
*n
simply multiplied by the indicated ratio to obtain the corresponding
cloud R-values.
The
dotted lines indicate the trends for two other locations,
YAG 39 and YAG 40, although these were
aa pursued because of time limitations.
It is assumed that the cloud and lagoon compositions
represent extremes,
with all others intermediate.
abDt.
No beta activities
were computed for this

Shot
Tewa.
Two simplifying
approximations
were made.
First,
the cloud and outer sta-
t&a average R-values
were judged sufficiently
close to 1 to permit use of unfractionated
fission
products- Second, because the lagoon-area
fission-product
composition
for Shot Tewa appeared
to he the same as for its Zuni counterpart
except in mass 140, the Zuni and Tewa lagoon fission
-cts
were therefore
judged to be identical,
except that the Ba140-La140 contribution
was in-
.?eased by a factor of 3 for the latter.

;be
The induced products
were added in, using product/fission
ratios appropriate
to the location
rever possible;
however,
the spars&y of ratio data for fallout samples dictated the use of
$md
;7
vakes for most of the minor induced activities.
$_
. .

. %I?
bStits
and Discussion.
‘k
Table B.22 is a compilation
of the computed doghouse count-
rates for the compositions
described;
these data and some observed
decay rates are shown
ah ‘kures
3.34 through 3.37.
AU experimental
doghouse-counter
data is listed in Table B.23.
hble 8.24 similarly
summarizes
the Fhthead and Navajo computed beta-counting
rates; they
*’
CanWred with experiment
in Figure 3.38, and the experimental
data are given in Table
825.
Results of the gamma-ionization
or dose rate (SC) calculations
for a surface concentra-
tioo of lot fissions/ft’
are presented
in Table 3.22 and plotted in Figure 3.39.
It should be em-
*sized
that these computed results are intended to be absolute for a specified
composition

59

and number of fissions
as determined
by Moss content, and no arbitrary
normalization
has beea

employed to match theory and experiment-
Thus,
the curves in Figure 3.39, for instance,
rep_
resent the best available estimates
Of the SC dose rate produced by lo’ flssions/ft’
of the vari~y
n&lures.
The MO” content of each of the samples represented
is identical,
namely the number
corresponding
to lo’ fissions
at a yield of 6.1 percent.
The curves are displaced vertically
from one another solely because Of the fractionation
of the other fission products with respect
to Mog8, and the contributions
of Various kinds and amounts of induced products.
It may be seen that the computed and observed
doghouse-counter
decay rates are in fairly
good agreement
over the time period for which data could be obtained.
The beta-decay
curves
for Shots Flathead and Navajo,
initiated on the YAG 40, suggest that the computed gamma and
ionization curves,
for those events at least,
are reasonably
correct
as early as 10 to 15 hours
after detonation.
The ionization results may not be checked directly against experiment;
it was primarily
for
this reason that the other effects of the proposed compositions
were computed for laboratory
instruments.
If reasonable
agreement
can be obtained for different types of laboratory
detector9
then the inference
is that discrepancies
between computed and measured ionization rates in the’
field are &,le to factors other than source composition
and ground-surface
fission concentration.
The cleared area surrounding
Station F at How Island (Figure 2.8) offers the closest
approxi-
mation to the standard conditions
for which the calculations
were made, and Shot Zuni was the
only event from which sufficient
fallout was obtained at this station to warrant making a com-
parison.
with the calculated
dose rates based on the average buried-tray
value of 2.08 kO.22
x 10” fissions/f?
(Table B.27) and the measured rates from Table B.28, (plotted in Figure B.?),
the observed/calculated
ratio varies from 0.45 at 11.2 hours to 0.66 from 100 to 200 hours, fall-
ing to an average of 0.56 between 370 and 1,000 hours.
Although detailed reconciliation
of theory
and experiment
is beyond the scope of this report,
some of the factors operating to lower the ra-
tio from an ideal value of unity were:
(1) the cleared area was actually somewhat less than in-
finite in extent, averaging
N 120 feet in radius,
with the bulldozed sand and brush ringing
the
area in a horseshoe-shaped
embankment some 7 feet high; (2) the plane was not mathematically
smooth; and (3) the survey instruments
used indicate less than the true ionization rate, i. e.,
the
integrated response factor,
including an operator,
is lower than that obtained for Co” in the cal-
ibrating direction.
It is estimated that, for average
energies
from 0.15 Mev to 1.2 Mev, a cleared radius of 120
feet provides
from -0.80
to -0.70
of an infinite field (Reference
46). The Cutie Pie survey
meter response,
similar to the TlB between 100 kev and 1 Mev, averages about 0.85 (Reference
17).
These two factors alone, then, could depress the observed/calculated
ratio to -0.64.

60

TABLE 3.1
TIMES OF ARBJVAL,
PEAK ACTIVITY,
AND CESSATION AT bfAJOR STATJON

Time of nrrlvaJ (tn) LndJcatee the earlleo~
reliable
arrlvpl Urn8 of faIlcut aa detarmlned
from the
JncrementaI collector
and gamma time-intenelty
recorder
results.
Time cf peak activity
(tp) ln-
dlcatce the time of peak ionJzatlcn rate (In parectheeee)
and the time8 durJng which the lonJratlcn
rate was within 10 percent of the peak rate.
Ip refera to the peak lontzettoa rate.
Time of ceeea-
Zion (1,) lndkatee,
Uret, the Ume by which 95 percent of the fallout had been deposited
and, next,
the extrapolated
time of ceeeatlcn.

shot
StEStlOtl
hi
P
=JLb
TSD, hr

Navajo

s

zuni

Tewa

PhtJl8ad
YAG 40 (A,B)
-6.0
YAG 39 (C)
4.5
LST 611 (D)
6.6
YFNB 13 (E)
0.35

YFNB 29 (@ii)
0.62
How Wand (F)
t

12
10
9.0
1.1
1.2

(17.0)
(11.0)
(9.1)
(1.3)
(1.62)
t

20
13
a.2
1.6.
1.S

YAG 40 (A,B)
6.0
YAG 39 (C)
2.3
UT
611 (D)
3.0
YFNB 13 (E)
0.20

YFNB 29 (G,H)
0.69

How J&and (F)
0.75

11
5.9
6.6
0.66
1.2

(12.3)
(6.0)
(6.1)
(0.63)
(1.33)
1

13
6.2
6.7
0.73
1.9

YAG 40 (A,B)
3.4
YMJ 39 (C)
12
LST 611 (D)
t
YFNBl3
(E)
0.33
YFNB 29 (G, H)
0.32
How Island (F)
0.36

6.2
20
(6.7)
(25)
8
(1.25)
(0.62)
(1.05)

7.7
33

0.97
0.70
0.98

1.6
1.2
1.4

YAG 40 (A,B)
4.4
6.2
(7.2)
7.6
YAG 38 (C)
2.0
4.4
(5.0)
5.7
LST 611 (D)
7.0
13
(13.6)
16
YFNB 13 (E)
0.25
1.9
(1.9)
3.0
YFNB 29 (G, H)
0.23
1.4
(1.7)
2.6
How Jsland (P)
1.6
2.6
(2.9)
3.4

Estimated
value; gamma time-intensity
recorder
eaturated.
t NC determinatlca
pceelble;
incrementaI
collector
falled.
$ No fallout occurred.
I MinImum value.
1 Instrument
falled.

IP
tc

r/Jtr
TSD, hr

0.259
22 to 23
0.141
13 to 15
0.006
20 to 25
21.6’
2.0 to t
0.06
1.5 to 9.0
t
t

0.129
16 to 20
1.49
15 to 16
0.043
13 to 16
8.5
1.9 to 9.0 f
0.116
3.2 to 14 D
1
4.5 to 7.0 0

7.6
7.4 to 13
0.036
29 to 33

:
:
6.
1.a to a.3
9.6
2.4 to 3.3
2.9
1.9 to 2.6

7.43
6.5 to 16
20.2
5.3 to 16
0.266
14 to 16
2.5
7.0 to 16
40.
4.3 to 16
2.6
3.3 to 9.0

IN TILE ATOLL AIUA

Time of arrJvaJ (td Indloatoo the arrIvuI tlmu of fvllout ua duturmlnud
from
the
time of arrival detector
results.

Statlon
shot PlatJlcad
Shot NavaJo
Bhot ZunJ
Bhct Tewa

ta
t a
‘u
(a

TSD, hr
TSD, hr
TSD, hr
TSD, br

YFNB 13 (E)
YFNB 29 (G)
YFNB 28 (If)
How Jeland (F)
How Inland (Kj
George Ieland (L)
Charlie Jsland (M)
WlJl1a.m Island (M)

0.77
.
0.66
.
:
1

0.02 t
t
-
t
8
-

t
4
t
0.73
0.6
0.05 t
9.11
9.4

t
t
4.7
$
t
t
t
t

t
0.40
0.40
0.35
0.40 I
0.33
-

0.22

1

t

t
-

Raft-l
(P)
Raft-2 (R)
Raft-3 (5)
Skiff-AA
SkJff-BB
SJdff-CC
SJ&-DD
Skiff-EE
*
t

0.33
t
0.23

3.6 D

I

3.0 D

:
0.46
5.0
t
4.2
t
t

Skiff-FF
SkJff-ciG
SkJff-HH
SkJff-JCJf
tiff-LL
Skiff-MM
Skiff-PP
SkKf-RR

skiff-ss
Skiff-TT
SJcJff-uu
skiff-w
SkJff-ww
Skiff-XX
Skiff-YY

1

4.3

t
1.4
4.1
t

10.6
-
t
t
t
t
t
-
t
-
.
-

-
-

t
2.0 D
t
.

t
2.9
.

1.7

-

t
2.9 I
2.2

t
:
2.0

t
t

-

t
-
-
t
1.2 I

t

skiff or Inetrument lost,
or no Inetrurnent present.
t Inntrument maLfunctIoned or may have malfunctloned.
$ Actlvlty level 1rrPufflclent to trigger
Inetrument;
no fallout or only Ught
fallout occurred.
I Eellmated
value; clock reading corrected
by * an JntcgraI number of dayo.
1 Jnatrumnnt may have trlggared
at peak; low arrivnl
rute.

TABLE
3.3
PENETRATlON
RATES DERIVED
FROM
EQUIVALENT-
DEPTH DETERMINATIONS

Shot
Number
Time Studied
I Limits

Station
From
To
Ram
of Points
95 pet
Confidence
TSD, hr
mh
m/hr

Flathead
YAC 39
l6
6.3
12.6
3.0
2.5
Navajo
YAC 39
10
7.4
16.6
2.6
0.2
Navajo
YAC 40
4
10.0
13.0
4.0
2.1
Tewa
YAG 39
26
5.1
14.6
3.0
0.7
Tewa
YAC 40
5
5.2
6.1
4.0
2.9

TABLE
3.4
DEPTHS AT WHICH PENETRATION
CEASED FROM EQUIVALENT-
DEPTH DETERMINATIONS

Shot
Number
Time Studied
Limits
Estimated
station
of Points
From
To
Depth
95 pet
Thermocline
Confidence
Depth
TSD, hr
meters
meters
meters

Navajo
YAG 39
Tewa
YAC 39

See Reference 15.

13
30.9
40.1
62
15
40 to 60
17
15.3
20.5
49
10
40 to 60
31.8
34.6

TABLE
3.5
MAXIMUM PENETRATION
RATES OBSERVED

Shot
Number
Time Studied
f Limits

StatiOn
Of Points
From
To
Rate
95 pet
Confidence
TSD, hr
m/hr
m/hr
zuni
YAG 39
3
15.2
168
-30
-

9
17.6
29.6
2.4
0.9
Navajo
YAG 39
5
3.1
5.2
23.0
9.6
Tewa
YAC 39
2
3.6
4.1
* 300
-

TABLE
3.6
EXPONENT
VALUES
FOR
PROBE DECAY MEASUREMENTS

The tabulated numbers are values of n in the ex-
pression:
A = As (t/t,,)” , where A indicates the
activity at a reference time, t , and Aa the activity
at the time of observation. h.

shot
Exponent Values
Project 2.63
Project 2.62a

ami
0.90
1.13
Flathead
0.90
1.05
Navajo
1.39
1.39
Tewa
1.34

Instrument malfunctioned.

62

1‘ABLE
Y.‘? X-MAY
DI~YlLWTIUN
ANALYSES
AN11 SI’O‘CIPIC
ACTIVITIES
OF INUIVWUAL
PAH’I‘ICLES,
SHOT ZUNI

Activity
at
Not
Compounds
Present
H t 240 bra
Weight
Spcclfic
Activity
ECO ,
CaO
Cn(OH)*
Purtlcle
DetUXlptlon

wall counte/min
mg
(counta/min)/mg

lli5
1U
IG?
ltiti
169
170

171
17z
173
174
175
176

177
178
179
lU(r
161
I&!

Sphora
Sphere
Irregular
Sphere
Irregular
Irrcgula1

Agglonwralr:
Agglomerate
Irregular
Sphere
Sphere
Irrcgulill

&glumcriit0
Irregular
Sphere
lrregulur
frreguliu
Hlllck sphorc

2
2

t
2
2 x 2.5
2x6

:
2.5 X 5.0
2.1

t
2x5

t
8X8
1.5
G x 10
2.5 x4
1.7

17,500,000
3Li,500,000
2,410,000
3(i,200,000
101,140
955,340

(i,300,000
16,700,000
2,200 000
24,500:000
9,100,000
443,620

2,(ioo,ooo
1,900,000
G,ti00,000
1 ,tIGO,OOO
27,300,000
70,cioo

6.9
17.3
40.1
8.7
11.9

t

t
t
ll.i
7.1
2.5
48.8

t
388.0
5.1
457.3
25.8
9.0

2,540,OOO
2,110,000
60,200
4,1li0,000
8,500

t

t
t
193,000
3,450,ooo
3,G40,000
9,070

t
4,900
1,300,000
4,070
1,0(i0,000
7,840

X
X
X
X
xx
X

X
xx
X

xx

X
X
X
X

X
X
xx*
xx

x
x

X

X
X
x
x
xx
X
X
x
x

x
x
X
xx
xx
X
xx
xx

Creamy-white;
surface
protuberances.
White,
off-white;
green-yellow;
patohy.

Rubbery;
flbroue;
ehupeleee.
Pale yellow;
white patches.
Heeemblee
actual coral;
easily
fractured.
Columnar
etructure.

Broken;
extremely
friable.
Broken;
white and pale yellow-green;
friable.
Cavltiee
and tunnel8 throughout.
Off-wblte;
slightly
ellipsoidal.
Clear cubic and yellowleh
Irregular
cryetals.
Gray ~PBB wlth embedded
ehells.

Broken;
white and pale green; very friable.
Manmade,
concretellke
mnterlnl.
Yellowish
moealc
eurface.
Same an Particle
178.
Yellowleh;
finer-gralned
CaO.
Fe,O, + Fe,Os. H,O

* l.x;~nln;l~~,
was also mudo of nrteriur
of partlcla;
XX indicatus
a compound
dotocted
both on uxlcrior
surface
and interior.

1 No tlat~ availahlc.
.

TABLE
3.8
DlSTRlBUTlON
OF PAHTICLE
DENSITIES,
SHOT ZUNI

T&d
numbar of purtlclos
= 122.
Total numbor of Irregular
p.rrticlas
= 7.
Total numbor of yellow
bpheruu
= 71.
Total
numbor of white aphoree
= 44.
Mean density
of all epheree
= 2.46 gm/cms.
Muun donsrty of yellow
spherea
= 2.53

gIll/C*ll’.
Mcu
thne~ly of white aphores
= 2.33 gm/cm’.

Densi1y
Porcsntuge
of
Percentage
of
Percentage
of
Total P’arliclti:s
Yellow Sphere8
White Spheres

gm/cm’

2.0
2.5
1.4
4.7
2.1
(i .7
2.8
11.6
2.2
7.5
2.8
16.3
2. 3
22.5
14.0
35.0
2 .-I
9.2
9.9
9.1

2.5
10.7
8.5
13.9
2.ti
15.0
22.6
4.7
2.7
19.2
29.B
4.7
2.8
5.8
8.5
2.3

TABLE
3.9
IMDIOCHE~UCAL
PROPERTIES
OF ALTERED AND UNALTERED
PARTICLES,
SHOT ZUNI

Altered ParticIer
Unaltered Particles
Time
Number of
Number of
Sampler
VPIUI)
Samplee
vallm

=a&

fissioM/gm
(X 10”)
-
6
3.8 3.1
a
0.090 f 0.12
fiesigIs/gm
(X 109
-
14
4.2 f 2.7
24
0.033
0.036
--

@ounts/min)/1d fissioM
(countJJ/mill)/lO’ fissloM
(counta/m.bl)/lo’
fieeione
(countB/min)/lo’
fleeioue

ma/lo’
ftasionn (X lo- 1’)
ma/lti
fk310M (X lo-“)
ma/lo’
fisaione (X lo-“)
mn/ld
fieeelone (x lo- *‘)

(countr/mIn)/ma
(x 10t$
(counte/min)/ma
(x 10”)
(ccunta/mln)/ma
(x 10”)

-
71
4
105
3
239
1
632
2

71
4
10s
3
239
1
461
2

71
5

105
4
238
10

0.34 0.06
0.35 f 0.06
0.054
0.013

z_e_
--
053 f 0.19
1.1 f 0.4
0.12
0.024

30 5
4
59 f 24
24 i 7
7
109 i 31
3.4
1
20
1.7
1
5.1

11 1
4
a.3 + 2.0
14 3
13
8.6 f 1.5
16 f 2
6
6.2 1.3

Calculated from activity ratioe on the basis of paxticlee analyzed for ratal fieeiona.

TABLE 3.10
ACTIVITY
RATIOS FOR PARTICLES
FROM SHOTS ZUNI AND TEWA

Activity Ratio
shd zuni
Shot Tewa
Altered Particles
Unaltered Particles
All Particle6
Value
Time
ValUe
Time
ValUe
Time
TSD, br
TSD, hr
TSD, hr

Wunts/min)/ma
(x 10”)
14.
3.
105
6.6 f 15
105
11. t 6.
96
16.
2.
239
6.2 f 1.3
239

(counts/min)/lO’
fisalone
0.35 * 0.08
105
1.1 0.4
105
0.38 f 0.12
97

0.054
239
0.12
239
0.16 * 0.02
ma/lo’
fissiona (X lo-t’)
172

24. f 7.
105
109. t 31.
105
37. f 15.
97

3.4
239
20.
239

TABLE
3.11
DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVITY
OF YAG 40 TEWA
PARTICLES
WITH SIZE AND TYPE

Percent of
Size Group
Compoeite
Percent of Sire Group Activity

TdPl Activity
Irregular
Spheroidal
Agglomerated

microns

16 to 33
co.1
23.4
76.6
0.0
’
34 to 66
2.2
66.1
5.0
6.9

67 to 99
6.0
46.4
37.5
16.0

100 to 132
11.6
68.6
6.7
24.6

133 to 165
16.2
43.4
5.7
50.9

lG6 to 198
16.9
49.3
1.9
48.8

199 to 231
8.1
58.0
0.0
41.9

232 to 264
9.9
14.7
0.0
85.3

265 to 297
7.0
14.6
0.1
85.3

298 to 330
11.5
18.5
0.0
ai .4

331 to 363
0.7
-
-
100.0

364 to 396
1.7
0.0
2.2
97.7
397 t0 429
-
-
-
-

430 to 4G2
0.6
23.8
76.2
0.0
4G3 to 495
-
-
-
-

496 to 528
3.4
100.0
0.0
0.0

64

I

TABLE
3.12
PHYSICAL,
CHEMICAL,
AND RADIOLGGICAL
PROPERTIES
OF SLURRY PARTICLES

.UI indicated errors
are standard deviations of the mean.
< .

TiLneof
’
Number of
Arrival
station
Particles
Average
Average
Average Density
t Standard
Average Diameter
Average Specific Activity

Interval
Measured
NaCl Mass
HI0 Mass
Deviation
f Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation

l-9aJ.u

Shot
Flathead:

lto3
YFNB 29
7to9
YAG 39 smi.
LST 611
lltol2
YAG40
15 to 18
YAG 40

TOWS

4 to 10

50 to 52
10
3 to 4

67 to 76

Shot
Navajo:

lto3
YFNB 13
5 to 20
3to5
YAG 39
9 to 14
5b6
LST 611
14
7to9
YAG40
4 to 10
9 tb 10
YAG46
5 b 23

10 to 11
YAG40
11 to 15
Il to 12
YAfi 40
33
I2 to 13
YAG 40
26
I.3 to 14
YAC40
6
14 to 15
YACI 40
5
15 to 16
YAG40
13 to 14

Totals
133 to 182

Pg

0.06
0.08
1.28 f 0.1
57 f 6
43ier

0.42
0.62
0.94
1.20
0.50
0.69

1.17
7.94
7.62
4.49
1.61
1.63
1.25
1.09
0.44
0.60

0.66
0.50
0.30
0.44
0.31
0.31
0.17
0.27
0.10
0.18
0.06
0.32

Pg
w.n/cm’

1.29
0.01
1.35 t 0.05
1.34 i 0.08

1.30 f 0.01

1.38 0.04
150 0.01
1.41 * 0.04
1.45 f 0.04
1.31 0.02

1.43 f 0.03
1.32 f 0.01
1.37 * 0.01
1.26 0.02
1.30 0.03
1.15 0.02

1.35 f 0.01

microns

112 2
129 f 16
121 f 6

272 2 14
229 t 24
166 f 6
142 f 22
110 5

111 4
94 4
96 f 2
66 i 7
75 f 2
34 * 4

x 10” (counts/min)/gmt

262 * 20
2.95 t 160
265 t 90

282 f 30 5

_) * 0.6 1
16 f 3
14 f 2
9a3
11 f 2

16 f 4
26 I
217
297
23 7
56 f 7

21*34

Diameter of spherical slurry droplet at time d arrival.
t Photon count in weiI counter at H + 12.
l Not included in calcuktion of tchl.
I Based on Summation of individual-particle
specific activities.
1 thlculated
value based on total tray count, number of psrticles Per tray, and avex
NPCl mass per particle; n& included in calculation
of total.

TABLE 3.13 COMPOUNLM IDENTIFIED
IN SLURRY-
PARTICLE
INSOLUBLE
SOLiDS

a compounds were identified by X-ray diffraction except FetOa
Jad NaCafSiG,),
which were identified by electron diffraction;
2Ca0- Fe20, WEU atso observed In one sample by electron
diffrac-
tion.
The presence of Cu in the Navajo sample was established
by X-ray diffraction.
I indkates definite identifkation
and PI
possible identification.

ComPound
Shot Flathead
Shot Navajo

2C.s~. Fe,O,
I

csf=l
I
I
Fe,o,
I
Feero,
I
I
.
Caso;.2H*O
BaCl
Wawo,)
“4

t
I
I
PI
PI
PI

TABLE
3.14
RADIOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
OF SLURRY
PARTICLES,
YAG 40, SHOT FLATHEAD

Analysis of the combined particles led to the following data:
Description,
eesentiaily NaCI; WC, 0.672 x 10‘ cwnts/min;
time of WC, 156 TSD, hre; GIG, 38 x 10-t’ ma; time of CIC,
196 TSD. hrs; fissions, 6.83 x LO“; Ba”’
Sr$
Np=s product/fission ratio, 0.41; activity
ratios at 196 TSD, hrs, 9.9 x 10” (counts/min)/ms. 0.13
(counts/min)/104 fissions,
yd 13.0 x LO-” ma/lo’ fissions.

Field Number
WC
Time of WC

x 10’ counts/min
TSD, hro

2660-l
0.0666
189
2662-2
0.116
190
2334-l
0.0730
190
2677-l
0.0449
193
2333-l
0.131
196
2662-l
0.0607
169
‘331-l
0.249
169

2333-2
0.064
191
2334-4
0.146
190
2333-3
0.0467
190
2332-l
0.0295
190
2661-3
0.235
190
2681-1
0.141
190

TABLE 4.16 SURFACE DENSITY OF FALLOUT COMPONENTSlN TERMS OF
ORIGINAL COMPOSITION

Shot
Collector
Weight,
mg/ft*
Seawater
Total

Flathead
YAG 40-B-19
FL
LST 611-D-51
FL
YFNB13-E-5G FL
How F-67 FL
YFNB 29-H-61FL

Navajo
YAG 40-B-19
NA
YAG 39-C-36
NA
LST 611-D-51
NA
YFNB13-E-54 NA
How F-67 NA
YFNB 29-H-61NA
0

*
Zuni
YAG 40-B-17 ZU
YAG 40-B-19 ZU
YAG 39-C-23
ZU
YAG 39-C-36
ZU
YFNB 13-E-56
ZU
YFNB13-E-56 ZU
How F-63 ZU
How F-67 ZU
YFNB 29-H-79
ZU
YFNB 29-H-61
ZU

Tewa
YAG 40-B-19
TE
YAG 39-C-36TE
LST 611-D-51TE
YFNB13-E-56 TE
How F-67 TE
YFNB 29-H-61
TE

14.0
+ 1.0
195.2
* 16.2
0.0 f 1.0
99.2
f 16.2
1.6
* 1.0
6,155.0
f 31.3
0.0 f 2.57
32.6
* 17:7
5.4 * 1.0
564.2
f 31.3

4.3 * 1.0
3.2 t 1.0
13.0
f 1.0
51.6
f 1.0
12.0
* 2.6
24.0
* 1.0

646.6
f 31.3
1,415.4
f 31.3
1,299.S
f 31.3
5J29.6 * 31.3
661.3
t 35.4
0.0 f 31.3

1.610.1
f 1.0
522.6
* 1.0
17.6
f 1.0
19.2
f 1.0
1,574.E
f 1.0
797.9
t 1.0
969.5
f 2.6
592.3
* 2.6
2,912.s
f 1.0
2,768.4
f 1.0

110.6
f 16.2
166.1
* 31.3
66.6
f 16.2
65.0
f 31.3
1,121.6
f 16.2
563.9
f 16.2
86.7
* 0.3
221.6
f 17.7
561.0
f 16.2
1.274.2
f 16.2

661.7
* 1.0
1.726.6
f 1.0
62.9
f 1.0
64.1
* 1.0
15.0
f 2.4
4,533.l
f 1.0

273.6
* 16.2
517.5
f 16.2
0.0 * 31.3
199.0
f 16.2
13.6
to.2
0.0 f 31.3

209.2
f 16.2
99.2
i16.2
6J56.7 f 31.3
32.6
f 17.9
569.5
f 31.3

651.1
f 31.3
1,418.6
k 31.3
1,312.S
f 31.3
5J91.5 f 31.3
573.3
f 35.4
24.0
k 31.3

1,927.0
* 16.2
669.7
* 31.3
106.4
f 16.2
74.2
f 31.3
2,696.4
f 16.2
1,361.B
f 16.2
1,076.2
f 2.6
614.2
f 17.9
3,473.6
f 16.2
4,062.6
f 16.2

935.3
* 16.2
2,244.4
* 16.2
62.9
f 31.3
253.2
f 16.2
20.6
f 2.4
4,533.l
t 31.3

I
t
.
-

11.1
--m-m--
k
,

76

m-e.
--III--I--.-W...--

i
!

I

we..
m.----

,

.t

.
.

I

f

IO’ i
0

10' I-

,

2

1..I,YU ”
4
5
6
7
6
9
IO
II
12
15
14
I5

TSDlH(l)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9

150 (nnl

Figure 3.5 Calculated mass-arrival
rate,

I6

IO
11
12
13
14
15
I6

Shots Zuni and Tewa.

80

‘--..-
. . .._ _____

Figure 3.6 Particle-size
variation at ship stations, Shot Zuni.

81

-_-

/ -n ’

IV.6
rv..
1s

.<.,“,.‘a.
‘ ‘-I
I,.
.
,
,,

-

-

.-

- ”
_I

-

-

-

-

I “; I I _.__-._
._*.._ --

I
I
I
I

I.

Figure
3.7
Particle-size
variation
at barge ami island stations,
Shot Zuni.

82

I

Figure 3.8 Particle-size
variation at ship stations, Shot Tewa.

83

I,
u
I,
.

.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-
A
.

Figure 3.9 Particle-size
variation at barge and island stations, Shot Tewa.

84

I

Figure 3.10 Ocean activity profiles,
Shots Navajo and Tewa.

85

(lN33
M3d ) NOllIllOS
NI Allhl13V

86

Figure
3.13
Typical solid faLlout particles.

88

.

‘.

.
.

*
:
.’ .
.
-‘.
,i

_-.--I
-.-~Y”.C-~-~--*~~*-----L;~
_,I_.
. .
. . .
1

Figure 3.14
Angular fallout particle,
Shot Zuni.
a
Ordinary Itght. b. Crossed
nicois.
c. Radioautograph.

89

.

c
.

Figure 3.15
High magnification
of part
of an angular fallout particle,
Shot Zuni.

90

Figure 3.16 Spheroidal fallout particle,
Shot Zuni.
a. Ordinary light. b. Crossed nicols.
c. Radioautograph.

91

Figure 3.17
Angular fallout particle,
Shot Tewa.
a. Ordinary light.
b. Crossed
nicols.
c. Radioautograph.

93

Figure
3.18
Spheroidal
fallout particle,
Shot Tewa.
a. Ordinary
light.
b. Crossed
nicols.
c. Radioautograph.

93

P

I
-!-mm
2

Figure
3.19
Thin section
and radioautograph
of spherical
fallout particle,
Shot Inca.

,

z-
BP
-t

10

I

0
_-lJAul
I
I
I
lllll

lo
loo
IO00
IO
I

TSD
IHA)
TSO
Inn)

tl

Q
t

0

;
!

I
1
I lllll

IO

Figure
3.20
Energy-dependent
activity
ratios
for altered
and unaltered
particles,
Shot ‘Zuni.

; L
?

”

t
:
E 0’
.

f

i k

li

-”

_
*

-
Y

_ w

- ”

0’

.

Figure 3.22 Particle group median activity versus mean size, Shot Zuni.

97
I

Id L

0’

/I.
/

TEWA-YAG
40

Figure 3.23 Particle group median activity versus mean size,
Shot Tewa.

98

EACH
POlNr
REPRESENTS
ONE
PARTICLE

.

WEIGHT
( MICROGRAMS 1

Figure 3.24 Relation of particle
weight to activity,
Shot Tewa.

99

1.9 2.0
2.1
2.2
23
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

DENSITY ( GM/CM3 1

Figure 3.25 Relation of particle density to activity,
Shot Zuni.

100

IO'

IO’
IO

-

-

- - - -
-
-
-

-

I
I
I Illll
100
1000
10,000

TSO (IiAt

10-Z I-----

lo-'

lo-' L
I
I11111
I
I lllll_

IO
100
1000
l0.000

TSD
(IiRl

ALURE0
NO.6

Figure
3.26
Gamma
decay
of altered
and unaltered
particles,
Shot Zunt.

Figure 3.28
Photomtcrograph
of slurry-
particle
reaction
area and insoluble
solids.
Figure 3.29
Electronmicrograph
of
slurry-particle
insoluble
solids.

700

600

100

f ’

5
Oo’
IO ,
15
_
ACTIVITY
/ SQ FT
( 810’
WELL
C/M
AT H + 12 HR)

Flgure
3.30
NaCl mass
versus
actlvlty
per square
foot,
Shot Flathead.
Figure
3.31
Radioautograph
of slurry-
particle
trace and reaction
area.

+

I
I
I Illll
I
I111111
I
I
lllll

1.0
IO
102
IO’

HALF-LIFE
OF
PRECURSORS
(SEC
or MINI

I

ZUNI
( Precursors
m Parenthcsir)

4VERIGE
LAGOON
AREA
COMPGSITION

Figure 3.32 Radionuclide fractionation of xenon, kwP!on, and antimony products, Shot Zuni.

105

+
t
T131,
t

ZUNI

A
STANDARD
CLOUD

0
YAG 39

m YAG 40

LAGOON
AVERAGE
Rgg
( X)

Figure 3.33 R-value relationships for several compositions,
Shot Zuni.

106

IC?
\
+

AVERAGE
FALLOUT
COMPOSITIOI

(COMPUTED
1

\

\

I

FLATHEAD

OOGriOUSE 1*x1* Nal
CRYSTAL

0
STANDARD
CLOUD

0
YFNB 13
E-55

+
LST
611
D-53

IO-'
I
10
lo2
IO3
IO4

AGE (HR)

Figure
3.34
Photon-decay
rate by doghouse
counter,
Shot Flathead.

107

Nj3 _

l&__

-
AVERAGE
FALLOUT
COMPOSITION

( COYPUTED I

L

I$_

lc?
I _-LlLLM

r

NAVAJO

DOGHOUSE l’rl’
NaI CRYSTAL

0
STANDARD
CLOUD

0
YFNB 13
E-60

A
YAG 39
C-22

-LLL!lu

16'
I
10
lo2
lo3
ld4

AGE (HR)

Figure 3.35 Photon-decay
rate by doghouse counter,
Shot Navajo.

108

I

lo-3 _

\

I$ _
\

lo- _

7

AVERAGE

1 COYPUTED 1

I -

ZUNI

DOGHOUSE I’x I’ Na I CRYSTAL

0
STANDARD
CLOUD

A
YAG39
C-23

o
YFNG 13 E-55

HOW F
B-5

10-I
1
IO
102
IO3
IO4

AGE ( HR 1

Figure 3.36 Photon-decay
rate by doghouse counter,
Shot Zuni.

109

I

7
AVERAGE CLOUD AND OUTER FALLOUT AREA

(COMPUTED
1

I

lo-" *_

KY9 _.
16’
1
10
1t

AGE (Hi?)

TEWA

DOGHOUSE I’xl~NaI
CRYSTAL

o
STANDARD
CLOUD

v
YAG 40
B-17

A YAG 39
C-35

+
LSD 611
D-53

HOW
F-63

0
YFNB 29
H-79

Figure
3.37
Photon-decay
rate by doghouse
counter,
Shot Tewa.

110

I

FLATHEAD
AND NAVAJO

CONTINUOUS
FLOW
PROPORTIONAL
DETECTOR

.
YAG 40
A-l,
3473/B
Fl_ SHELF
I

0
YAG 40
A-l,
P-3?33/,9y2
W3HEl.F
3

FLATHEAD
SHELF
1

( COllPUTED
1

\ . . .
h .

a

0 . . .

YY s

%
0

0
Oo
0
0

0

1
10
lo2
IO3

AGE (HR)

Figure
3.38
Beta-decay
rates,
Shots Flathead
and Navajo.

IO4

111

-

N

t

\O-g
t

16'O L

W

t
a

5
0 -

I-

1 d2 k-

I d3 L

-
ZUNI
CLOUD
-
-
ZUNI
LAGOON
-

-TEWA
CU)UD

-
TEWA LAGOON

--
NAVAJO
,

-
-
FLATHEAD
-

I111111
iLLLull

L
\a \ =s
>.
\ ‘i;

5 ‘.
‘,Xx
‘.,.
. . . .
x. . . . . .
\

=i‘

5.. \
‘...
. -\
\
*
?
\

‘_
\

1
Id’
I
IO
IO2
IO3
IO’

AGE (HR 1

Figure 3.39 Computed ionization-decay
rates,
Shots Flathead, Navajo,
Zuni, and Tewa.

112

4.1
SHOT CHEROKEE

Because the residual radiation level from Shot Cherokee was too low to be of any military
significance,
the results were omitted from Chapter 3.
However,
this should not be interpreted
to mean that no fallout occurred;
the evidence is clear that very light fallout was deposited over
a large portion of the predicted
area.
Partly to obtain background data and provide a full-scale
test of instrumentation
and proced-
ures, and partly to verify that the fallout was as light as anticipated,
all stations were activated
for the shot, and all exposed sampling trays were processed
according to plan (Section 2.4).
Small amounts of fallout were observed on the YAG 40 and YAG 39; the collectors
removed from
Skiffs AA, BB, CC, DD, GG, HH, MM, and W were slightly active; and low levels of activity
were also measured in two water samples collected
by the SIO vessel DE 365.
Results from all

other stations were negative.
The approximate
position of each station during the collection
interval is shown in Figure 4.1;
more exact locations for the skiffs and project
ships are included in Tables 2.3 and 2.4.
The
boundaries of the fallout pattern predicted by the methods described
in Section 4.3.1 are also
given in the figure,
and it may be seen that nearly all of the stations falling within the pattern
received
some fallout.
(Skiff PP and the LST 611 probably do not constitute exceptions,
because
the former
was overturned
by the initial shock wave and the incremental collectors
on the latter
were never triggered.
)
On the YAG 40, an increase
in normal background radiation was detected with a survey meter
at about H+6 hours, very close to the predicted
time of fallout arrival.
Although the ionization
rate never became high enough for significant TIR measurements,
open-window
survey meter
readfngs were continued until the level began to decrease.
The results,
plotted in Figure 4.2,
show-a broad peak of about 0.25 mr/hr centered roughly on H+ 9 hours.
In addition, a few active
particles
were collected
in two SIC and two IC trays during the same period; these results,
ex-
Pressed ln counts per minute per minute as before (Section 3.2.1), are given in Figure 4.3. The
Spread along the time axis reflects
the fact that the SIC trays were exposed for longer intervals
than usual.
Radioautographs
of the tray reagent films showed that all of the activity on each one was ac-
counted for by a single particle,
which appeared in every case to be a typical slurry droplet of
the type described
in Section 3.3.2.
Successive
gamma-energy
spectra and the photon-decay
rate of the most active tray (No. 729, ~6,200 counts/min
at H+ 10 hours) were measured and
are presented
in Figures 4.4 and 4.5.
The prominent peaks appearing at N 100 and 220 kev in
the former appear to be due to NP~~‘.
A slight rise in background radiation was also detected with a hand survey meter on the YAG
39. The open-window level increased
from about 0.02 mr/hr at H + 10 hours to 0.15 mr/hr at
H+12 hours, before beginning to decline.
only one IC tray was found to be active (No. 56
‘59,200 counts/mm
at H + 10 hours),
and this was the control tray exposed on top of the collector
for 20 hours from 1300 on D-day to 0900 on D+ 1.
Although about 25 small spots appeared on
the reagent film, they were arranged in a way that suggested the breakup of one larger slurry
particle on impact; as on the YAG 40 trays,
only NaCl crystals
were visibie under low-power
oPtics in the active regions.
Plots of the gamma-energy
spectrum and decay for this sample are included in Figures 4.4
and 4.5; the similarities
of form in both cases suggest a minimum of radionuclide
fractionation.

113

By means of the Flathead conversion
factor [ - 1.0 X IO6 fissions/‘(dip
counts/min
at 100 hours)j,
the dip-counter
results for the AOC’s from the skiffs have been converted to fissions
per square
foot in Table 4.1, so that they may be compared
with the values for the other shots (Table 3.15).
The dip-counter
activities
of all water samples,
including those for the DE 365, are summarized

in Table B.32.

4.2
DATA RELIABILITY

The range and diversity
of the measurements
required for a project of this size virtually
precludes
the possibility
of making general statements of accuracy
which are applicable
in all
cases.
Iievertheless,
an attempt has been made in Table 4.2 to provide a qualitative evaluation
of the accuracy
of the various types of project
measurements.
Quantitative statements of accu-
racy, and sometimes
precision,
are given and referenced
where available.
No attempt has been
made, however,
to summarize
the errors
listed in the tables of results in the text; and certain
small errors,
such as those in station locations
in the lagoon area and instrument exposure and
recovery
times,
have been neglected.
Although the remaining estimates
are based primarily
on experience
and judgment,
comments
have been included in most cases containing the principal
factors contributing to the uncertainty.
The following classification
system is employed,
giving both a quality rating and, where appli-
cable, a probable accuracy
range:

Class
Quality
Accuracy
Range

A
Excellent
i 0 to 10 percent
B
Good
2 10 to 25 percent
C
Fair
+ 25 to 50 percent
D
Poor
* 2 50 percent
N
No information
available

4.3
CORRELATIONS

4.3.1
Fallout Predictions.
As a part of operations
in the Program
2 Control Center (Section
2.4), successive
predictions
were made of the location of the boundaries and hot line of the fall-
out pattern for each shot.
(The hot line is defined in Reference
67 as that linear path through
the fallout area along which the highest levels of activity occur relative to the levels in adjacerd
areas.
The measured hot line in the figures was estimated from the observed contours?
and
the boundary established at the lowest isodose-rate
line which was well delineated.)
The final
predictions
are shown superimposed
on the interim fallout patterns from Reference
13 in Fig-
ures 4.6 through 4.9.
Allowance
has been made for time variation of the winds during Shots
Flathead and Navajo, and for time and space variation during Shots Zuni and Tewa.
Predicted
and observed times of fallout arrival at most of the major stations,
as well as the maximum
particle sizes predicted and observed
at times of arrival,
peak, and cessation,
are also com-
pared in Table 4.3.
The marked differences
in particle
collections
from close and distant sta-
tions are illustrated in Figure 4.10.
In the majority of cases,
agreement is close enough to
justify the assumptions
used in making the predictions;
in the remaining cases,
the differences
are suggestive of the way in which these assumptions
should be altered.
The fallout-forecasting
method is described
in detail in Reference
67.
This method begins
with a vertical-line
source above the shot point, and assumes that all particle
sizes exist at a:
altitudes; the arrival points of particles
of several different sizes (75, 100, 200, and 356 micr
in diameter in this case),
originating
at the centers of successive
5,000-foot
altitude incr--zc:
are then plotted on the surface.
The measured winds are used to arrive at single vectors r-.y-
resentative
of the winds in each layer,
and these vectors
are applied to the particle for the F. ‘.
iod of time required for it to fall through the layer.
The required times are calcXulared frcs

114

equations for particle
terminal Velocity,
of the form described
by DaLlavalle.
Such equations
consider the variables
of particle density,
air density,
particle diameter,
air viscosity,
and
constants incorporating
the effects of gravity and particle
shape.
(Modified versions
of the
-igird
Dallavalle
equations are presented in Reference
67; data on the Marshall Islands atmos-
phere required to evaluate air density and air viscosity
are also given in this reference.)
The
m
two steps are simplified,
however,
by the use of a plotting template,
so designed that vec-
tors laid off in the wind direction,
to the wind speed, automatically
include terminal velocity
.

adjustments (Reference
68).
Size lines result from connecting the surface-arrival
points for particles
of the same size
from increasing
increments
of altitude; height lines are generated by connecting the arrival
points of particles
of different sizes from the same altitudes.
These two types of lines form a
network from which the arrival times of particles
of various sizes and the perimeter
of the fall-
art pattern may be estimated,
once the arrival points representing
the line source have been
expanded to include the entire cloud diameter.
This last step requires
the use of a specific
cloud model.
The model that was used in arriving
at the results of Figures 4.6 through 4.9 and
Table 4.3 is shown in Figure
4.11.
Particles
larger than 1,000 microns
in diameter were re-
stricted to the stem radius,
or inner 10 percent of the cloud radius,
while those from 500 to
1,000 microns
in diameter
were limited to the inner 50 percent of the cloud radius; all particle
sizes were assumed to be concentrated
primarily
in the lower third of the cloud and upper thtrd
d the stem.
The dimensions
shown in the figures were derived from empirical
curves available in the
field, relating cloud height and diameter to device yield (Reference
67).
Actual photographic
measurements
of the clouds from Reference
69 were used wherever possible,
however,
for
subsequent calculations
leading to results tabulated in Table 4.3.
The location of the hot line follows directly
from the assumed cloud model, being determined
hy the height lines from the lower third of the cloud,
successively
corrected
for time and, some-
times, space variation
of the winds.
Time variation was applied in the field in all cases,
but
space variation later and only in cases of gross disagreement.
The procedure
generally followed
was to apply the variation of the winds tn the case of the 75- and 100-micron
particles
and use
shot-time winds for the heavier particles.
Wind data obtained from balloon runs at 3-hour inter-
vals by the Task Force were used both to establish the initial shot-time
winds and make the
corrections
for time and space variation.
The calculations
for Shot Zuni are summarized
for
illustrative purposes
in Table B.29.
It is of particular
interest to note that it was necessary
to consider
both time and space var-
iation of the winds for Shots Zuni and Tewa in order to bring the forecast
patterns into general
agreement with the measured patterns.
Vertical
air motions were considered
for Shot Zuni but
found to have little effect on the overall result.
It is also of interest to observe that the agree-
ment achieved was nearly as good for Shots Flathead and Navajo with no allowance for space
variation as for Shots Zuni and Tewa with this factor included,
in spite of the fact that the fallout
from the former
consisted
of slurry rather than solid particles
below the freezing
level (Sections
3-3.1 and 3.3.2).
Whether this difference
can be attributed to the gross differences
in the nature
of the fallout is not known.

43.2
Sampling Bias.
When a solid object such as a collecting
tray is placed in a uniform
air stream,
the streamlines
in its immediate vicinity become distorted,
and small particles
ming
into the region wtll be accelerated
and displaced.
biased sample may be collected.
As a result,
a nonrepresentative
or
Although the tray will collect a few particles
that otherwise
Wd
not have been deposited,
the geometry
is such that a larger number that would have fallen
through the area occupied by the tray will actually fall elsewhere.
In an extreme case of small,
light particles
and high wind velocity,
practically
all of the particles
could be deposited else-
where, because the number deposited elsewhere
generally
tncreases
with increasing
wind veloc-
ity and decreasing
particle
size and density.
This effect has long been recognized
in rainfall sampling,
and some experimental
collectors
have been equipped with a thin horizontal windshield designed to minimize
streamline
distortion

115

(Reference
79).
The sampling of solid fallout particles
presents even more severe problems,
however,
because the particles
may also blow out of the tray after being collected,
producing
an additional deficit in the sample.
.

h addition,
samples collected
in identical collectors
located relatively
close together in a
fixed array have been found to vary with the position of the collector
tn the array and its height

above the ground (References
10 and 79).
It follows from such studies that both duplication and
replication
of sampling are necessary
to obtain significant results.
Consideration
was given to each of these problems
in the design of the sampling stations.
An a
attempt was made to minimize and standardize
streamline
distortion by placing horizontal wind_
shields around ail major array platforms
and keeping their geometries
constant.
(The flow
characteristics
of the standard platform were studied both by small-scale
wind-tunnel tests and ’
measurements
made on the mounted platform prior to the operation (Reference
73).
It was
’
found tbt
a recirculatory
flow, resulting
in updrafts on the upwind side and downdrafts on the
downwind side, developed inside the platform with increasing
wind velocity,
leading to approxi-

mtely
the same streamline
distortion
in every case. ) Similar windshields were used for the
SIC on the yAG 40 and the decay probe tank on the YAG 39, and funnels were selected for the
.
minor array collectors
partly for the same reason.
Honeycomb inserts,
which created dead-air
cells to prevent loss of material,
were used in
all GCC and AGC collectors.
This choice represented
a compromise
between the conflicting
demands for high collection
efficiency,
ease of sample removal,
and freedom from adulterants
in subsequent chemical
and radiochemical
analyses.
Retentive grease surfaces,
used in the IC trays designed for solid-particle
sampling,
facili-
tated single-particle
removal.
All total collectors
were duplicated in a standard arrangement
for the major arrays; and
these arrays,
like the minor arrays,
were distributed throughout the fallout area and utilized
for all shots to provide adequate replication.
At the most, such precautions
make it possible
to relate collections
made by the same kind
of sampling
arrays;
they do not insure
absolute,
unbiased
collections.
In effect,
this means
that, while all measurements
made by major
arrays
may constitute
one self-consistent
set, and
those made by minor arrays
another,
it is not certain
what portion of the total deposited
fallout
these sets represent.
As explained
earlier
(Section 3.1), this is one reason
why radiological
properties
have been expressed
on a unit basis
wherever
possible.
Efforts
to interpret
platform
collections
include a discussion
and treatment
of the relative
bias observed
within the platforms,
as well as comparisons
of the resulting
platform
values
with buried-tray
and minor array col-
lections
on How Island,
water sampling
and YAG 39 tank collections,
and a series
of postopera-
tion rainfall
measurements
made at NRDL.
Relative
Platform
Bias.
The amount of fallout collected
by the OCC and AGCI col-
lectors
in the upwind part of the standard
platform
was lower than that collected
in the downwind
portion.
It was demonstrated
in Reference
74 that these amounts
usually
varied
symmetrically
around the platform
with respect
to wind direction,
and that the direction
established
by the line
CoMecting the interpolated
maximum
and minimum
collections
(observed
bias direction)
coin-
cided with the wind direction.
A relative
wind varying
with time during fallout was treated
by
vectorial
summation,
with the magnitude
of each directional
vector
proportional
to the-amount
of fallout occurring
in that time.
(Variations
in the relative
wind were caused principally
by
ship maneuvers,
or by oscillation
of the anchored
barges
under the influence
of wind and cur-
rent; directions
varying
within f 15 degrees
were considered
constant.)
The resulting
collection
pattern with respect
to the weighted
wind resultant
(computed
bias direction)
was similar
to that
for a single wind, although the ratio of the maximum
to the minimum
collection
(bias ratio) was
usually nearer
unity,
and the bias direction
correspondingly
less certain.
The variability
‘in relative-wind
direction
and fallout rate,
which could under certain
condi-
tions produce a uniform
collection
around the platform,
may be expressed
as a bias fraction
(defined in Reference
74 as the magnitude of the resultant vector mentioned above divided by
the arithmetic
sum of the individual vector
magnitudes).
In effect,
this fraction represents
a
measure of the degree of single-wind
deposition purity, because the bias fraction in such a case

116

wc&j be 1; on the other hand, the resultant vector would vanish for a wind that rotated uniformly
sround the platform an integral number of times during uniform fallout,
and the fraction would

IkO.

mere
necessary,
the mean value of the four GCC and two AGC!, collectors
was chosen as
representative for a platform; but when a curve of fallout amount versus angular displacement
from the bias direction
could be constructed
using these collections,
the mean value of the curve
was obtained from 10 equispaced values between 0 and 180 degrees.
The latter applied to all
platforms except the LST 611 and the YFNB’s,
probably indicating disturbances
of the air stream
‘incident on the platform by the geometry
of the carrier
vessel.
These platforms,
however,
were
mounted quite low; while the YAG platforms
were high enough and so placed as to virtually guar-
antee undisturbed incidence for all winds forward of the beam.
’
Pertinent results are summarized
in Table 4.4.
Fallout amounts per collector
are given as
-&ghouse-counter
activities
at 100 hours,
convertible
to fissions
by the factors given in Table
813; the mean values so converted appear in Table 3.15.
Wind velocities
are listed in Table
: B.37; as in the summary table, the directions
given ze
true for How Island and relative to the
bow of the vessel for all other major stations.
*
No attempt was made to account quantitatively
for the values of the bias ratio observed,
even
for a single-wind
system; undoubtedly,
the relative
amount deposited in the various parts of the
platform depends on some function of the wind velocity
and particle terminal velocity.
As indi-
cated earlier,
the airflow pattern induced by the platform itself appeared to be reproducible
for
a given wind speed, and symmetrical
about a vertical
plane parallel with the wind direction.
Accordingly,
for a given set of conditions,
collections
made on the platform by different instru-
ments with similar
intrinsic efficiencies
will vary only with location relative to the wind direc-
tion. Further experimentation
is required to determine
how the collections
are related to a true
ground value for different combinations
of particle
characteristics
and wind speeds.
A limited study of standard-platform
bias based on incremental
collector
measurements
was
.also made,.using
the data discussed
in Section 3.2.4 (Reference
19).
These results are present-
ed in Figures 4.12, 4.13, and 4.14.
The first compares
particle-size
frequency distributions
of collections
made at the same time by dffferent collectors
located at the same station; studies
for the YAG 39 and YAG 40 during Shots Zuni and Tewa are included.
The second compares
the
-total relative mass collected
as a function of time, and the variation of relative
mass with par-
ticle size, for different collectors
located at the same station; as above,
YAG 39 and YAG 40
collections during Shots Zuni and Tewa were used.
The last presents curves of the same type
given in Section 3.2.4 for the two XC’s located on the upwind side of the YAG 39 platform; these
GUY be compared with the curves in Figure 3.8 which were derived from the IC on the downwind
side.
The results show that, except at late times,
the overall features of collections
made by dif-
‘ferent instruments at a given station correspond
reasonably
well, but that appreciable
differences
ih magnitude may exist for a particular
time or particIe size.
In the case of collections
made
on a single platform (YAG 39), the differences
are in general agreement with the bias curves
dfscussed above; and these dffferences
appear to be less than those between collections
made
*ar the deck and in the standard platform (A-l
and B-7, YAG 40).
It is to be noted that incre-
mental-collector
comparisons
constitute a particularly
severe test of bias differences
because
d the small size (- 0.0558 ft’)_of the collecting
tray.
How
Island
Collections.
One of the primary purposes of the Site How station was
to determine the overall collection
efficiency
of the total collectors
mounted in the standard

'PUorm.
b
area was cleared on the northern end of the island,
Platform
F with its support-
.i% tower was moved from the YFNB 13 to the center of this area, and 12 AGC, trays were filled
with local soil and buried in a geometrical
array around the tower with their collecting
surfaces
nush with the ground (Figure 2.8).
After every shot, the buried trays were returned to NRDL
and counted in the same manner as the GCC trays from the platform.
It is assumed that the collections
of these buried trays represent
a near-ideal
experimental
approach to determining
the amount of fallout actually deposited on the ground.
(Some differ-
ences, believed minor,
were present In OCC and AGCi-B doghouse-counter
geometries.
Very
*

117

little differential
effect 1s to be expected from a lamina of activity on top of the 2 inches of sand
versus activity distributed
on the honeycomb insert and bottom of the tray.
The more serious
possibility
of the active particles
sifting down through the inert sand appears not to have occur_
red, because the survey-meter
ratios of AC&-B’s
to GCC’s taken at Site Nan, Site Elmer, and
NRDL did not change significantly
with time. )
In Table 4.5, weighted-mean
platform values,
obtained as described
above, are converted to
fissions per square foot and compared to the average buried-tray
deposit taken from Table B.27,
It may be seen that, within the uncertainty of the measurements,
the weighted-mean
platform
values are in good agreement with the ground results.
It must be recalled,
however,
that single
winds prevailed
at How Island for all shots, and that the observed
bias ratios were low (< 2).
The AGCs collections
at Station K (Table 3.15) are also included in Table 4.5 for comparison
They appear to be consistently
slightly lower than the other determinations,
with the exception
of the much lower value for Shot Navajo.
The latter may be due to recovery
loss and counting
error resulting from the light fallout experienced
at the station during this shot.
Because only
one collector
was present in each minor sampling array,
bias studies of the kind conducted for

the major arrays were not possible.
As mentioned earlier,
however,
an attempt was made to
minimize bias in the design of the collector
and, insofar as possible,
to keep geometries
alike.
Although it was necessary
to reinforce
their mounting against blast and thermal damage on the
rafts and islands (Figure
2.7), identical collectors
were used for all minor arrays.
Shipboard
Collections
and
Sea
Water
Sampling.
The platform collections
of the YAG 39 and YAG 40 may be compared with the water-sampling
results reported in Refer-
ence 20, decay-tank
data from the YAG 39, and in some cases with the water-sampling
results
from the SIO vessel
Horizon (Reference
15).
Strictly speaking,
however,
shipboard collections
should not be compared
with post-fallout
ocean surveys,
because,
in general,
the fallout to which
the ship is exposed while attempting to maintain geographic position is not that experienced
by
the element of ocean ln which the ship happens to be at cessation.
The analysis of an GCC collection
for total fission content is straightforward,
although the
amount collected
may be biased; the ocean surface,
on the other hand, presents an ideal collec-
tor but difficult analytical problems.
For example,
background activities
from previous shots
must be known with time, position,
and depth; radionuclide
fractionation,
with depth, resulting
from leaching ln sea water should be known; and the decay rates for all kinds of samples and
instruments used are required.
Fallout material which is fractionated
differently
from point-
to-point in the fallout field before entry into the ocean presents an added complication.
Table 4.6 summarizes
the results of the several sampling and analytical methods used.
The
ocean values from Reference
20 were calculated as the product of the equivalent depth of pene-
tration (Section 3.2.5) at the ship and the surface concentration
of activity (Method I).
The latter
was determined
in every case by averaging the dip-count values of appropriate
surface samples
listed in Table B.32 and converting
to equivalent fissions per cubic foot.
When penetration
depths could not be taken from the plots of equivalent depth given in Figure B.l,
however,
they
had to be estimated by some other means.
Thus, the values for both ships during Shot Zuni
were assumed to be the same as that for the YAG 39 during Shot Tewa; the value for the YAG 39
during Shot Flathead was estimated by extrapolating the equivalent depth curve,
while that for
the YAG 40 was taken from the same curve; and the values for the YAG 40 during Shots Navajo
and Tewa were estimated from what profile data was available.
The conversion
factor for each shot (fissions/(dip
counts/min
at 200 hours) for a standard
counting volume of 2 liters) was obtained in Method I from the response
of the dip counter to a
known quantity of fissions.
Although direct dip counts of OCC aliquots of known fission content
became available
at a later date (Table B.15), it was necessary
at the time to derive these values
from aliquots of GCC and water samples measured in a common detector,
usually the well count-
er.
The values for the decay tank listed under Method I in Table 4.6 were also obtained from
dip counts of tank samples,
similarly
converted to fissions per cubic foot.
Dip-counter
response
was decay-corrected
to 200 hours by means of the normalized
curves shown in Figure B.14.
Another estimate of activity in the ocean was made (private communication
from R. Caputi,
NRDL), using the approach of planimetering
the total areas of a number of probe profiles
meas-

118

ured at late times in the region of YAG 39 operations
during Shots Navajo and Tewa (Method II).

(The probe profiles
were provided,
with background contamination
subtracted out and converted
from microampere9
to apparent milliroentgens
per hour by F. Jennings,
Project 2.62a, SIO.
Measurements
were made from the SIO vessel Horizon.)
The integrated areas were converted
to fissions per square foot by applying a factor expressing
probe response
in fissions per cubic
foot.
This factor was derived from the ratio at 200 hours of surface probe readings and surface
sample dip counts from the same station, after the latter had been expressed
in terms of fissions
using the direct dip counter-OCC
fission content data mentioned above.
These results are also
listed in Table 4.6.
The set of values for the YAG 39 decay tank labeled Method III in the same table is based on
direct radiochemical
analyses of tank (and ocean surface) samples for MO” (Table B.30).
The
results of Methods I and II were obtained before these data became available and, accordingly,
were accomplished
without lmowledge of the actual abundance distribution
of molybdenum with
depth in sea water.
Table 4.7 is a summary of the dip-to-fission
conversion
factors
indicated by the results in
Table B.30; those used in Methods I and II are included for comparison.
It is noteworthy that,
for the YAG 39, the ocean surface is always enriched in molybdenum,
a result which is in agree-
ment with the particle
dissolution
measurements
described
earlier
(Figures
3.11 and 3.12); in
this experiment
MO”, Npz3’, and probably Ii31 were shown to begin leaching out preferentially
within 10 seconds.
The tank value for Shot Zuni, where the aliquot was withdrawn before acidi-
fying or stirring,
shows an enrichment factor of -3.5
&!ative
to the OCC; acidification
and stir-
-
ring at Shot Tewa eliminated the effect.
The slurry fallout from Shots Flathead and Navajo,
however,
shows only a slight tendency to behave in this way.
Finally,
Table 4.6 also lists the representative
platform values obtained earlier,
as well as
the maximum values read from the platform-collection
curves for the cases where deposition
occurred
under essentially
single-wind
conditions (Table 4.4).
These values are included as a
result of postoperation
rainfall measurements
made at NRDL (Table B.31).
(Although the data
have not received
complete
statistical
analysis,
the ratio of the maximum collection
of rainfall
by an OCC on the LST 611 platform to the average collection
of a ground array of OCC trays is
indicated to be 0.969 + 0.327 for a variety of wind velocities
(Reference
75).)
It may be seen by examination of Table 4.6 that the most serious
discrepancies
between ocean
and shipboard collections
arise in two cases:
the YAG 39 during Shot Zuni, where the ocean/
OCC (maximum)
ratio of - 2 may be attributed entirely to the fission/dip
conversions
employed
-assuming
the OCC value is the correct
average to use for a depth profile;
and the YAG 39
daring Shot Navajo,
where the ocean/OCC
ratio is - 10, but the tank radiochemical
value and
the Horizon profile
value almost agree within their respective
limits.
While the OCC value
appears low in this multiwind situation,
the difference
between the YAG 39 and Horizon profiles
may be the background correction
made by SIO.
In the final analysis,
the best and most complete data were obtained at the YAG 39 and Hori-
aon stations during Shot Tewa.
Here, preshot ocean surface backgrounds
were negligibly
small;
equipment performed
satisfactorily
for the most part; the two vessels
ran probe profiles
in sight
of each other; and the Horizon obtained depth samples at about the same time.
The YAG 39 did
not move excessively
during fallout,
and the water mass of interest was marked and followed by
drogue buoys.
In addition to the values reported in Table 4.6, the value 1.82 x 10” fissions/ft’
was obtained for the depth-sample
profile,
using the dip-to-fission
factor indicated in Table 4.7.
(Recause of the variations
in the fission conversion
factor with the fractionation
exhibited from
Sample to sample,
a comparison
was made of the integral value of the dip counts (dip counts/
ml@/2 liters) feet from the depth-sample
profile with the OCC YAG 39-C-21
catch expressed
in similar units.
The ratio ocean integral/OX-C-21
= 1.08 was obtained. )
It may be seen that all values for this shot and area agree remarkably
well, in spite of the
fact that Method I measurements
extend effectively
down to the thermoclme,
some of the Method
II Profiles to 500 meters,
and the depth sample cast to 168 meters.
If the maximum OCC catch
is taken as the total fallout,
then it must be concluded that essentially
no activity was lost to

depthS
greater
than those indicated.
Although the breakup of friable particles
and dissolution

119

of surface-particle
activity
might provide an explanation,
contrary
evidence
exists
in the rapid
initial
settling
rates observed
in some profiles,
the solid nature of many particles
from which
only -20
percent
of the activity
is leachable
in 48 hours,
and the behavior
of Zuni fallout in the
YAG 39 decay tank.
Relative
concentrations
of 34, 56, and 100 were observed
for samples
taken
from the latter
under tranquil,
stirred,
and stirred-plus-acidified
conditions.
(Based
on this
information
and the early Shot Tewa profiles
of Figure
3.10,
the amount lost is estimated
at
about 50 percent
at the YAG 39 locations
in Reference
20.)
If on the other hand it is assumed
that a certain
amount of activity
was lost to greater
depths,
then the curious
coincidence
that
this was nearly equal to the deficit
of the maximum OCC collection
must be accepted.
It is unlikely that any appreciable
amount of activity
was lost below the stirred
layer follow-
ing Shots Flathead and Navajo.
NO active
solids other than the solids of the slurry
particles,
which existed
almost completely
in sizes too small to have settled below the observed
depth in
the time available,
were collected
during these shots (Section
3.3.2).
In view of these considerations
and the relative
reliability
of the data (Section
4.2),
it is rec-
ommended that the maximum platform
collections
(Table
B.12) be utilized as the best estimate
of the total amount of activity
deposited per unit area.
An error
of about 550 percent
should
be associated
with each value, however, to allow for the uncertainties
discussed
above.
Although
strictly
speaking,
this procedure
is applicable
only in those cases
where single-wind
deposition
prevailed,
it appears from Table 4.6 that comparable
accuracy
may be achieved
for cases
of
multiwind deposition by retaining
the same percent
error
and doubling the mean platform
value.

4.3.3
Gross
Product Decay.
The results
presented
in Section
3.4.6 allow computation
of
several
other radiological
properties
of fission
products,
among them the gross decay exponent.
Some discussion
is warranted
because
of the common practice
of applying a t-l.’
decay function
to any kind of shot, at any time,
for any instrument.
This exponent,
popularized
by Reference
58,is
apparently
based on a theoretical
approxima-
tion to the beta-decay
rate of fission
products
made in 1947 (Reference
59), and some experi-
mental gamma energy-emission
rates
cited in the same reference.
Although these early theo-
retical
results
are remarkably
good when restricted
to the fission-product
properties
and times
for which they were intended,
they have been superseded
{References
41, 60, 61, and 62); and,
except for simple planning and estimating,
the more-exam:
results
of the latter
works should
be used.
If fractionation
occurs
among the fission
products,
they can no longer be considered
a stand-
ard entity with a fixed set of time-dependent
properties;
a fractionated
mixture
has its own set
of properties
which may vary over a wide range from that for normal fission
products.
Another source of variation
is induced activities
which,
contrary
to Section 9.19 of Referent?
47, can significantly
alter both the basic fission-oroduct-decav
curve shaoe and gross property
magnitudes
per fission.
\
__
_
_
_

_ -.
_
-
A
The induced products
contributed
63 percent
of the to-ml dose XX
in the Bikini Lagoon area
110 hours after Shot Zuni; and 65 percent
of the dose rate from Shot
Navajo products at an age of 301 days was due to induced products,
mainly M.n% and Ta’**.
Al- ’
though many examples
could be found where induced activities
are of little concern,
the a primi.
assumption
that they are of negligible
importance
is unsound.
Because
the gross disintegration
rate per fission
of fission
products
may vary from shot to
shot for the reason mentioned above,
it is apparent
that gamma-ray
properties
will also vaU9 :
and the measurement
of any of these with an instrument
whose response
varies
with photon en-
ergy further
complicates
matters.
Although inspection
of any of the decay curves
presented
may show an approximate
t-l**
*average decay rate when the time period is judiciously
chosen,
it is evident that the sl@Pe is
continuously
changing,
and more important,
that the absolute
values of the functions,
e. g.’
photons per second per fission
or roentgens
per hour per fissions
per square foot, vars c’~-
siderably
with sample composition.
AS an example of the errors
which may be introduced
by indiscriminate
us2
of
the
t’!.’
ia.

120

tion or by assuming that all effects decay alike, consider the lagoon-area ionization curve for
Shot Tewa (Figure 3.39) which indicates that the l-hour dose rate may be obtained by multiply-
ing the 24-hour value by 61.3. A t-le2 correction yields instead a factor of 45.4 (-26 percent
error), and if the doghouse-decay curve is assumed proportional to the ionization-decay curve,
a factor of 28.3 (- 54 percent) results.
To correct any effect to another time it is important,
therefore, to use a theoretical or observed decay rate for that particular effect.

4.3.4 Fraction of Device by Chemistry and Radiochemistry.
The size of any sample may be
expressed as some fraction of device.
In principle, any device component whose initial weight
is known may serve as a fraction indicator; and in the absence of fractionation and analytical er-
rors, ail indicators would yield the same fraction for a given sample. In practice, however,
only one or two of the largest inert components will yield enough material in the usual fallout
sample to allow reliable measurements.
These measurements also require accurate knowledge
of the amount and variability of background material present, and fractionation must not be in-
troduced in the recovery of the sample from its collector.
The net amounts d several elements collected have been given in Section 3.4.4, with an as-
sessment of backgrounds and components of coral and sea water. The residuals of other ele-
ments are considered to be due to the device, and may therefore be converted to fraction of
device (using Table 8.17) and compared directly with results obtained from Mos’.
This has
been done for iron and uranium, with the results shown in Table 4.8. Fractions by copper
proved inexplicably high (factors of 100 to 1,000 or more), as did a few unreported analyses
for lead; these results have been omitted. The iron and uranium values for the largest samples
are seen to compare fairly well with MO”, while the smaller samples tend to yield erratic and
unreliable results.

4.3.5 Total Dose by Dosimeter and Time-Intensity Recorder.
Standard film-pack dosimeters,
prepared and distributed in the field by the U. S. Army Signal Engineering Laboratories, Project
2.1, were placed at each major and minor sampling array for all shots. Following sample re-
covery, the film packs were returned to this project for processing and interpretation as describ-
ed in Reference 76; the results appear in Table 4.9.
The geometries to which the dosimeters were exposed were always complicated and, in a
few instances, varied between shots. In the case of the ship arrays, they were located on top
of the TIR dome in the standard platform.
On How-F and YFNB 29, Shot Zuni, they were taped
to an OCC support m 2 feet above the deck of the platform before the recovery procedure became
established_ All other major array film packs were taped to the R.A mast or ladder stanchion
-2.5 feet above the rim of the platform to facilitate their recovery under high-dose-rate condi-
tions. Minor array dosimeters were located on the exterior surface of the shielding cone -4.5
feet above the base in the case of the rafts and islands, and N 5 feet above the deck on the masts
of all skiffs except Skiffs BB and DD where they were located - 10 feet above the deck on the
mast for Shot Zuni; subsequently the masts were shortened for operational reasons.
Where possible, the dose recorded by the film pack is compared with the integrated TIR
readings (Table B.l) for the period between the time of fallout arrival at the station and the
time when the film pack was recovered; the results are shown in Table 4.9. It has already been
indicated (Section 3.4.6) that the TIR records only a portion of the total dose in a given radiation
field because of its construction features and response characteristics.
This is borne out by
Table 4.10, which summartzes the percentages of the film dose represented tn each case by the
TIR &se.
It is interesting to *observe that for the ships, where the geometry was essentially constant,
this percentage remains much the same for all shots except Navajo, where it is consistently
low. The same appears to be generally true for the barge platforms, although the results are
much more difficult to evaluate. A possible explanation may lie in the energy-response curves
of the TTR and film dosimeter, because Navajo fallout at early times contained Mn5’ and Na2’
-both
of which emit hard gamma rays-
while these were of little importance or absent in the
other shots.

121

4.3.6
Radiochemistry-Spectrometrp
Comparison.
Calibrated spectrometer
measurements
on samples of known fission content allow expected counting rates to be computed for the sam,
ples in any gamma counter for which the response
is simply related to the gross photon frequency
and energy.
Accordingly,
the counting rate of the doghouse counter was computed for the stand,
ard-cloud
samples by application
of the calibration
curve (Reference
43) to the spectral lines
.and frequencies
reported
in Reference
57 and reproduced
in Table B.20.
These results
are
compared
with
observations
in Table 4.11, as well as with those obtained previously
using
radiochemical-input
information
with the same calibration
curve.
Cloud samples were chosen
because the Same physical
sample was counted both in the spectrometer
and doghouse counter,’
thereby avoiding uncertainties
in composition
or fission content introduced by aliquoting or other
handling processes.
Several of the spectrometers
used by the project
were uncalibrated,
that is, the relation be-
tween the absolute number of source photons emitted per unit time at energy
E and the resulting
pulse-height
spectrum was UnknOWn.
A comparison
method of analysis was applied in these
cases,
requiring the area of a semi-isolated
reference
photopeak, whose nuclide source was
lmown, toward the high-energy
end of the spectrum.
From this the number of photons per sec-
onds per fissions per area can be computed.
The area of the photopeak ascribed
to the induced
product,
when roughly corrected
by assuming efficiency
to be inversely proportional
to energy,
yields photons per seconds per fissions.
The latter quantity leads serially,
Va the decay scheme,
to disintegration
rate per fission at the time of measurement
to atoms at zero time per
fission,
which is the desired product/fission
ratio.
The’
?Yl
ine at 0.76 Mev provides a
satisfactory
reference
from - 30 days to 2 years,
but the gross spectra are usually not simple
enough to permit use of this procedure
until an age of -l/r year has been reached.
A few tracings of the recorded
spectra appear in Figure 4.15, showing the peaks ascribed
to
the nuclides of Table 3.20.
Wherever possible,
spectra at different ages were examined to in-
sure proper half-life
behavior,
as in the Mns6 illustration.
The Zuni cloud-sample
spectrum at
226 days also showed the 1.7-Mev
line of Sb’*‘, though not reproduced
in the figure.
This line
was barely detectable
in the How Island spectrum,
shown for comparison,
and the 0.60-Mev
line of Sb’*’ could not be detected at all.
Average energies,
photon-decay
rates and other gamma-ray
properties
have been computed
from the reduced spectral data in Table B.20 and appear in Table B.21.

4.3.7
Air Sampling.
As mentioned earlier,
a prototype instrument known as the high volume
filter (HVF) was proof-tested
during the operation on the ship-array
platforms.
This instrument,
whose intended function was incremental
aerosol
sampling,
is described
in Section 2.2.
Ail units
were oriented fore and aft in the bow region of the platform between the two IC’s shown in Figure
A.l.
The sampling heads opened vertically
upward, with the plane of the filter horizontal,
and
the airflow rate was 10 ftJ/min over a filter area of 0.0670 ft*, producing a face velocity
of 1.7
mph.
The instruments were manually operated according
to a fixed routine from the secondary
control room of the ship; the first filter was opened when fallout was detected and left open until
the TIR reading on the deck reached u 1 r/hr; the second through the seventh filters
were ex-
posed for ‘/-hour
intervals,
and the last filter was kept open until it was evident that the fallout
rate had reached a very low level.
This plan was intended to provide a sequence of relative air
concentration
measurements
during the fallout period,
although when 1 r/hr was not reached
only one filter was exposed.
Theoretically,
removal of the dimethylterephalate
filter material
by sublimation will allow recovery
of an unaltered,
concentrated
sample; in practice
however,
the sublimation process
is so slow that it was not attempted for this operation.
After the sampling heads had been returned to NRDL, the filter material containing the activ-
ity was removed as completely
as possible and measured in the 4-a ionization chamber;
these
data are summarized
in Table B.36.
It may be seen that the indicated arrival characteristics
generally correspond
with those shown in Figures 3.1 to 3.4.
A comparative
Study was also made for some shots of the total number of fissions
per square
foot collected
by BVF’s,
IC’s,
and OCC’s located on the same platform.
Ionization-chamber

122

activities were converted to fissions
by means of aliquots from OCC YAG 39-C-21,
Shots Flat-
head and Navajo, and YAG 40-B-6,
Shot Zuni, which had been analyzed for MO”.
It may be
seen in Table 4.12 that, with one exception,
the HVF collected
about the same or less activity
than the other two instruments.
In view of the horizontal
aspect of the filter and the low airflow
rate used, there is little question that the majority of the activity the HVF collected
was due to
fallout.
The results obtained should not, therefore,
be interpreted
as an independent aerosol
’
hazard.
-

123

I

TABLE
4.1
ACTIVITY
PER UNIT ABEA
FOR
SKIFF STATIONS,
SHOT CHEROKEE

No fallout was collected
on the skiff6 otitted
from
the t8ble.

.
St&on
Dip counte/min
at Ii + hr
Approxlmat.0

fiLlSiOM/lt’

AA
3.094
196.6
2.5 x lo”
BB
3,091
196.6
2.5 x 10’
cc
4,459
150.3
2.6 x 10”
DD
9,666
214.2
6.7 x 10y

00
6,720
196.2
4.6 X 10”
BII
616
196.l
6.9 x 10’
MM
6,703
214.0
7.7 x 1oU
W
462
432.0
6.0 x 10’

TABLE
4.2
EVALUATION
OF MEASUREMENT
AND DATA RELIABILITY

I.
Field Meamrenmnte
and Depoeition
Propeztier

ClM#
hleaeurement
Inmunmd
ComnmIes

A
station lowtion.
OtJi~

A
station locanar,
ekfffe

A-C
Time of arriveI

A-C
nIm
of arrIveI

A-D
nImduriv8I
’

A
A-C

D

B-D

nm~
of pe8k ionlz8tion
r8t84

lb10
of peak falht
urfv8l
r8te

nlm
of ceoaatlon

Tinm of oe08ation

C

C
C
N
B

C
N
D

D

D

C

D

Ionization
r&e,
in eltu

Apparent
ionimtion rti,
in ow8n

Appuent ionimtion ro&, in t8nk
Ionimtim
rate. above ma mrf8w
1oaizatio11 rete,
in
itu

TotaI doee
T&aI doee
weight of fallout/uela

Fraction
d device/arm
(Fe, U)

OrIginal
corrl-oea-w&m
conotitwnt8

Fiseiono and fraction of
d8vice/uea
(Mom)
Fi88iOM/UtM

-
-

TIR

IC

TOAD

TIB
IC

TIB

IC

TIB

SO-P
SI_D
NYO-M
TlB,
Cutle Pie

Tm
ESL film pack
OCC

OCC

OCC

OCC

SIC+P,
dip

f 500 to 1,000 yude.
f 1.000 yarde.
Arbitrary
aelection
of eignificaut
increase
above backgrouxI.
Uncertainty
in first tray rlgnificantly
above
background;
arrival
um?ertain within tinm
intsrval
tray expoeed.
Uncertain
for Initially
low ratee of field
inerem;
malfunctione
on aMe;
clock-
reading
difficulttee.

Unoertaln
for protracted
faIIcut duration
cuxi
aharp ~poeltion
rPta peaks.
Depende
on knowledge
of decay rate of
reeiduaI
materirl.
m
plot for protracted
faIIout and faIlout
with ehup
deporition-rate
peaka may con-
tinue to erxI of eqoeure
period;
cunwIatlvx~
activity
elope
approachse
1.
Poor direction&energy
rerponse
(Apperslix
A.2); verlatiam
ln calibration;
poor inter-
chamber
agreenmnt.
Caltbrrtion
vutable.
nmchaatcal
difficultleo.
Calibretion
varlrble.
electricel
dlfficultfee.’
High eelf-caa -on
obeerved.
Calibratfm
for point amx
in cal.tbratiw
direction;
readinge
- 20 percent low above
extendsd
muroe.
See above:
Ionization
rate.
TIR.
Aaeumed
f 20 peroent.
Biae uacertalnty
(Section 4.3.2); v~iabiltty
of background
collectione;
me below:
EIe-
mental
compoeltton,
faIlout.
Biae uacertainty(&atlon
4.3.2); uxnxw
of indicator
&mdance
ill device
rurround-
inge; me below: Elemental
compoeftion,
fallout.
Varietione
in atoIl,
reef,
anl lagoon bottom
compoeitloa;
eee below:
Elementel
compw
ritton,
fallout.
Bina uacertatnty
(Section
4.3.2); device
finsioo
yield
uncertainty.
Uncertaintiee
in dip to fiesion
conversion
factor,
oceen
backgrom&,
fractionation
of radlonucli&e,
motion of water;
eee above:
Apperent
ionizatlcm
rate,
in ocean.

124

TABLE 4.2 CONTINUED

II. Laboratory Activity Meaaurewnta.

ClaM
rdmsuruwnt
g=nPle
Commenta

A

kc

A
A

B

A
B

0

A

Gamma activity, doghoune

Gamma activity, dip

Gamma activity, end-window
Gamma activity, well

Gamma activity, ‘4-r ion chamlxr

Mom away,
radiocbdcll
Rxliochemical R-v&ma.
product/fl88ion raUo8
Sprctrommtry
R-values,
pmduct/fianion
ratioa
B&itive decay ratea. all
lnatrumenm

WC, A=,,
AOC,-B
AOC, aliquots.
tank, sea water
IC tray0
Individual
parti-
cles,
aliquots
of mc& rramples
Aliquota of mcwt
.samphs

ccc, cloud
CCC, clolul

CCC, cloud, xc

All required

Precision better than
S percent,
except for
end portion of decay curvea.
Allquoting uncertainty with occaelonal preserve
of rolida in high epeclfic-activity
aample.
Precision better than f 5 percent.
Precision for oingle particlea
3 percent (Ref-
erence
26).

Some &ill required in operation; precision
t5 to 20 percent at twice background (Ref-
erence 26).
Aocuracy Id percent (Reference 34).
Accuracy of nuclids dehrmlnatlon
20 to 25
peroent (Relerence 34).
Factor of 2 or 3; ml~identification poanible.

With few exceptiona,
neceaaary decay correo-
tiona made from observed decay rate0 of
appropriate samplea in counter8 desired.

III. Laboratory Physical a& Chemical Meaeurementa

Claaa
Meauremnt
Sampb
commenta

A

C

D

B-c

Chloride oontant, slurry dropa
Water volunm, slurry drm
I&ntification.
compounda and
elementa d rlurry sollda
Solid par&h
weighta

solid particle al8itiee

Ebatental composition, fallout

Identif.ication, compwdm
ad
elementa
d &wry
roll&
Par&la
riz+frequemJy
distributioIm,
concentratioM
8nd relativa
woighU
veraurn
ulm

IC reagent film
IC range1
fflm
xc reagent
ftlm#,
CCC
XC trays.
CCC.

UMChdUld

XC trays.
OCC,
uMoMuled
CCC

IC megent film,
CCC
E traym

Accuracy f 5 percent (Reference
31).
Accuracy
25 percent
(Rafem~
31).
Poasibla miaidentificdion;
mnall aamplea,
smal’ number d samplea.
Aocuraoyandpmclsion15~g.
leedingtot1
percent or batmr on iwmt particles (Refer-
em
26).
Precision
bett8r than f 5 percent.

Large devi8tlotu in composition from duplicate

trays;
recovery
loss, and posdbb
fraotiona-
tion, - 40 mg; honeycomb interference.
Pordbla
mi6idenUfication; amall ramples;
IP AR number of rample~.
Difficultb~
in recognltian of diacmte
partich,
treatment
of flaky or aggregated
particles;
umxrtaln applicatiat of defimd
diameter
to
terminal-velocity
equations; tray backgrounda
aml photographic resolution in 8maller eize
rangea.

IV. Radiation Characteristics
Data

Clae8
Rem
,
Commenta

A-C
Gamma-ray
dewy eolmam

A-B
Plsaion-product-di&ntegration
ratas

Amour& of decay e&ems
data avdlabl
dependent on
particular nucli&.
,
About 120 percent for tix~ period cotmidered (Refer-
enca 41).

N
comput4d r/hrat3ftabove&finiteplana
photon/timo/uea
Error praumed rmall compared to errors in fallout

mrslu photcn ezmm
conoentratlon, radionuolkb com~ition,
and decay
#cLme
data
B
tiolute
calibration,
beta oounter
Peracnal communloatioa from J. Ma&in,
NRDL.
B
Almolum calibration,
doghouse counter
Unoartalnty in dMntegration
rats of celibrating nu-
clldea; dependence on g amma-ray decay echemee.

125

TABLE
4.3
COMPARISON
OF PREDICTED
AND OBSERVED
TIMES
OF ARRIVAL
AND MAXIMUM

PARTICLE-SIZE
VARIATION
WITH
TIME

Shot *
Station
Time of Arrival
Maximum Particle
Size (microns)
at

p
Predicted
Observed
t
Tfme of Arrival
Time of Peak Activity t
Time of Ceesationt
Predicted
Observed
$
Predicted
Obeerved
t
Predicted
Observed
3
TSD, hr

Flathead
YFNB 13
6
0.35

How I
P
6

YAG 39
3
4.5

YAG 40
9
8.0

LST 611
6
6.6

-
-

200

125

120

Nava]o
YFNB
13
x0.5
0.20

How 1
1.5
0.75

YAG 39
2
2.3

YAG 40
4
6.0

LST 611
3
3.0

ZlUlI
YFNB
13
<l
0.33

How I
<1.5
0.38

YAG 40
-6
3.4

YAG 39
9
12

LST 611
0
0

> 1,000

500

500

200

300

500

> 500

0
100
-

Tewa
YFNB
13
<0.5
0.25
2,000

YFNB
29
<l
0.23
800
How I
1
1.6
1,000

YAG 39
2
2.0
500

YAG 40
3.5
4.4
200

LST 611
I
7.0
150

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

II

70

‘(

> 1,000

500

180

130

180

500

> 500

150

1
-

350

500

250

180

100

80

-
-
-
-
-
-

1

<70

f

-
-

120
-

112

-
-
-
-
-

1

- 100

-75

-
-
-
-
-

84
-
96

166

695

365

300

-
-

q400
-

325
-

-

500

z 500

125

q

545
-

245
-

-
-
_.

285

1,100

205
-

-

285

-

1,000

285

395

285

205

-

255
-

The following
cloud dimenaione
were used in the calculations:
Shot Flathead
Shot Navajo
shot Zunl
Shot Tewa

Top,
x 1,000 ft
65
85
80
so

Base,
x 1,000 ft
35
50
50
50

Diameter,
naut ml
6
40
40
60
t Table 3.1.

1 Section 3.2.4 and Toblea
B.3 and B.5.

0 No fallout,
or no fallout at reference
time.
1 Fallout completed
by reference
time.

TABLE
4.4
RELATIVE
B1.U OF STANDARD-PLATFORM
COLLECTIONS

Platform
shot
Collection Curve
Bias
Bias
Bias Direction

Maximum
MInImum
Ratlo
Fraction
Observed
Computed
Weighted Mean Platform Value

How F

YAG 40-B

YAG 39-C

w

2
LST 611-D

YFNB 13-E

YFNB 29-G

YFNB 29-H

ZUnl
2.91 x 10‘
1.59 x 10’
1.8

Flathead
+
+

Navajo
1.98 x 10‘
1.45 x 10’
1.4

Tewa
3.31 x 106
2.02 x 10‘
1.6

ZlUlI
7.48 x 10‘
3.78 x 10’
2.0

Flathead
4.57 x 10’
0.229 x 10’
20.

Navajo
9.04 x 10’
5.14 x 10’
1.8

Tewa
16.8 x 10‘
1.30 x 10’
12.

Zuni

Flathead

Navajo

Tewa

13.8 x 10’

11.5 x 10’

2.33 X 10’

2.82 x 10’

1.45 x 10’

2.12 x 10’

1.12 x 106

0.282 x 10’

9.5

5.4

2.1

10.

ZUni

Flathead

Navajo

Tewa

+

t
B
18.8 x 10”

*

t
0

8.34 x 10’

;
B

2.3

ZUni
5.12 x 100
2.54 x 10’
2.0

Flathead
7.36 X 10”
4.42 x 10”
1.7
Navajo
8.43 x 10’
6.39 x 10’
1.3
Tewa
6.90 x 10’
1.92 x 10‘
3.6

Zllni
5.81 x 10’
3.49 x 10‘
1.7

Flathead
3.12 x lo6
2.01 x 10‘
1.8

Navajo
1.21 x 10’
0.85 x 10’
1.4

Tewa
3.90 x 10’
1.56 x 10’
2.5

Zunl
9.10 x 10”
4.98 x 10’
1.8

Flathead
0
0
0
Navajo
B
D
0
Tewa
6.73 X 10’
3.32 x 10’
2.0

doghouee counts/m.In at 100 hre

1.0
+

1.0

1.0

0.68

0.98

0.16

0.85

0.97

0.41

0.44

0.97

z

t
0
q

1

1

t

1

‘I

f

f
1

1

II

1

1

detx

75
*

75

69

152

0

356

358

345

327

352

358

*

t
0
332

15

13

354

349

342

350

17
10

346

0

0

0

da
’
doghouse counts/mln
at 100 hrs

77
+

79

92

126

342

37

350

353

12

343

357

2.24 f 0.51 x 10’

1.72 f 0.20 x 10’

2.65 f 0.50 x lo5

5.61 f 1.45 x 10’

2.25 f 1.85 x 10”

7.07 f 1.47 x 10’

8.39 f 5.72 x 10’

7.54 f 4.68 x 10’

6.79 f 3.61 x 10’

1.71 f 0.46 x 10’

1.50 1.03 x 10’

*

7.42 f 6.12 x 10’ $

1.47 f 0.47 x lO’$

1.35 f 0.57 x 10”

3.84 f 1.02 x 10’

5.86 f 1.08 x lo8

7.41 f 0.79 x 106

4.28 f 1.99 x 10’

4.65 f 0.90 x 10’

2.56 f 0.40 x 10’

1.03 f 0.13 x 10’

2.73 f 0.93 x 10’

6.97 i 1.60 x 10’

2.91 t 0.84 x 106$

1.45 f 0.24 x 10’ $

4.99 1.40 x 10’

Very light or no fallout occurred.
t Instrument malfunction;
analysis
not attempted.
t Average of six total collectors
in
platform.
0 Collection
curve could not be constructed.
1 Vectorial
analysis
not attempted.

TABLE 4.5
COMPARISON OF HOW ISLAND COLLECTIONS

shot
Standard Platform
Burled Traye
L
AOCl
Platform/Buried
Traye

weighted mean fieelone/ft’
weighted mean fiseions/ft!
fieeione/ft*

ZUli
2.07 f 0.41 x 10”
2.06 f 0.22 x 10”
1.67 x 10“
0.995 f 0.249
Flathead
6 14

ire

f 2 72

0:1,

x 10” *

Otsl

2.16 x 1010
-

Navajo
f
x 10”
1.24
0:35
x 10”
2.67 x 10”
1.202 f 0.512
Tewa
2.61 f 0.49 x 10”
2.30 f
x 10”
1.53 x 10”
1.135 f 0.274

* Mean of elx total collectors.
t No aotivity resolvable
from Zunl background.

TABLE 4.0
SURFACE DENSITY OF ACTIVITY DEPOSITED
ON THE OCEAN

Shol
Station
Ocean,
Probe Analyeie
Decay Tank, YAG 39
Method I
Method II
Method I
Method III

OCC, Ship Platform

Welghted Mean
Maximum
Extrapolatioti

ZlUll

Flathead

Navajo

Tewa

YAG 39
YAG 40
YAG 39’
YAG 40
YAG 39
Horizon
YAG 40
YAG 39
Horizon
YAG 40

fieeion8/ft’

9 x 10” t
-
1 x lO”$
-

:.: x$”
- -
1.6 x 101’
-

4.4r101J
5.96 f 1.02
-
x 10” 8

2 . 2 x 10’” t
-

-
3.00 f 0.77 x 10U 1
1.1 x 10 16 t
-

fieelone/ft*
fieeloM/ft*

6.3 x 1n”
-
2.74 f 1.70 x lo’*
5.02 x IOU
-
-
3.67 f 0.95 x 10”
7.0 x 10U
6.96 f 2.69 x 10U
4.36 * 2.32 x lo’*
1
5.2:10ia
’
3.40 f 0;
x 10”
1.54
1.55 f
0.41
1.27 x x 10’)
10”
3.15 - x 10”

-
-

3.6xlOt’
2.75 f 0% x 10”
6.05
1.11 f f 0.76
1,26 x x 10”
lot‘
,- x
2.06
10”
-
-

-
-
4.70 f 9.20 x 10”
8.65XlOl4

* For casea of eseentlally
eingle-wind
depoeition.
t Not oorrected
for matertal
poeslbly
lost by eettllng below etirred
layer.
$ Considerable
motion of rhlp during fallout period.
0 Average of profiles
taken at Horizon rtatlona 4, 4A, 6, 7, and 6 from 16.6 to 34.3 hours (Table B.33).
1 Average of profilee
taken at Horizon etatione 2-5,
SA, 6, and 12 from 21.3 to 91.2 hour8 (Table B.33).

.-

TABLE 4.7
DIP-COUNTER CONVERSION FACTORS

Unleee otherwise noted, all factors given are baeed on a direot dip oount and radlochemloal
analysis for MO”. Sample
deelgnators and bottl’e number@ are given in parentheeee.

Station
Scuroe
shot zlmi
Shot Flathead
Shot Navajo
Shot Tewa

x 10’ b
x 10’
x 10’
x 10’

A. Fiaeione/(dtp oounte/mtn at 100 hre)

YAG3B
CCC
0.530 (C-21)
0.@45 (C-21)
1.265 (C-21)
1.02 (C-21)
Decay tank
1.653 (T-lB,
8,035)t
0.774 (T-lB,
8,549)
0.960 (T-3B, 6,565)
0.645 (T-lB,
6,350)
Ocean surface
4.537 (S-lB,
8,030)
1.137 (S-lB,
8,544)
1.430 (S-3B, 8,581)
1.525 (S-lB,
6,326)

YAG40
CCC
1.02 (B-6)
1.006 (B-4)*
1.246 (B-4) *
0.617 (B-4)
Ocean eurfaoe
0.006 (S-lB,
8,254)
-
-
1.700 (S-2B, 6,260)

MoGinty
Ocean surface
-
-
0.726 (MS-SA, 6,052)
-
Ocean eurface
-
-
1.00 (MS-IB, 8,053)
-

B. Fieelone/(dip
counte/mln at 200 hre) 1

YAG30
CCC
1.37
2.16
3.36
2.45
Decay tank
4.60
1.71
2.51
1.55
Ocean surface
11.76
2.61
3.73
3.66
Method I
2.33
2.46
4.03
2.46
Method II
3.23 f 0.39
2.90 f 0.51

No CCC aliquot counted in dip coulrter; computed from Table B.13 and doghouee/dip average ratio in Table B.16.
t Tank unacidified and unetirred when sample taken.
$ Value8 In A corrected to 200 houre by average photon-decq
factore 2.59, 2.29, 2.61, and 2.40 for Shots Zuni,
Flathead, Navajo, and Tewa, respectively.
Theee decay-curve
ehapes are practically identical to thoee shown In

Flguru B.14 over thle time period.
I

_
_
_
u

‘. T&L&“&l
’ d;iiiyA‘
PQeM~
By
E6L
FILM
DOSIMETER
AND INTEORATED
TIR
MEMUREMENTB

Station

shot zud
Shot Flathead
Shot Navajo
Shot Tewa

Fflm Dose
TIR Dose
Expoeure
Film Doee
TIR Doee
Expoeure
Film Doe8
TfR Doee
Expouuru

TiIXU
Time
Tim
Pllm Doerr
TIR Doee
Expolluru

Time
r
r
to H+hr
r
to Hthr
r
r
to Hthr
r
r
to Hthr

YAG 40-B

YAG 39-c

LST 611-D

YFNF3 13-E

YFNB 29-G

YFNB 29-H

How F

How K

George L

Charlie M

WLllkn
M

Raft 1

Raft2

Raft3

2;
Skiff AA
W
Skiff BB

Skiff cc

Skiff DD

Skiff EE

Skiff FF
‘23 Skiff CC

z
Skiff HH

(o
Skiff KK

Skiff LL

5
SkIffMM

0
SkiffPP

30
19.8
20.2
2.5

0.2
0.2
34.6
0.05

< 0.05
0.0
62.0
1.7

44
17.8
26.7
400

20
23.6
6.9
7.5

43
41.7
27.7
12

19
6.7
11.1
0.22

51
-
30.2
3.1

260
-
32.7
230

r

1.7

0.5

1.3

74.6

3.7

3.9

0.0
-

-

33.6
1.77
0.8
32.6
41.6
31.0
32.6

26.1
10
4.6
50.3
68
67.0
51.3
51.6
o.ei
0.3
26.6
3.62
3.4
31.7

26.7
68.5
13.7
58.3
20.3
8.7
7.8

5.7
1.64
0.2
6.5
310
158.0 *
51.1

25.9
1.65
0.7
5.5
320
284.0
75.6

6.3
1.82
t
6.7
4.5
0.8
8.3

6.3
3.37
-
10.7
6.7
-
8.4

31.7
150
-
32.5
t
-
t

-

110

25

40

34

17

33

20

17

2.3

:
10

16

6.8

t
1.6
-

2.4

1.1

1.2

t

t
-

-

-

-

-
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-
-

31.6
5.2

30.8
1.5

29.8
24

28.6
19

52.1
25

56.9
59

72.9
9.4

74.6
t

171.9
0.6

3
1.1

59.3
3
60.8
20

75.7
2.0

t
1.0

50.1
1
-
16

77.1

155.3

168.7

t

t
-

-

-

2.0

3.6

1.2
0.45
-

-

-

-

-

-
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-
107

30.9
-

29.4
1.32

28.6
4.62

27.8
16.1

24.2
13.2

28.3
t
30.6
5.2

t
2.56

48.4

55.1

%
32.7

51.4

53.4

$
34.8

1.45

0.56
-

29.5

6.3

2.05

t
77

60.8
11.7

68.0
-

56.4
1.09

59.3
-

-
-

-
-

-
-

-
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

32.7
t
-
-

27.3
3.35

26.1
45.5

28.8
204

59.9
45.5

t
141

53.2
42.5

50.3
1.28

48.8
9.87

29.3
0.3
-
295

52.3
61

33.0
0.62

31.0
1.40

t
410

35.4
60

33.8
-

27.8
-

-

-
-

-

0.6
-

0.3

-

154

2.05

1.41

-

-

-
-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

t
-

31.7

32.3

33

63.25

37.9

36.6

33.4

31.7

26.5

60.1

39.8

34.7

29.8

61.5

58.3

41.9
-

28.0
-

-

56.7

54.6

52.6

Estlmqted value, TH? eaturated.
t Instrument malfunctioned or lost.
8 Not Instrumented.

TABLE 4.10 PERCENT OF FILM DGSDUETER READING
RECORDED BY TIB

station
shot zunl
shot Flathead shot Navajo Shot Tewa
pet
pet

YAG40-B
66
66
YAG39-C
100
-100
LSTBll-D
.
76
YFNB 13-E
41t
1st
YFNB29-G
-100:
49
YFNB29-Ii
97
32
HowP
35:
.

pet
pet

45
75
46
97
37
94
20
43
12
51t
42
69t
t
16

Nofalloutcccurred.
tTIRaturatad.
t~l~tsrla?ntfoavpyl~fr~motbsrrh~.
iI~trunmntmalfunctio~d.

TABLE 4.11 COMPARISON OF THEORETICALDGGHOUSE
ACTIVITY OFSTANDARD-
CLOUD SAMPLESBY
GAMMA SPECTROMETRY
AND RADIOCHEMISTRY

Time of
ObservedDog-
Computed Activity
andErrorr
SpectralRun
hcu6eActtvity Spectrometer Error
Radiochemkal Error
H+hr
CCUD~/mill
CCLUItS/min
m
CCUtlWmin
pet

Shot Zuni Standard Cloud, 9.64~10~firmlonm

53
142.500
95JOO
-33.1
117
70,000
47,450
-32.2
242
26,700
20,640
-22.7
454
9,500
7,516
-20.9
790
3.760
3.790
+2.43
1g95
1.550
1.973
+27.3

Shot Flathead Standard Cloud, 2.79xlO"fimaionm

163,541
+14.0
74,961
+7.11
29,107
+9.01
10,745
+13.1
4,546
+22.s
1,964
+26.0

96.5
171,000
142.090
-16.9
195
72,000
51,490
-26.5
262
45,000
29,650
-33.7
334
30-0
22.760
-25.4
435
1spJO
14.920
-22.7
726
6200
6,776
-17.3
1,031
4.m
3.341
-22.5
lgs8
2.130
2.243
+5.3l

Shot Navajo Standard Cloud, 3.46x10* fisrions

154.006
-9.93
66,960
-7.00
43,022
-4.39
29J26
-4.4B
19,064
-1.11
7,965
-2.62
4.152
-6.63
2.076
-2.53

51.5
34,000
27,470
-19.2
69
25,500
20,724
-10.7
14l
lVO0
9,432
-14.2
191
7,000
7.411
+5.07
315
3.050
2.634
-7.06
645
960
956
-2.24

Shot Tewa Standard Cloud, 4.71x10Ufinaion8

31,350
-7.79
22,630
-11.3
9,757
-11.3
6,290
-10.1
2,927
-4.03
1,036
+5.92

71.5
442,000
244,930
-44.6
429,600
-2.61
93.5
337,000
194,170
-42.4
325,OOb
-3.56
117
262.000
157.690
-39.7
255,600
-2.37
165
169,000
134,910
-20.2
161,000
-4.73
240'
97,000
74.760
-22.9
91,000
-6.19
334
54,000
38,770
-26.2
52.260
-3.19
429
34.500
25,200
-27.0
33.200
-3.77
579
20.200
14,770
-26.9
19.640
-2.77
766
12.400
10,660
-12.4
12,150
-2.02
1,269
5200
5,660
+6.65
4,974
-4.35
1,511
3.650
4.550
+16.2
3,759
-2.36

132

TABLE
4.12
COMPARISON
OF ACTIVITIES
PER
UNIT
AREA
COLLECTED
BY THE
HIGH VOLUME
FILTER
AND OTHER

SAMPLING
INSTRUMENTS

Dee&nation
and Exposure
Period,
H+ hr
Fleelone/ft2
(MO”)

Shot
HVF
IC
OCC and AOC,
HVF (area =
IC (area =

ft’)
0.05584 ft’)
OCC and AOC,
0.06696
(area = 2.60 ft2)

zuni
YAG 40-B-9
3.4 to 4.8
10.14 x 1012

YAG 40-B-10
5.3
23.48

YAG 40-B-11
5.8
23.73

YAG 40-B-12
6.3
21.79

YAG 40-B-13
6.8
6.42

YAG 40-B-14
7.3
6.93

YAG 40-B-15
7.0
’
0.39

YAG 40-B-8
16.4
3.97
1

-HVF to
16.4
YAG 40-B-7
to 15.6
To 16.3 and 28.2 *
9.68 x 10”
6.06 x 10”
3.71 f 0.88 x 10”

Flathead
YAG 40-B-8
to 26.4
YAG 40-B-7
to 19.9
To 26.4
2.03 x 10”
3.87 x 1012
16.3 f 13.4 x 1012

YAG 39-C-25
to 26.1
YAG 39-C-20
to 18.2
To 23.8
1.67 x 10’2 t
4.85 x 1012
4.37 f 2.37 x 10”

Navajo
YAG 40-B-8
to 19.1
YAG 40-B-7
to 16.6
To
8.7 and 19.7
3.72 x 10”
3.70 x 1012
6.08 f 1.26 x 10’

Y AG 39-C-25
to cessation
YAG 39-C-20
to 16.1
To 16.9 and 24.1
6.50 x lo”
11.9 x 10”
14.6 f 3.5 x 1012

Short-expoeure
trays a8 active 88 long.
t DMT epilled
on recovery.

TABLE
4.13
NORMALIZED
IONIZATION
RATE
(SC),
CONTAMINATION
INDEX,
AND
YIELD
RATIO

A number in pamntheeee
indicates the number of zero.9 between the decimal point and first

significant figure.

shot
AiF
r/hr

fireione/ft~

Hypothstical,
100 pet

fierion,
unfractionated

fieeion producti,
no
induced activitbe

zwli,
lagoon-uan
compoeitlon

Zunl, cloud composition

Flsthsad, average
composiuoIl

Navajo,
averags
compositim

Tewa,
lagoon-area

compceitioo

Tewa, cloud aud outer
fallout compoeition

1.12 hrr

1.45 daye

9.62 dayr

30.9 days
97.3 daye

301 dayr

1.12 hrr

1.45 daye
9.82 daye

30.9 daye

97.3 daye

301 dayr

1.12 bra
1.45 daye

9.02 daye

30.9 daye

97.3 dap

301 daya

1.12 hre
1.45 daya

9.62 daye

30.9 daye

97.3 days
301 daym

1.12 hre

1.45 daye

9.62 daya

30.9 daye

97.3 daye

301 day8

l.l.2 hre

1.45 daye
9.92 day8

30.9 dayB

97.3 days

301 daye

l.l22
1.45 days

9.62 days

30.9 daya

97.3 dayB
301 daye

(12)6254

(14)6734

(15)6748

(15)1616

(16)3713
(17)5097

(12)9356’
(14)4134
(15)3197

(16)9165

(16)4097
(17)7607

(12)7093

(13)1407

(14)1766

(15)4430

(16)6755

(16)1121

(12)5591
(14)6994

(15)7924

(15)1693
(16)3632

(17).5230

(12)6664

(14)9461

(15)7616

(15)2160

(16)5933
(16)1477

(12)3321,
(14)3564

(15)3456

(16)9156

(16)2643

(17)4206

(12)6446

(l4)6913

(15)6670

(15)1971

(16)4619
(17)SOOS I

Ratio of (r/br)/(Mt(tctal)/f$)
at t for device tc (r/hr)/(Mt(total)/rt’)
at t for hypc~t~k&‘&.

134

__.
-__-.-.
_.

,Predlcled
Perimeter
xlt
Pal

-r -
IO Zl
,
I
I

80’
.d
110’
bd

t

*
,,~~I
DATA f‘3lA,N,,

-____

-._ ._. ___

__

__

.

*. RON
!
A
GLLAP
IOU.

Figure
4.1 0 Approximate
station
locations
and predicted
fallout
pattern,
Shot Cherokee.

-4

--a

I

-I

-4

--a

-
1:

-4

-

Stotion

0.30
YAG 40

Location
DetectwType8
Number

STARBOARD
WING
OF BRIDGE
SURVEY
METER,
PDR-27F
OPEN
WINDOW

2
3
4
5

Figure 4.2
Survey-meter
measurement of rate of arrival on YAG
40,
Shot Cherokee.

6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13

TSD
(Iif?)

10’
..’
166.

)/--

/
,O\
I
-5

\
1
\,?\

MEASURED
ISODOSE
RATE
CONTOURS
\
‘\
’

(r/hr
ot Ihr)

I
I
c
I
i
FORECAST
AREA
OF FALLOUT
--_

/-

40’

10’

IS

1
-N
I

/

P L

PARAMETER
ASSUMPTIONS USE 0
I. CLOUD TOP: 60,000
FT
2. CLOUD BASE: 40,000
FT
3. CLOUD DIAMETER: 14 N. MILES
4.HOT
LINE FALLOUT: FROM 43,000
FT

METEOROLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
I. TIME VARIATION OF THE WIND FIELD

NOTE : CONTOURS FROM REFERENCE 13
WERE CONSTRUCTED ON THE BASIS OF
EXTRAPOLATED PRELIMINARY DATA AND
ARE SUBJECT TO FINAL CORRECTIONS

.ATHEAD
FACE ZEF

Flgure
4.6
Predicted
and
observed
fallout
pattern,
Shot Flathead.

PARAMETER
ASSUMPTIONS
USED
I CLOUD TOP: 95,000
FT
2 CLOUD BASE: 55,000
FT
3 CLOUD DIAMETER:
65 N MILES
4 HOT LINE
FALLOUT:
FROM 62,000
FT

METEOROLOGICAL
PARAMETERS

I TIME
VARIATION
OF THE
WIND
FIELD

NOTE : CONTOURS
FROM REFERENCE
13
WERE CONSTRUCTED
ON THE BASIS
OF
EXTRAPOLATED
PRELIMINARY
DATA AND
ARE SUBJECT
TO FINAL
CORRECTIONS
I
I I

\
A-4

--

--

-__-

_-.--

FORECAST
“HOT
LINE”

MEASURED
“HOT

-___
I

NAVAJO
SURFACE
ZERO
/

r

__--
_

lO,“Q
0”
SCH4W
ATOLL

P=il

Figure
4.7
Predlcted
and observed
fallout pattern,
Shot Navajo.

FORECAST
AREA

K------
OF
FALLOUT

.i
(METHOD
I)

i
I
I

‘I

FORECAST
AREA
OF FALLOUT
t METHOO
2 1
\ L ,’

FORECAST
“HOT
LINE

/
A-
I-
1
I
\
t

1

t

\
?---

“,,,
‘I

7,

-N-
I

PARAMETER
ASSUUPTIONS
USE 0

I. CLOUD TOP. 85,000
FT
2.CLOUO
BASE: 52,000
FT
3 CLOUD DIAMETER:
JO N MILES
4 HOT LINE
FALLOUT:
FROM 60,000
Fl

YETEOAOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS

METHOD
I: TIME
VARIATION
OF THE WIND FIELD
METHOD 2: TIME AND SPACE VARIATION
OF THE WIND FIELD

NOTE:
CONTOURS
FROM
REFERENCE
13
WERE CONSTRUCTED
ON THE BASIS
OF
EXTRAPOLATED
PRELIMINARY
DATA AND
ARE SUBJECT
TO FINAL
CORRECTIONS
_p.f.
. ___
,
__~
,

-

.#
..’
1*4*
I#

d’
\ \

“HOT
LINE”
------+
\

\
\

----
\
\
- -xi-

-- --__

MEASURED
ISODOSE
\

RATE
CONTOURS
\

w
188’

___--. I I

------
~--

FORECAST
AREA
OF FALLOUT
\

----
FORECAST

rEw
ACE

(r/hr
at Ihr)

PARAMETER
ASSUMPTIONS
USE0
‘--,-(
I CLOUD TOP: 90,000
FT
I

-~
-___ I
-I

2 CLOUD BASE.
50,000
FT

II’ -.
3 CLOUO OIAMETEA:
60 N MJLES
I

4 HOT LINE
FALLOUT:
FROM
55,000
FT
1
I
NOTE : CONTOURS
FROM REFERENCE
13
-
-___-

METEOROLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
WERE CONSTRUCTED
ON TtlE BASIS
OF

I TIME AND SPACE
VARIATION
OF THE
WIND FIELD
EXTRAPOLATE0
PRELIMINARY
DATA AND
ARE SUBJECT
TO FINAL
CORRECTIONS
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

FQure
4.9
Predlcted
and observed
fallout
pattern,
Shot Tewa.

-

I@.’
I
---.-
FORECAST
“HOT
LINE”

/I

. --

. -

,’
..’
I@40
w
4b

._
\ \

“HOT
LINE”
-----%
\

\
\

---
\
\
- .-xi-

__--_
_

MEASURE0
ISODOSE
RATE
CONTOURS

FORECAST
AREA
OF FALLOUT
\

1
-N-
I

/-
/
I’
k- \ \
‘4

(r/brat
Ihr)

. -__

I

’ TEWA
SURFACE
ZERO
PARAMETER
ASSUMPTIONS
USE0
I CLOUD TOP: 90,000
FT
2 CLOUD BASE
50.000
FT
3 CLOUD DIAMETEli:
60N
MILES
I

4 t10T LINE
FALLOUT:
FRohi
55,000
FT
NOTE:
CONTOURS
FROM REFERENCE
13
-
._____.

METEOROLOGICAL
PARAMETERS
WERE CONSTRUCTED
ON THE BASIS
OF
EXTRAPOLATED
PRELIMINARY
DATA AND
I TIME AND SPACE
VARIATION
OF THE
WIND FIELD
ARE SUBJECT
TO FINAL
CORRECTIONS
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Figure
4.9
Predlcted
and observed
fallout
pattern,
Shot Tewa.

A HEAVY
COLLECTION
FAR OUT
15 MINUTE
EXPOSURE

TRAY NO ‘411

YAG 40,
B-7
ZUNI

A HEAVY
COLLECTION
CLOSE
IN
15 MINUTE
EXPOSURE

TRAY
NO. 1204

YFNB
13, E-57
ZUNI

?
*‘,
.

Figure
4.10
Close and distant particle
collections,
Shot Zuni.

144

I- AXIS OF SYMMETRY

I-
OIAMETER
I
I
I

ACTIVITY
OlSTRl8UTlON

SIZE
FRACTIONATION

Figure
4.11
Cloud model for fallout prediction.

145

10'

I

P 10’ c.:

f

“t
102=_-
.
$
- ii
s % IO
=-
!3
E
*
z
:
1.0 z--

0.1 =-

0.01 _

50

II
I
lllll

loo
'OQ

PARTICLE
SIZE
( MICRON
1

Figure 4.12
Comparison
of tncremental-collector,
parttcle-size
frequency
dlstrlbutlons,
Shots Zunl and Tewa.

-

147

I

IIIIII
I I
IlllIII
I I
llllIII
I I
llllIII
I I
0

148

Chapfer
5
CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDA~~OffS

5.1
CONCLUSIONS

5.1.1 Operational.
The following
features of project operations are concluded to have been
satisfactory:
1. Emphasis on complete documentation
of the fallout at a few polnts, rather than limited
documentation at a large number of points.
Because of this, integrated sets of data were ob-
tained, better control of all measurements
was achieved,
and a number of important correla-
tions became possible
for the first time.
It is a related conclusion
that the care taken to locate
project stations,
and the close coordination
maintained with the aerial and oceanographic
survey
projects,
were necessary.
2.
Concentration on specific
measurements
required by fallout theory,
instead of on general
observations
and data collection.
The results obtained by emphasizing
time-dependent
data
promise to be of particular
value ln fallout research,
as do the early-time
measurements
of
particle properties
made in the YAG 40 laboratory.
3.
Devotion of laboratory
work on the YAG 40 and Site Elmer to relative activity and assoc-
iated measurements.
In several cases,
data were obtained that would otherwise
have been lost
or obscured by radioactive
decay.
Counting statistics
were improved,
and the confidence
in all
measurements
and observations
was increased
by the elimination of intermediate
handling.
Con-
versely,
chemical
and radiochemical
measurements,
which require a disproportionate
amount
of effort in the field,
could be made under more favorable conditions,
although at the sacrifice
of information on short-lived
induced activities.
4.
Utilization of standardized
instrument arrays and procedures.
Without this, measure-
ments made at different locations
could not have been easily related,
and various correlations
could not have been achieved.
Instrument maintenance,
sample recovery,
and laboratory
proc-
essing were considerably
simplified.
Because the use of the How Island station as a datum
plane for all standardized
instrumentation
was an integral part of the overall
concept,
it should
be noted that the station functioned as intended and obtained information
of fundamental impor-
tance for data reduction and correlation.
5.
Preservation
of station mobility.
It if had not been possible to move both major and minor
sampling arrays to conform with changes in shot location and wind conditions,
much valuable
data would have been lost.
Some of the most useful samples came from the barges that were
relocated between shots.
Coordination
of ship sampling operations from the Program
2 Control
Center on the basis of late meteorological
information
and early incoming data also proved prac-
tical; sampling locations were often improved
and important supplementary
measurements
added.
6.
Determination
of station locations
by Loran.
Despite the fact that it was difficult for the
ships to hold position during sampling,
adequate information on their locations
as a function of
time was obtained.
Ideally, of course,
it would be preferable
for ships to remain stationary
during sampling,
using Loran only to check their locations.
The deep-anchoring
method used
for the skiffs gave good results and appears to be appropriate for future use.
7.
Establishment
of organizational
flexibility.
The use of small teams with unified areas
of responsibility
and the capability of independent action during the instrument-arming
and
sample-recovery
periods was a primary
factor in withstanding operational
pressures.
The
stabilizing influence provided by the sample-processing
centers on Bikini and Eniwetok contri-
buted significantly
to the effectiveness
of the system.
There were also certain features of project
operations which were unsatisfactory:

1. The large size of the project.
If more-limited
objectives
had been adopted, and the meas-
urements to accomplish
these objectives
allotted to several smaller projects,
the amount of field
administrative work and the length of time key personnel were required to spend in the field
could probably have been reduced.
In future tests, the total number of shot participations
should
be kept to the minimum compatible
with specific
data requirements.
2. The difficulty of maintaining adequate communications
between the test site and NRDL.
Despite arrangements
to expedite dispatches,
frequent informal letters,
and messages
trans-
mitted by sample couriers,
several cases occurred
where important information was delayed
in transit.
3. The use of instruments developed by other projects.
Malfunctions were frequent in such
cases but were probably due partly to lack of complete familiarity
with the design of the instru-
ment. This is the principal reason why the water-sampling
results are incomplete and of un-
certain reliability.
4. The operational
characteristics
of certain project instruments.
The time-of-arrival
de-
tectors (TOAD) were developed for the operation and had not been proof-tested
in the field.
They
tended to give good results when located on stable stations,
such as barges or islands,
and poor
results when located on stations like the skiffs.
It seems probable that minor design modifica-
tions would suffice to make this a dependable instrument.
The honeycomb inserts used in the
open-close
total collector
(OCC) exhibited a tendency to spall and should be modified for future
use.
The sizes of the collecting
areas of the always-open
collector,
Type 2 (AOCr), and incre-
mental collector
(IC) should be increased
if possible.
Complete redesign of the gamma time-
intensity recorder
(TIR) to improve its response
characteristics,
reduce its size,
and make it
a self-contained
unit was obviously
required for future work and was initiated during the field
phase.
5. The commitments
of the project to supply early evaluations of field data.
Because of the
nature of fallout studies,
inferences
drawn from unreduced data may be misleading.
Despite
the urgency associated
with studies of this kind, interim project reports should be confined to
presenting the results of specific
field measurements.

5.1.2
Technical.
The general conclusions
given below are grouped by subject and presented
for the most part in the same order that the subjects are discussed
in the preceding
chapters.
hi a sense,
the values tabulated and plotted in the text constitute the detailed conclusions,
be-
cause they represent
the numerical
results derived from the reduced data of the appendixes.
For this reason,
numerical values wffl be extracted from the text only if some generality
is
evident or to illustrate an observed
range.
Although the conclusions
presented are not neces-
sarily those of the authors whose works have been referenced
in the text, interpretations
are
Usually compatible.
Buildup
Characteristics.
1. The time from fallout arrival to peak radiation rate was approximately
equal to the time
Of arrival for all stations and shots.
Activity-arrival
rate was roughly proportional
to mass-
arrival rate for the solid-particle
shots,
Zuni and Tewa.
A similar
result was obtained for
outlying stations during Shot Flathead,
although this proportionality
did not hold for Shot Navajo
nor for the close-in
collections
from Shot Flathead.
2. The shape of the activity-arrival-rate
curve was not markedly different for solid- and
slurry-particle
shots.
In both types of events,
the time from the onset of fallout to the time
when the radiation rate peaked was usually much shorter than the time required for the remain-
der of the fallout to be deposited.
There was some tendency for slurry fallout to be more pro-
tracted and less concentrated
in a single major arrival wave; however,
statistical fluctuations
due to low concentrations
of particles
and small collector
areas were responsible
for most of
the rapid changes observed
after the time of peak. Where fallout concentrations
were sufficiently
high, good time correlation
was ordinarily
obtained between peak rate of arrival and peak radi-
ation rate.
3. , Particle-size
distributions
varied continuously with time at each station during the solid-
particle shots, activity arrival waves being characterized
by sharp increases
in the concentra-

151

tiona of the larger particles.
Because of background dust and unavoidable debris on the trays,
correlation
of the concentrations
of smaller particles
with radiological
measurements
was more
difficult.
The concentrations
of the smallest sizes remained almost constant with time.
Par_
title diameters
gradually decreased
with time at each station during the slurry-particle
shots,
though remaining remarkably
constant at - 100 to 200 microns on the ships during the entire
fallout period.
4.
In the vicinity of the ships, the gross body of fallout activity for the slurry-particle
shots
penetrated to the thermocline
from a depth of 10 to 20 meters at the rate of 3 to 4 m/hr.
A con_
siderable fraction of the activity for the solid-particle
shots penetrated to the thermocline
at
about the same rate.
This activity remained more or less uniformly distributed
above the ther-
mocline up to at least 2 days after the shot, and is presumed to have been in solution or assoc-
iated with fine particles
present either at deposition or produced by the breakup of solid aggre-
gates in sea water.
An unknown amount of activity,
perhaps as much as 50 percent of the total,
penetrated at a higher rate and may have disappeared below the thermocllne
during the solid-
particle
shots.
It is unlikely that any significant amount of activity was lost in this way during
the slurry-particle
shots.
5.
Fractionation
of MO”, Np*“, and Iix occurred
in the surface water layer following
solid-
particle deposition;
a continuous variation in composition
with depth is indicated.
only slight
tendencies
in this direction
were noted for slurry fallout.
Physical,
Chemical,
and
Radiological
Characteristics.
1.
The fallout from Shots Zuni and Tewa consisted almost entirely of solid particles
similar
to those observed
after the land-surface
shots during Operations Ivy and Castle,
consisting
of
irregular,
spheroidal,
and agglomerated
types varying in color from white to yellow and rang-
ing in size from < 20 microns
to several millimeters
in diameter.
Most of the irregular
par-
ticles consisted primarily
of calcium hydroxide with a thin surface layer of calcium carbonate,
although a few unchanged coral particles
were present; while the spheroidal
particles
consisted
of calcium oxide and hydroxide,
often with the same surface layer of calcium carbonate.
The
agglomerates
were composed
of calcium hydroxide with an outer layer of calcium carbonate.
The particles
almost certainly
were formed by decarbonation
of the original coral to calcium
oxide in the fireball,
followed by complete hydration in the case of the irregular
particles,
and
incomplete
hydration in the case of the other particles;
the surface layer,
which may not have
been formed by deposition time, resulted from reaction with COr in the atmosphere.
The den-
sities of the particles
were grouped around 2.3 and 2.7 gm/cm3.
2.
Radioactive
black spherical particles,
usually less than 1 micron in diameter,
were ob-
served in the fallout from Shot Zuni, but not in the fallout from Shot Tewa.
Nearly all such
particles
were attached to the surfaces of irregular
particles.
They consisted
partially of cal-
cium iron oxide and could have been formed by direct condensation in the fireball.
3.
The radionuclide
composition
of the irregular
particles
varied from that of the spheroidal
and agglomerated
particles.
The irregular
particles
tended to typify the cloud-sample
and distant-
fallout radiochemistry,
while the spheroidal and agglomerated
particles
were more charaoter-
istic of the gross fallout near ground zero.
The irregular
particles
tended to be enriched in
Ba”“-La”o~and
slightly depleted in Sr”‘; the spheroidal and agglomerated
particles
were depleted
in these nuclides but were much higher in specific
activity.
It should be recognized
that this
classification
by types may be an oversimplification,
and that a large sample of individual par-
ticles of all types might show a continuous variation of the properties
described.
The inference
is strong,
nevertheless,
that the fractionation
observed
from point to point in the fallout field at
Shot Zuni was due to the relative abundance and activity contribution of some such particle type8
at each location.
4.
The activities
of the irregular
particles
varied roughly as their surface area or diameter
squared, while those of the spheroidal particles
varied as some power higher than the third.
Indications are that the latter were formed in a region of higher activity concentration
in the
cloud, with the activity diffusing into the interior while they were still in a molten state.
Activ-
ity was not related to particle
density but varied with the weight of irregular
particles
in a man-
ner consistent with a surface-area
function.

152

5.
The fallout from Shots Flathead and Navajo collected
at the ship stations was made up
entirely of slurry particles
consisting
of about 80 percent sodium chloride,
18 percent water,
and 2 percent insoluble solids composed primarily
of oxides of calcium and iron.
The individual
insoluble solid particles
were generally
spherical
and less than 1 micron in diameter,
appearing
to be the result of direct condensation
in the fireball.
6.
The radionuclide
composition
of individual slurry drops could not be assessed
because of
insufficient activity,
but the results of combining a number of droplets were similar to those
obtained from gross fallout collections.
In general,
much less fractionation
of radionuclides
was evident in the slurry-particle
shots than in the solid-particle
shots.
The amount of chloride
in a slurry drop appeared to be proportional
to the drop activity for the ship stations at Shot Flat-
head; however,
variability
was experienced
for Shot Navajo, and the relation failed for both shots
at close-in
locations.
Conflicting data was obtained on the contribution of the insoluble solids to
the total drop activity.
While the slurry nature of the fallout and certain properties
such as drop
diameters,
densities,
and concentrations
have been adequately described,
further experimenta-
tion is required to establish the composition
of the insoluble solids,
and the partition of activity
among the components
of the drop.
Radionuclide
Composition
and
Radiation
Characteristics.
1. The activities
af products resulting from slow-neutron
fission of U235 are sufficiently
similar to those resulting from device fission to be quantitatively useful.
It should also be noted
that the absolute calibration
of gamma counters is feasible,
permitting calculation
of the count-
per-disintegration
ratio of any nuclide whose photon-decay
scheme is known. ’ For establishing
the quantity of a given nuclide in a complex mixture,
radiochemistry
is the method of choice;
at
the present time, gamma-ray
spectrometry
appears less reliable,
even for nuclides readily
identifiable.
In addition,
gross spectra obtained with a calibrated
spectrometer
led to computed
counting rates for a laboratory
gamma counter which were generally low.
2.
Fractionation
of radionuclides
occurred
in the fallout of all surface shots considered.
By
several criteria,
such as R-values
and capture ratios,
Shot Navajo was the least fractionated,
with fractionation
increasing
in Shots Flathead, Tewa, and Zuni.
For Shot Zuni, the fractiona-
tion was so severe that the ionization per fission of the standard cloud sample was - 5 to 6 times
greater than for close-in
fallout samples.
Important nuclides usually deficient
in the fallout were
members of the decay chains of antimony,
xenon, and krypton, indicating that the latter products,
because of their volatilities
or rare-gas
state, do not combine well with condensing or unaltered
Carrier particles.
Although empirical
methods have been employed to correct
for fractionation
in a given sample,
and to relate the fractionation
observed from sample to sample at Shot Zuni,
the process
is not well understood.
As yet, no method is known for predicting
the extent of frac-
tionation to be expected for arbitrary
yield and detonation conditions.
3. Tables of values are given for computing the infinite-field
ionization rate for any point in
,--
the fallout field where the composition
and fission density are known.
The same tables permit
easy calculation
of the contribution
of any induced nuclide to the total ionization rate.
Based on
ROW Island experience,
rates so obtained are approximately
twice as high as a survey meter
would indicate.
It is evident that unless fractionation
effects,
terrain factors,
and instrument-
response characteristics
are quantitatively determined,
accurate estimates
of the fraction of
the device in the local fallout cannot be obtained by summing observed dose-rate
contours.
Correlations.
1. The maximum fission densities observed during the various shots were,
in fissions
per
square foot, approximately
4 X 10” for Shot Tewa, 8 X 10” for Shot Zuni, 6 X 10” for Shot Flat-
head, 9 x 10” for Shot Navajo,
and 9 x 10” for Shot Cherokee.
The fallout which was deposited

during Shot Cherokee arrived as slurry particles
similar to those produced by Shots Flathead
and Navajo and appeared to be relatively
unfractionated
with regard to radionuclide
composition;
the total amount deposited was small,
however,
and of no military significance.
2.
Reasonable
agreement
between the predicted
and observed perimeters
and central axes
of the preliminary
fallout patterns for Shots Zuni and Tewa was achieved by assuming the radio-
active material to be concentrated
largely in the lower third Of the cloud and upper third of the
stem, restricting
particles
larger than 1,000 and 500 microns in diameter to the inner 10 per-

153

cent and 50 percent of the cloud radius,
respectively,
and applying methods based on accepted
meteorological
procedures.
Modified particle
fall-rate
equations were used and corrections
were made for time and spatial variation
of the winds.
With the same assumptions,
rough agree,
ment was also achieved for Shots Flathead and Navajo by neglecting spatial variation of the winds
in spite of the gross differences
in the character
of the fallout.
The reason for this agreement
is)
not well understood.
Predicted fallout arrival times were often shorter by 10 to 25 percent than
_ the measured times,
and the maximum particle
sizes predicted at the times of arrival,
peak,
and cessation
were usually smaller
by 10 to 50 percent than the measured sizes.
3.
The weighted mean values of the activity collected
per unit area on the standard platform
constitute a set of relative measurements,
varying as a function of wind velocity and particle
terminal velocity.
The exact form of this function is not known; it appears,
however,
that the
airflow characteristics
of the platform
were sufficiently
uniform over the range of wind veloc-
ities encountered to make particle
terminal velocity the controlling
factor.
The activity-per-
unit-area measurements
made on the samples from the skiffs may constitute a second set of
relative values,
and those made on samples from the raft and island minor arrays,
a third set,
closely related to the second.
4.
The maximum platform collections
should be utilized as the best estimate of the total
amount of activity deposited per unit area.
An error of about f 50 percent should be associated
with each value, however,
to allow for measurement
error,
collection
bias, and other uncer-
tainties.
Although this procedure
is strictly
applicable only in those cases where single-wind
deposition prevailed,
comparable
accuracy
may be achieved by doubling the mean platform value
and retaining the same percent error.
5.
Decay of unfractionated fission products according
to t”.*
is adequate for planning and
estimating purposes.
Whenever fractionation
exists or significant induced activities
are present,
however,
an actual decay curve measured
in a counter with known response characteristics,
or
computed for the specific
radionuclide
composition
involved,
should be used.
Errors
of 50 per-
cent or more can easily result from misapplication
of the t-i** rule in computations
involving
radiological
effects.
6.
It is possible to determine fraction of device by iron or residual uranium with an accuracy
comparable
to a MO” determination,
but the requirements
for a large sample,
low background,
and detailed device information are severe.
In general, fractions
calculated from these elements
tended to be high.
Analysis of copper,
aluminum,
and lead produced very high results which
were not reported.
It is probable that backgrounds
from all sources were principally
responsi-
ble, because the amounts of these elements
expected from the Redwing devices were quite small.
7.
The time-intensity
recorders
consistently
measured less gamma ionization dose than film
dosimeters
located on the same platforms.
In those cases where the geometry remained nearly
constant and comparisons
could be made, this deficiency
totaled - 30 to 60 percent,
in qualitative
agreement with the response characteristics
of the instrument estimated by other methods.
8.
Because nearly equal amounts of fallout per unit area were collected
over approximately
the same time interval by the incremental
collector,
high volume filter,
and open-close
c,ollec-
tors on the ship platforms,
it appears that air filtration through a medium exposed to direct
fallout at face velocities
up to 1.7 mph offers no substantial advantage over passive fallout sam-
pling.
It is apparent that under such conditions the collections
are not proportional
to the volume
of air filtered,
and should not be interpreted
as implying the existence
of an independent aerosol
hazard.
9.
The contamination index, which provides
a measure of the relative fallout ionization rate
for unit device yield per unit area,
is approximately
proportional
to the ratio of fission yield to
total yield of the device.

5.2
RECOMMENDATIONS

It is believed that the preceding
results emphasize the desirability
of making the following
additional measurements
and analyses.
1. Time of fallout arrival,
rate of arrival,
time of peak, and time of cessation
should be

154

measured at a number of widely separated points for as many different sets of detonation con-
ditions as possible.
Because these quantities represent
the end result of a complex series of
interactions
between device,
particle,
and meteorological
parameters,
additional relationships
between them would not only provide interim operational
guides,
but would also be useful as
general boundary conditions to be satisfied
by model theory.
2.
The particle-size
distributions
with time reported herein should’be further assessed
to
remove the effects of background dust collections
and applied to a more detailed study of par-
ticle size-activity
relationships.
For future use, an instrument capable of rapidly sizing and
counting fallout particles
ln the diameter-size
range from about 20 to 3,000 microns should be
developed.
Several promising
instruments
are available at the present time, and it is probable
that one of these could be adapted for the purpose.
While appropriate
collection
and handling
techniques would have to be developed
as an integral part of the effort,
it is likely that improved
accuracy,
better statistics,
and large savings in manpower could be achieved.
3.
Controlled
measurements
should be made of the amount of solid-particle
activity which
penetrates to depths greater than the thermocline
at rates higher than - 3 to 4 m/hr.
Support-
ing measurements
sufficient to define the particle
size and activity distribution on arrival would
be necessary
at each point of determination.
Related to this, measurements
should be made of
radionuclide
fractionation
with depth for both solid and slurry particles;
in general,
the solubility
rates and overall dispersion
behavior of fallout material in ocean water should be studied further.
Underwater gamma detectors
with improved performance
characteristics
and underwater particle
collectors
should be developed as required.
Underwater data are needed to make more-accurate
estimates from measured contours of the total amount of activity deposited in the immediate vi-
cinity of the Eniwetok Proving Ground.
4.
A formation theory for slurry particles
should be formulated.
Separation pryedures
should be devised to determine the way in which the total activity and certain important radio-
nuclides are partitioned according
to physical-chemical
st,te.
Microanalytical
methods of
chemical
analysis applicable both to the soluble and insoluble phases of such particles
are also
needed.
The evidence is that the solids present represent
one’form
of the fundamental radio-
logical contaminant produced by nuclear detonations and are for this reason deserving
of the
closest
study.
The radiochemical
composition
of the various types of solid particles
from fall-
out and cloud samples should also receive
further analysis,
because differences
related to the
history of the particles
and the radiation fields produced by them appear to exist.
5.
A fallout model appropriate
for shots producing only slurry particles
should be developed.
At best, the fact that it proved possible
to locate the fallout pattern for shots of this kind, using
a solid-particle
model,
is a fortuitous
circumstance
and should not obscure the fact that the pre-
cipitation and deposition mechanisms
are unknown.
Considering
the likelihood in modern war-
fare of detonations occurring
over appreciable
depths of ocean water near operational areas,
such a model is no less important than a model for the land-surface
case.
It would also be de-
sirable to expand the solid-particle
model applied during this operation to include the capability
of predicting
radiation contours on the basis of conventional
scaling principles
or the particle
size-activity
relationships
given earlier.
6.
Theoretical
and experimental
studies of radionuclide
fractionation
with particle type and
spatial coordinates
should be continued.
This is a matter of the first importance,
for if the
systematic
variations
in composition
suggested herein can be established,
they will not only
make possible
more accurate calculation
of the radiation fields to be expected,
but may also
lead to a better understanding of the basic processes
of fallout-particle
formation and contami-
nation.
7.
A series of experiments
should be conducted to determine the true ionization rates and
those indicated by available survey meters for a number of well-known
individual radionuclides
deposited on various kinds of terrain.
Although the absolute calibration
of all gamma counters
and a good deal of logistic
and analytical effort would be required,
the resulting data would be
invaluable for comparison
with theoretical
results.
Also in this connection,
the proposed decay
schemes of all fission products and induced activities
should be periodically
revised and brought
up to date.

155

8.
Some concept
of fraction
of device
which is meaningful
in terms
of relative
gamma-
radiation
hazard
should be formulated.
The total ionization
from all products
of a given device
could,
for example,
be computed
for a 4-r ionization
chamber.
Decay-corrected
measurement
in the chamber
of any fallout
sample,
whether
fractionated
or not, would then give a quantity
representing
a fraction
of the total gamma-ray
hazard.
The definition
of contamination
index

should also be expanded
to include
the concept
of contamination
potential
at any point in the fall_
out area.
In addition
to the effects
of the fission-to-total-yield
ratio of the device
on the result,
ant radiation
field,
the final value should include
the effects
of the particle
characteristics
and
chemical
composition
of the material
as they affect chemical
availability
and decontamination.
Ideally,
the value
should be derivable
entirely
from the parameters
of the device
and its envi-
,~
ronment,
so that it could be incorporated
in model theory and used as part of conventional pre-
diction
procedures.
9.
Additional
bias studies
of collecting
instruments
and instrument
arrays
should be per-
\

formed.
If possible,
a total collector,
an incremental
collector,
and a standard collector
array:
should be developed
whose bias characteristics
as a function of wind velocity
and particle ter-
minal velocity
are completely
known.
This problem,
which can be a source of serious error it,
fallout measurements,
has never been satisfactorily
solved.
To do so will require full-scale
tests of operational
instruments using.controlled
airflow and particles
of known shape, density,
and size distribution.
Collectors
should be designed to present the largest collecting
areas
possible,
compatible
with other requirements,
in order to improve the reliability
of subsequent
analyses.
10.
More-detailed
measurements
of oceanographic
and micro-meteorological
variables
should accompany
any future attempt to make oceanographic
or aerial surveys of fallout regions,
if contour construction
is to be attempted.
It appears,
in fact, that because of the difficulty of
interpreting
the results of such surveys,
their use should be restricted
to locating the fallout
area and defining its extent and general features.
11.
Based on the results presented in this report,
and the final reports
of other projects,
a
corrected
set of fraction-of-device
contours should be prepared for the Redwing shots.
These
contours may represent
the best estimate of local fallout from megaton detonations available to
date; however,
more-accurate
estimates could be made in the future by collecting
and analyzing
enough total-fallout
samples of known bias to permit the construction
of iso-amount
contours
for various important radionuclides.

156

1. C. E. Adams, F. R. Holden, and N. R. Wallace; “Fall-Out Phenomenology”; Annex 6.4,
Operation Greenhouse,
WT-4,
August 1951; U. S. Naval Radiologicti Defense Laboratory,
San
Francisco
24, California; Confidential.

2. I. G. Poppoff and others; “Fall-Out
Particle
Studies”; Project
2.5a-2,
Operation Jangle,
WT-395
(in WT-3711,
April 1952; U. S. Naval &xiiologica,l
Defe,.se Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Secret Restricted Data.
.
2. R K. Laurino and LG. Poppoff; “Contamination Patterns at Operation Jangle”; USNRDL-
299, 20 April 1952; U. S. Naval Radiologic&
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

4.
W. B. Heidt, Jr. and others;
“Name,
htensity,
ad
Distri&ition
of Fall-Out from Mike

Shot”; Project 5.4a, Operation Ivy, WT-615,
April 1952; U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Lab-

5.
R L. Stetson and others; “Distribution
and Intensity of Fallout”; project
2.5a, Operation
Castle, WT-915,
January 1956; U.S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24,
California;
Secret Restric

6.
Headquarters,
Joint Task Force Seven, letter; Subject: ‘%adiologica.l Surveys of Several
Marshall Island Atolls,”
18 March 1954.

7.
T. R. Folsom and L. B. Werner;
‘Distribution
of Radioactive Fallout
bY Survey and hay-
ses of Sea Water”;
Project
2.7, Operation Castle,
WT-935,
April 1959; Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, La Jolla, California,
and u. S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory,
San Fran-
cisco 24, California;
Secret Restricted
Data.

8. H. D- Levine and R T. Graveson;
Radioactive
Debris from Operation Castle Aerial SUr-
veY of Open Sea Following Yankee-Nectar”;
NYG-4618.

9.
M. B. Hawkins; “Determination of Radiological
Hazard to Personnel”;
Project 2.4, Opera-
tion Wigwam,
WT- 1012, May 1957; u. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California; official
Use only.

10. R. L. Stetson and others; “Distribution and Intensity of Fallout from the Underground
Shot”; Project 2.5.2, Operation Teapot, WT- 1154, March 1958; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense

Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California; Unclassified.

11. D.C. Borg and others; ‘Radioactive
Fall-Gut Hazards from Surface Bursts of Very High’
Yield Nuclear Weapons”; AFSWP-507,
May 1954; Headquarters, Armed Forces Special Weapons
project,
Washington 13, D. C. ; Secret Restricted Data.

12. “Fall-Gut Symposium”; AFSWP-895,
January 1955; Armed Forces Special Weapons
project,
Washington 25, D. C. ; Secret Restricted Data.

12. V. A- J. VanLint and others; “Fallout Studies During Operation Redwing”; Program 2,
Operation Redwing,
ITR-1354,
October 1956; Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons
project,
Sandia Base, Albuquerque,
New Mexico;
Secret Restricted
Data-

14.
R- T. Graveson;
“Fallout Location and Delineation by Aerial Surveys”; Project 2.64,
Operation Redwing, ITR- 1318, February 1957; U.S. AHC Health and Safety Laboratory,
New
York, New York; Secret Restricted data.

15.
F. D. Jennings and others; “Fallout Studies by Oceanographic
Methods”;
Project
2.62a,
Operation Redwing, ITR-1316,
November
1956; University
of California,
Scripps Institution oi
Oceanography,
La Jolla,
California;
Secret Restricted
Data.

16.
M. Morgenthau and others;
“Land Fallout Studies”;
Project
2.65, Operation Redwing,
,
lTR-1319,
December
1956; Radiological
Division,
Chemical Warfare Laboratories,
Army
Chemical Center, Maryland; Secret Restricted
Data.
+

17.
C. F. Miller and P. Loeb; “The Ionization Rate and Photon Pulse Rate Decay of Fission
Products from Slow Neutron Fission of U235”; USNRDL-TR-24’7,
August 1958; U. S. Naval Radio-
logical Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

18.
P. D. LaRiviere;
“The Relationship
of Time of Peak Activity from Fallout to Time of
Arrival”;
USNRDL-TR-137,
February
1957; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San
Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

TJ.
W. Hendricks;
“Fallout Particle
Size Measurements
from Operation Redwing “;
USNRDL-TR-264,
July 1958; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24,
California;
Confidential.

20.
S. Baum; “Behavior
of Fallout Activity in the Ocean”; NRDL Technical
Report (in publi-
cation); U.S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Secret.

21.
C. E. Adams; “The Nature of Individual Radioactive
Particles.
II. Fallout Particles
from M-Shot,
Operation Ivy”; USNRDL-408,
1 July 1953; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Lab-
oratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Confidential.

22.
C. E. Adams; “The Nature of Individual Radioactive
Particles.
N.
from the First Shot, Operation Castle”;
USNRDL-TR-26,
17 January 1955;
logical Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Confidential.

23.
C. E. Adams; “The Nature of Individual Radioactive
Particles.
V.

Fallout Particles
U. S. Naval Radio-

Fallout Particles
from Shots Zuni and Tewa, Operation Redwing’*; USNRDL-TR-133,
1 February 1957; U.S. Naval/
Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Confidential.
-
24.
C. E. Adams and J. D. O’Connor;
“The Nature of Individual Radioactive
Particles.
VI.
Fallout Particles
from a Tower Shot, Operation Redwing”;
USNRDL-TR-208,
December
1957;
U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

25.
W. Williamson,
Jr. ; “Investigation
and Correlation
of Some Physical Parameters
of
Fallout Material”;
USNRDL-TR-152,
28 March 1957; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Labora-
tory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

26.
J. Mackin and others; “Radiochemical
Analysis of Individual RadLoactive Fallout Parti-
cles from a Land Surface Detonation”;
USNRDL-TR-386,
September
1958; U. S. Naval Radio-
logical Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

27.
CD.
Coryell and N. Sugarman; “Radiochemical
Studies: The Fission Products”;
Book 3;
McGraw-Hill,
1951.

28.
“Radiochemical
Procedures
in Use at the University
of California
Radiation Laboratory,
Livermore”;
UCRL-4377,
10 August 1954; University
of California
Radiation Laboratory,
Liver-
more,
California.

29.
L. D. Mclsaac;
“Determination
of Npzas, “Total Fissions,”
MO”, and Ce”’
in Fission
Product Mixtures by Gamma-Ray
Scintillation
Spectrometry”;
USNRDL-TR-72,
5 January 1956;
U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

30.
H. Id Chan; “Activity-Size
Relationship
of Fallout Particles
from Two Shots, Operation
Redwing”;
USNRDL-TR-314,
February
1959; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San
Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

158

31.
N.H. Farlow and W.R. ScheH; “Physical,
Chemical,
and Radiological
Properties
of
Slurry Pa.rtlcu.late Fallout Collected
During Operation Redwing”; USNRDL-TR-170,
5 May 1957;
U. S. Naval ~ciiol0gica.l Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

32.
W. R. Schell; “Physical
Identification of Micron-Sized,
Insoluble Fallout Particles
col-
lected During Operation Redwing”;
USNRDL-TR-364,
24 September 1959; U. S. Naval Radiolog-
ical Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

33.
N. H. Farlow;
“Quantitative Analysis of Chloride Ion in low6 to 10-t* Gram Particles”;
Analytical Chemistry;
29: 883, 1957.
-
-.
R. BUMey and N. E. Ballou;

I

“Bomb-Fraction
Measurement Techniques”;
USNRDL-
TR-176,
September 1957; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, Cali-

if
.
orma; Secret Restricted
Data.

35.
M. Honma; “Flame
Photometric
Determination
of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Sr in Seawater”;
USNRDL-TR-62,
September
1955; U.S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

36.
M. Honma; “Flame
Photometric
Determination
of Na, E, Ca, Mg, and Sr in Coral”;
Unpublished data; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California.

37.
F. D. Snell and C. T. Snell; “Calorimetric
Methods of Analysis”;
Vol. II Third Edition;
D. Van Nostrand Co., New York; 1949.

38.
A. P. Smith and F. S. Grimaldi;
“The Fluorimetric
Determination
of Uranium in Non-
saline and Saline Waters,
Collected
Papers on Methods of Analysis for Uranium and Thorium”;
Geological
Survey Bulletin 1006; U. S. Government
Printing Office,
Washington,
D. C. ; 1954.

39.
A. E. Greendale and M. Honma; “Glove Box and Associated
Equipment for the Removal
of Radioactive
Fallout from Hexcell Collectors”;
USNRDL-TR-157,
May 1957; U.S. Naval Radio-
logical Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.
_

40.
M. Honma and A. E. Greendale;
“Correction
for Hexcell Background in Fallout Samples”;
Unpublished data; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California.

41.
R. C. Bolles and N. E. Ballou; “Calculated
Activities
and Abundances of U*55 Fission
Products”;
USNRDL-456,
August 1956; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Fran-
cisco 24, California;
Unclassified.

42.
C. F. Miller;
“Response
Curves for USNRDL 4-Pi Ionization Chamber”;
USNRDL-TR-
155, May 1957; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

43.
P. D. LaRiviere;
“Response
of Two Low-Geometry
Scintillation Counters to Fission and
Other Products”;
USNRDL-TR-303,
February 1959; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Labora-
tory, San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

44.
C. F. Miller;
“Proposed
Decay Schemes for Some Fission-Product
and Other Radionu-
elides”;
USNRDL-TR-160,
17 May 1957; U.S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San
Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

45.
C. F. Miller;
“Analysis
of Fallout Data.
Part III; The Correlation
of Some Castle Fallout
Data from Shots 1, 2, and 3”; USNRDL-TR-222,
May 1958; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Lab-
oratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Secret Restricted
Data.

46.
V. A. J. VanLint; “Gamma Rays from Plane and Volume Source Distributions”;
Program
2, Operation Redwing,
lTR-1345,
September 1956; Weapons Effects Tests,
Field Command,
Armed Forces Special Weapons Project,
Sandia Base, Albuquerque,
New Mexico; Confidential
Restricted
Data.

159

47.
“The Effects of Nuclear Weapons”;
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Washington,
D_ C
June 1957; Unclassified.
*#

48.
L. E. Glendenin; “Determination
of Strontium and Barium Activities
in Fission”;
NNES
IV, 9, Paper 236, 1951.

49.
D. N. Hume; “Determination
of Zirconium
Activity by the Barium Fluozirconate
Method”;
NNES IV, 9, Paper 245, 1951.

50.
E. M. Scadden; “Improved
Molybdenum Separation Procedure”;
Nucleonics
15, 102, 1957.

51.
L. E. Glendenin; “Improved
Determination
of Tellurium
Activity in Fission”;
NNES IV,
9, Paper 274, 1951.

52.
E. Mizzan; “Phosphotungstate
Precipitation
Method of Analysis of Radioactive
Cesium
in Solutions of Long-Lived
Fission
Products”;
AECL Report PDB-128,
July 1954.

53.
L. E. Glendenin and others; “Radiochemical
Determination
of Cerium in Fission”;
At&
Chem. 27, 59, 1955.

54.
L. Wish and M. Rowell; “Sequential Analysis of Tracer
Amounts of Np, U, and Pu in
Fission-Product
Mixtures by Anion Exchange”;
USNRDL-TR-117,
11 October 1956; U.:j. Naval
Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

SWPDV-11-942.6,
May 1957; Secret Restricted
Data.

56.
J. 0. Blomeke;
-NuClf?ar
Properties
of U2% Fission Products”;
GRNL-1783,
November
1955; Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge,
Tennessee;
Unclassified.

on; -‘Spectrometrm
Analysis
of Gamma Radiation from Fallout from Opera-
tion Redwing”;
USNRDL-TR-146,
29 April 1957: U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
rancisco
24, California;
Confidential
Restricted
Data.
-

58.
“The Effects of Atomic Weapons”;
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Washington,
D. C.,
Revised September 1950; Unclassified.

59.
K. Way and E. P. Wigner; “The Rate of Decay of Fission Products”;
MDDC 1194, August
1947; Unclassified;
also Phys. Rev. 73, 1318, 1948.

60.
H. F. Hunter and N. E. Ballou; “Simultaneous
Slow’ Neutron Fission of I?
Atoms.
Indi-
vidual Total Rates of Decay of the Fission
Products”;
USNRDL ADC-65,
April 1949; U. S. Naval
Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

61.
C. F. Miller;
“Gamma Decay of Fission
Products from the Slow-Neutron
Fission of Uzp”;
USNRDL-TR-187,
11 July 1957; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24,
California;
Unclassified.

62.
“Radiological
Recovery
of Fixed Military Installations”;
Navy, Bureau of Yards and
Docks,
NavDocks TPPL-13;
Army Chemical
Corps TM 3-225,
interim revision,
April 1958;
Unclassified.
-
63.
E. R. Tompkins and L. B. Werner;
“Chemical,
< ysical,
and Radiochemical
Character
istics of the Contaminant”;
Project
2.6a, Operation Castle,
WT-917,
September 1955; U.S.
Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24. California;
Secret Restricted
Da

64.
H.V. Sverdrup,
M.W. Johnson,
and R.H. Fleming;
“The Oceans,
Their Physics,
Chem-
istry,
and General Biology”;
Prentice-Hall,
New York,
1942.

65.
K 0. Emery,
J. L Tracey,
Jr.,
and H. S. Ladd; ‘Geology
of Bikini and Nearby Atolls.
Bikini and Nearby Atolls:
Part 1, Geology”;
Geological
Survey Professional
Paper 260-A,
U. S.
Government Printing Office,
Washington,
D. C.,
1954.

66.
S. C. Foti; “Construction
and Calibration
of a Low Geometry
Scintillation
Countern ; Un-
,

160
I

published data, U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California.

67.
E. A. Schuert; “A Fallout Forecasting
Technique with Results Obtained at the Eniwetok
Proving Ground”; USNRDL-TR-139,
3 April 1957; U.S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

68.
E.A. Schuert; “A Fallouj
Plotting Device”;
USNRDL-TR-127,
February 1957; U.S. Naval
Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

69.
L.-II,
Jr. ;
Cloud
Photography”;
Project
9.la,
Operation Redwing,
ITR-1343,
’
March 1957; Edgerton,
Germeshausen
and Crier,
Inc.,
Boston,
Massachusetts;
Secret For-
-merly Restricted
Data.
\

fl
70.
Meteorological
Report on Operation Redwing; Part I, “Meteorological
Data,” Volumes

1, 2, and 11 and Part II, “Meteorological
Analyses,”
Volumes
1, 2, and 3; Joint Task Force 7;
JTFMC TP-1,
1956; Unclassified.

71.
D. F. Rex; “Vertical
Atmospheric
Motions in the Equatorial Central Pacific”;
Joint Task
Force 7 Meteorological
Center,
Pearl Harbor,
T. H. ; Unclassified.

72.
J. C. Kurtyka; “Precipitation
Measurements
Study”; State of Illinois Water Survey Divi-
sion, Report of Investigation No. 20, 1953.

73.
L. E. Egeberg and T. H. Shirasawa; “Standard Platform
Sampling Bias Studies, Part I,
Preliminary
Studies of Airflow”;
USNRDL-TM-70,
25 February
1957; U.S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

74.
H. K. Chan; “Analysis
of Standard Platform Wind Bias to Failout Collection
at Operation
Redwing”; USNRDL-TR-363,
September 1959; U. S. Naval Radiological
Defense Laboratory,
San
Francisco
24, California;
Unclassified.

75.
W. W. Perkins and G. Pence; “Standard Platform
Sampling Bias Studies, Part II, Rain-
fall Bias Studies”; USNRDL Technical
Memorandum (in publication);
U. S. Naval Radiological
ifornia;
Unclassified.

sure verSus Distance”;
Project 2.1, Operation Red-
wing, WT- 1310, 20 February
1960; U. S. Army Signal Engineering
Laboratories,
Fort Monmouth,
New Jersey;
Secret Restricted
Data.

161

A.1 COLLECTOR
IDENTIFICATION

Collector designations are shown in Figure A.l.

A.2
DETECTOR DATA

A.2.1
End-Window Counter.
Crystal dimensions and type: 1’/2-inch diameter
x ‘h inch thick, NaI(Tl),
Harshaw
Photomultiplier
tube type: 6292 DuMont
Scaler types:
Model 162 Nuclear Instrument Cor-
poration,
and Model 162 Nuclear-Chicago
(in tan&m)
Pb shield dimensions:
&-inch
outside diameter
x 20 inches high x 1% inches thick; additional Z-inch
thickness in Site EImer laboratory
Counting chamber dimensions:
5%-inch diameter
x 4 inches high
AI absorber thickness:
ih inch
Shelf distances from bottom of absorber:

Shelf
Distance
cm

1
1.0
2
2.6
3
4.2
4
5.6
5
7.4

Ratios to Shelf 5 (most commonly used) for cen-
tered Ceiz’ point source:

Shelf
Ratio
--

1
5.87
2
3.02
3
1.88
4
1.31
,

5
1.00

Minimum count rate requiring coincidence
loss
correction:
1.F X 10’ counts/min
Counting procedure:
ordinarily 3- to l-minute
intervals for each sample

k2.2
Beta Counter.
Gas proportions:
90 percent A, 10 percent CC+
Pb shield dimensions:
&-inch
outside diameter
X 12 inches high X 1% inches thick; additional 2-inch
thickness in Site Elmr
laboratory
Counting chamber dimensions:
5i&inch diameter
x 4 inches high
AI window thiches:
0.92 mg/cm*

SheIf geometries
from bottom of window:

shelf
Distee
Physical Geometry
--
Correction
cm

1
0.85
0.2628
2
1.50
0.1559
3
2.15
0.0958
4
3.75
0.0363
5
5.35
0.0177

Minimum count rate requiring coincidence
loss car-
rection:
3.0 X 10’ counts/min

k2.3
4-n Ionization Chamber (Analytical and St-.
ards Branch).
(Two newer chambers of modified de-
sign were also used.
The response of these to 100 pg
of Ra= 700 x lo-’
ma at 600 psi; therefore,
all read-
ings were normaIized to the latter value.
Use of pre-
cision resistors
(1 percent) eliminated scale correction
factors. )
Gas type ad pressure:
A -600 psi
Shield dimensions : Pb N 19-inch outside diameter
x 22 inches high x 4 inches thick; additional l-foot
thickness of sandbags in Site Elmer laboratory
Counting chamber dimensions:
11-inch diameter
x 14 inches high
Thimble dimensions:
l’,+inch
inside diameter x
12 inches deep
Useful range:
_ 217 x lo- ‘f ma (background) to
200 X 10-a ma
Correction
factors to equivalent 10’ scale:

Scale
Factor
--
- ohms

loit
0.936
10’0
0.963
10’
1.000
10’
1.000

Response versus sample (Ra) position:

Distance from
Relative
Bottom of Tube
Response
in
pet

0 to 3
100
3.5 to 5.5
99 to 92
.

Response to 100 pg Ra: 5.56 x lo-’
ma at _ 600 psi

Efficiency factors relative to Co60 for various nu-
elides:

162

NucIide

NaU

Factor

0.186
0.282
0.355
0.623
0.884
1.000
1.205
1.312

AZ.4
Well Counter.
Nuclear-Chicago
Model IX-3
Crystal diIIlensions and type: la&rich
diameter
x 2 inches thick, NaI(T1)
WeII dimensions:
a/,-inch diameter x lvz inches

bP
PhotomuItipIier tube type: 6292 DuMont
Scaler type: Model MIX-1
Berkeley,
or Nuclear
Iastrunmnt Corporation 162 with Nuclear-Chicago
182
hitandem
Pb shield thickness:
1% inches, with ?@ich
diam-
eter hole above crystal well; additional Z-inch thick-
mss in YAG 40 laboratory
Counting rate versus sample volume in test tube
(15 x 125 mm):

Sample
RelatiVe
v01unxl
ColiIltRate
ml
pet

0.01
100
1.81
99.2
3.9 (-well
depth)
90.6

Efficiency for several nuclides:

Nuclide

m

Efficiency
counts/die
--

-$-ii
0.42
co”
0.43
I’=
0.51

bfinimum count rate requiring coincidence loss
correction:
1.0 x 10’ counts/min
Counting procedure:
minimum of 10’ counts to
nUintain a statistical error of - 1.0 percent

AZ.5
ZO-Channel Analyzer.
Crystal dimensions and type: Z-inch diameter x 2
inches thick, NaI(T1)
Glow transfer tube types:
CC-1OB and CC-1OD
Fast register type: Sodeco
Voltage gain (with delay Iine pulse shaping):
1,000
Attenuation (with ladder attenuator):
63 decibels in
l-decibel
steps
pb shield thickness:
- 2 inches
Counting chamber dimensions:
8-inch diameter
’ 3% inches high
Shelf distances from bottom of detector:

Shelf
Distances
cm

1
2.07
2
4.76
3
5.25
4
6.84

Tray distance from b&tom of detector when outside
of +nch
diameter collimator:
13.95 cm
Calibration standards:
Barn,, Ce”‘,
Htios, Na’*,
and Cs”’
Calibration procedure:
01~3 per day and one follow-
ing each adjustment of amplifier or detector voltage
Counting procedure:
equal counting times for each
series on a given sample

AZ.6
Doghouse Counter (Reference 43)
Crystal dimensions and type: l-inch diameter x 1
inch thick, NaI(Tl),
Harshaw aluminum absorber ‘A-
inch thick
Photomultiplier
tube type: 6292 DuMont
Scaler type: Model 162 Nuclear Instrument Cor-
poration,
arxl Model 182 Nuclear-Chicago
(in tandem)
Pb shield dimensions (detector):
lo-inch diameter
x 20 inches high x 1% inches thick
Pb shield thiclclless (counting chamber):
2 inches
Counting chamber dimensions:
20 x 24 x 34 inches
high
Size of hole in roof of counting chamber for detec-
tor:
‘I-inch diameter
Distance from bottom of sample tray to bottom of
crystal:
36 inches
Sample tray dimensions:
18 x 21 x 2 inches deep
Counting efficiency for several point-source
nu-
c&&s,
centered in bottom of tray with ‘&nch
alu-
minum cover in place:

NucIi&
counts/die
x 10”

Nap
1.70
0.936
0.151
1.16
1.02
0.506
0.548
0.622
0.711
0.842

Relative counter photon efficiency,
computed for
tdal aluminum thickness
= ‘h inch (3.43 gm/cm2):

g=W
Efficiency

M0V
pet

0.01
0
0.02
0.0034
0.03
3.24
0.05
33.3
0.07
48.7
0.10
57.8
0.15
63.7

163

0.20
61.5
0.30
54.0
0.50
43.3
0.70
37.5
1.00
33.4
1.50
29.5
2.00
27.1
3.00
25.3
4.00
24.4

Minimum
camt rate requiring coincidence lose
correctim:
1.0 x 10‘ counts/min
Counting procedure:
ordinarily 3- to 1-mtnute
intervals for eaoh sample; trays decontaminated and
counted with ‘/(-inch aluminum cover in place

k2.7
Dip Counter.
Crystal dimensions and type:
it/r-inch diameter
x 1 inch thick, NaI(T1)
Photomultiplier
tube type: 6292 DuMont
Scaler type: Same as doghouse counter
Shield thicknese and counting chamber dimensions:
Same as doghouse counter
Sample voluxne: 2,000 ml (constant geometry)
Counting efficiemy
for several nuclides:
(Private
communication
from J. O’Connor, ,NRDL)

Nuclide
counts/die
x 1o-z

1.20
1.72
1.26
0.916
0.670
1.76
1.56
1.29

Minimum count rate requiring coincidence
loss
correction:
2 x 10” counts/min
Counting procedure:
2,000~ml samples at constant
geon&ry;
counting intervals selected to msintsin a
statistical error c 1.0 percem

k2.8
Single-Channel Analyzer (Nuclear Radfatfor,
Branch) (Reference 57)
-

Crystal dimensions and type: 4-fnch diameter x 4
inches thick, NaI(T1)
Phdomultiplier
tube type: 6364 DuMollt
Pulse-height analyzer type: Male1 510-SC Atow
IMtrumeuts
Pb shield thiclaress:
2% Inches
i
Collimator dimensions:
$inch
diameter x 6 fncd
long
2
Sample container type and size:
glass vial, l&u
diameter X 2% inches long
Distatre from bottom of sample to collimator
0~~
ing: 2inches
Calibration standards:
Nan, and H$”
-

k2.9
Gamma
Time-Intensity
Recorder.
The en-

ergy and directional response characteristics
of the
standard TIH detector,
consisting of four ion cham-
bers (A, Am, Bm, and Cm) with a protective dome,
were determined at NHDL.
(Measurements
and cd-
culations were carried out by G. Hitchcock,
T.
Shirasawa, aad R. Caputi.)
A special jig permitted both horizontal and vertical
rotation abad the center of the chamber under study.
Directional response was measured and recorded colt_
tinuously for 360 degrees in planes at 3O-degree
increments through tlx longitudinal axis of the Cm
chamber.
Helatlve response data was obtained by
effectively ezposing the chamber to a constant ioniza-
tion rate at six different energies-four
X-ray ener-
gies:
35 kev, 70 kev, 120 kev arkI 160 kev; and two
source energies:
Cs”’
(0.663 Mev) and Co’O (1.2 I&v).
Ths results for three mutually perpendicular
planar
responses have been illustrsted graphically to show:
(1) shadowing interference by other chambers in the
horizontal plane (Figure A.2). (2) maximum shadowing
interference by other chambers in the vertical
plarre
(Figure A3),
and (3) minimum shadowing interference
by other chambers in the vertical plsr~ (Figure A-4).

164

H76
669
E55

6S3
CL9
06H

165

..--*
180 KEV
-
35 KEV

.-.-.
120 KEV
------
1.2 MEV

. . . . . . . . . . 70 KEV
--
0.662
M EV

Figure A.2 shadowing interference in horizontal plane for TIR.

166

*-..
180 KEV
-
35 KEV

.-.-.
120 KEV
------
1.2 MEV

. . . . . . . . . . .
70 KEV
--
0.662
M EV

Figure &3
Maximum
shadowing interference
in vertdcd
plane for TEL
#

167

..-..
180 KEV
-
35 KEV

--w-e
120 KEV
------
1.2 MEV

. . . . . . . . . . .
70 KEV
--0.662
M EV

Figure A.4 Minimum shadowing interference in vertical plane for TIR.

168

B.l
BUILDUP
DATA

169

TABLE
B. 1 OBSERVED
IONIZATION
RATE,
BY TIME-INTENSITY
RECORDER

I
.
Station
and Shot
Station
and Shot
Station
and Shot
Station and Shot

YAG 40-B,
No.
9 ZU

H+hl
mr/%r

3. 37
2. 20

3.57
16. 8

3. 73
44.2

4. 07
129

4. 37
470

5.07
1.480

6. 07
3.340
7. 07
1,660

8.07
1,360

9. 07
1,240

11.1
966

14.1
754

18.1
580

22. 1
470

26.1
404

30.1
340

42. 1
233

54. 1
181

66. 1
129

70. 1
105

YAG
40,
No. 13 (Deck)
ZU

H+hr
r/hr

3. 53
0.0165

3. 63
0.0318

3. 70
0.0386

3. 77
0.0722

3. 85
0.0847

3. 97
0.128

4. 05
0.165

4.17
0.249
4.32
0.480

4.57
0.957

4. 77
1.31

4: 95
1. 92

5. 08
2. 37

5. 25
3.25

5.40
4.06

5. 57
4.50

5. 73
5. 67

5. 90
5. 76

6. 07
6. 20

6. 32
6. 75

6. 57
7.57

6. 82
7. 57
7.07
7.29

7. 32
7. 20
7. 57
6. 94
7. 82
6. 66
8.07
6. 30

0. 32
6. 20
a.
57
6. 02
8.82
5. 76
9.07
5. 67

YAG 40. No.
13 (Deck)
ZU

H+h;
r/hr

9. 3?

9. 57

9. 02

10.1

10. 6

11.1

11. 6

12.1

12. 6

13.1

13. 6
14.1

14. 6

15.1

15. 6

16. 1
16. 6

17.1

17. 6

18.1

19.1

20.1

21.1
22.1

24.1
26.1

28.1
30. 1

34.1

38. 1

42.1

46. 1

50.1

54.1

58.1

62.1

66. 1

72.1

78.1

80.1

5.49

5. 31

5.13

5. 13

4. 68

4.41

4.14

3. 97

3. 97

3. 70

3. 61

3. 34
3. 43

3. 25

3.07

3. 07

2. 98
2. 90

2. 81
2. 72

2. 62

2. 45

2. 36
2. 28

2.10

1.92

1. 75

1.66
1. 49

1.31

I. 17

1.11

0.940

0.844

0. 740

0.679

0.635

0.583

0.539

0.495

YAC
39-C.
No. 9 ZU

lI+iU
mr/hr

12.7
0.559

13.1
0.706

13.6
0.765
14.1
0.926
15.1
1.47

16.1
2. 96

17.1
4.29

ie. 1
6.54
19.1
0.36
20.1
9. 42

21.1
10.2
22.1
10.2

23.1
10. a

.70

YAG
39-C, No. 9 ZU

H+hr
mrhr

24.1

25.1

27. 1

29.1

30.1

32.1

34.1

36.1

38. 1

40.1

42. 1

46.1

50.1

54.1

58. 1
62.1

66. 1

70.1

74.1

70 1

80. 5

11.1

11. 4

11.8

11.3

11.3

10.5

10.2

8. 96

8.51
a.
21

7. 74

6. 54

6. 25

5. 64

5.19
4.09

4. 60

4.29

4.14
4.00

3. 85

YFNB 13-E.
ZU

H+mln
r/b

20
0.0016
21
0.007
22
0.009
23
0.016
24
0.068
27
0. 31

2.3
0. 55

29
0. 72

55
2.89

180
1.03
195
1. 69

210
1.5
300
0. 96
420
0. 66
600
0.43

1,015
0. 22
1,495
0.16

1,975
0.078
3,415
0.041

How F, ZU

YAG
39,
No. 13 (Deck)
ZU
n t -
H + hr

13.0

14. 0

15.0
16. 0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20. 0

21.0

24.0

25.0

29. 0

30.0
31.0

32.2
42. 0

48.0

49.0

50.0

52.0

66. 0

68.0
69. 0

70.0

72. 0

mrh

3. 24

4.86

6. 66
13. 1

17.2

25.4

31. a

34.2

34. 9

37.4

37. 6

36. 3

36. 2

34.6
33. 5

26. 3

21.0

20. a

19. 9

19. 8

is. a

15.4

14. 9
14.6

14. 2

23
0.0055
24
0.0086
26
0.013
27
0.051

28
0.092

28+
0.37
30
0.47

32 .
0. 66

33
0. 6.9

34
0. 73

41
0.87
46
1. 09
49
1. 61
54
2.13
59
2 57
62
2.87

64
2 a7

68
2. 74

70
2 57

74
2 74
80
2 61
07
2.57

97
2. 48

106
2.48

112
2. 39
120
2.17

130
2 00
151
1. 70

200
1.17
400
0.54

rhr

TABLE B.l CONTINUED

5tationand
Shot
Station
and Shot
Station
and Shot
Station
and Shot

YF'XB 23-G ZU
E+min
r/hr

10
0.0005
20
0.03
26
0.26
27
0.54
28
0.83
29
0.99
31
1.32
33
3.10
35
4. 0
36
4. 94
43
9.21
49
9. 64
94
7.05
124
5.64
139
4. 7
184
3.06
274
2.12
424
1.36
484
0. 99
544
0.80
.574
0.78
649
0.70

799 n
0.55
1.624
0. 31
2,524
0.19
3,424
0.15

YAG 40-B. No.SPL
H+hr
mrh

6.00
0.050
8.00
0.550
9.00
5.10
10.0
17.4
11.0
48.0
12.0
71.1
15.0
71.1
16.0
81.5
I?.
0
81.5
16.0
81.5
19.0
71.1
20.0
71.1
21.0
69.7
22.0
59.4
23.0
50.2
25.0
53.0
30.0
39.0
35.0
36.2
40.0
36.0
45.0
27.6
50.0
16.2
55.0
14.
9
50.0
13.
7
63.0
12.
4
70.0
11.1
75.0
10.4
79.0
9.20

YAG40. No. 13 (Deck)
FL
H+hr
mr/hr

6.00
0
8.00
1.93
a.57
a.18
9.00
17.4
9.57
38.0
10.0
61.9
11.0
142
12.0
225
13.0
248
14.0
237
15.0
231
16.
0
248
17.0
259
18.0
248
19.0
237
20.0
231
21.0
225
22.0
214
23.0
197
24.0
180
30.0
145
35.0
125
40.0
109
45.0
88.4
50.0
56.8
56.0
52.3
58.0
46.6
63.0
44.4
70.0
39.9
75.0
37.6
79.0
22.1

YAG 39-C. No. 9 FL
Ii
+ hr
mr/hr

4.12
0.061
4.37
0.417
4.53
0. 646
4. 78
1.01
4.95
1.08
5.10
3.30
5.38
6.19
5.66
8.23
6.05
10.7
6.27
12.
3
6.52
15.4
6.72
19.4
7.02
21.
9
7.28
21.
9
7.50
23.
7
7. 7s
26.1
0.02
26.6
8.26
29.9

a. 57
29.9

8.77
323
9.19
32.9
9.60
31.
7

YAG39-C, No. 9 FL
YAG39. No. 13 (Deck)
FL
H+hr
mr/hr

10.1
10.5
11.0
11.6
12.1
12.6
13.1
13.
6
14.1
15.1
16.0
17.
0
18.0
19.
0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
64.9
70.1
75.0
80.0

YAG 39. No.l3@eck) FL
H+hr
mr/hr

32.3
35.5
33.4
37.2
36.0
34.6
33.4
32.3
31.0
29.2
27.3
26.1
24.9
23. 7
225
21.3
19.4
19.4
17. 7
16.
3
14.
6
13.4
12.4
11. 6
11.0
10.4
9.80
8. 71
6.55
5. 77
5.04
4.68
4. 33
4.15
3.50

4. 62
3.34
5.23
21.8
5.57
42.9
6. 57
46.6
7.07
70.4
7.57
87.8
8.57
121
9.00
121
10.0
121
11.
0
141
12.0
131
13.0
121
16.0
102
18.0
03.0
22.0
69.0
26.0
55.0
30.0
46.5
36.0
39.2

Ii+hr
mr/lw

42.0
33.
7
47.0
28.2
48.0
21.0
54.0
15.4
66.0
10.8
75.0
9.27
76.0
6.30
80.0
6. 04

LBT 611-D. No.1 FL

B+hr
mr/hr

6.57
0.14
7.32
0.67
7.57
22
7. so
15.3
8.40
32
0.73
51
0.90
76
9.07
99
9.23
0.9
9.40
a3
9.57
80
10.1
76
10.9
71
12.1
65
13.1
60
14.1
55
15.6
40
17.6
44
19.6
30
21.6
35
23.6
32

YFNB 13-E FL
H+min
r/'hr

21
0.0016.
24
0.0054
26
0.0048
30
0.030
32
0:56
35
2.26
37
6.02
77
21.0
137
11.5
257
5.5
377
2.5
437
1.9
491
1. 6
557
1. 5
617
1.2
617
1.4

171

TABLE
B.l
CONTINUED

Station and Shot
Station
and Shot
Station and Shot
Station
and Shot
-

YFNB 29 H FL

H+ min
r/h

35
0. 004

36
0.0046

36
0.011

40
0.016

42
0.042

44
0.075

45
0.10

51
0. 27

53
0. 38

54
0. 49

56
0.57

56
0. 63

77
0. 96

91
0. 98

100
0. 94

175
0. 55

250
0. 33

470
0.14

630
0.077

650
0.055

1,100
0.043

1.500
0.024

1,600
0.0198

YAG
40-B.
No. 9 NA
H+hr
mr/%r

5.07
0.146

6.02
0.120

6.23
0.175

6. 38
0.260

6. 62
0.370

6. 67
0.590

6. 96
0.600

7.09
1.44
7.14
1.30

7.16
1.66

7.26
2 31

7. 36
3.61

7.52
3.56

7.73
4.30

7. 93
4.60

8.10
5.55
6.45
7.05

8. 69
9.30

8.90
13.1

9.12
19.0

9. 27
222

9.42
24.1

9.55
26.0

9. 70
28.3

9. 90
31. 0

10.1
33.6

10.3
34.8

10.5
38.7

10.8
425

YAG 40-B.
No.
9 NA

H+ hr
mr/hr

11.0
45. 7

11.3
49. 3

11.6
51.2

11.9
52. 7

12.1
52. 7

12.3
55. 3

12.5
55.3

12. 7
57.8

12.9
55.3

14.0
55.3

15.0
55. 3

16.0
55.3
17.0
55.3

17. 6
51.4

18.0
50.2
.*

19.0
48.8

20.0
46. 3

21.0
25. 9

22. 0
21.0

23.0
18.4

24.0
17. 7

25.0
16.6

26.0
16.2

27.0
14. 3

28.0
13.9

29. 0
13.1

30.0
12.5

32.0
11.8

34.0
10.8

36.0
10. 3

38.0
9. 80

40.0
9. 20

42.0
9. 40

44.0
9.10

46.0
8.20

48.0
7. 70

51.0
7.40

54.0
6. 05

55.0
6. 55

56.0
6.30

58.0
6.18

59.0
5.55
69.0
5.49

62.0
5.30

65.0
4. 93

69.0
4. 68

75.0
4.18

YAG
40,
No. 13 peck)
NA

H+hr
mr/hr

4.83
0.200

5.57
0.556

6.12
0.808

6. 65
1.80

6. 97
3.15

YAG 40. NO. 13 (Deck)
NA
H+hr
mr/hr

7.18
6. 64
7.30
10.8
7. 47
11.4
7. 63
12.4
7.80
13. 7
7. 95
14.3
8.10
13.1
8.33
13.0
8.48
13.5
6.62
16.0
8.75
18.6
8.85
27.4
9.02
38.2
9.27
51.4
9. 47
56.5
9. 67
63.9
9.98
74.5
10. 3
80.2
10.6
92.0
11.0
103
11.3
120
11. 6
122
12.0
125
122
129
123
126
12.5
129
12. 7
120
13.0
116
13.5
113
14.0
113
15. 0
105
15. 9
103
16. 9
101
18.0
91.4
18.9
87.0
20.0
82.5
20.2
70.1
20.4
36.2
21.0
27.4
22.0
24.1
23.0
21.3
24.0
21. 9
25.0
20.8
26.0
19. 7
27.0
17.0
28.0
16.4
29.0,
15.4
30.0
14.9
32.0
14.3
34.0
13.4
36.0
12.9
38.0
12.0
40.0
11.7
42.0
11.1
44.0
10.6
46. 0
10.2
48.0
9.58

YAG 40. NO. 13 fDeck)N*
H+ht

50.2
9.15
52.1
7.84
54.0
'7.62
56.0
4.79
57.9
4.46
60.1
4. 35
64.0
4.08
68.1
3.81
72.0
3.48
74.9
3.32

YAG 39-C,
No. 9 NA

H + hr
mrh

1.97
0.181
2.22
4.00
2. 38
14.4
2.47
21.4
2.55
33.5
2.65
48.2
3.00
68.3
3.30
88.2
3.50
95. 7
3. 70
144
3.87
207
4.18
372
4.42
431
4. 62
481
4.85
485
5.17
498
5. 33
525
5.48
507
5.67
516
5.85
516
6.02
512.
6. 37
481
6.57
471
6. 77
445
7.18
422
7.40
400
7. 63
386
8.10
361
8.37
347
8.62
329
9.18
304
9.48
289
9. 78
267
10.2
259
10.5
246
10.9
232
11. 3
222
11. 6
207
12.1
203
12. 6
193
13. 0
184
14.1
168

172

TABLE B.l CONTINUED

sptioa and Shot
StationandShot
Station
andShot
Station
and Shot

WG 39-C. No. 9 NA
YAG 39. NO. 13 ('Deck)NA
B+lU

15.2
160
17.
0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
2&O
27.6
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
42.0
44.0
4& 0.
48.0
50.0
55.0
59.
0
60.0
64.0
70.1
73.9

mr/hr

149
80.0
60.7
58.1
56.
9
53.1
45-a
36.
1
34.
7
32.4
29.9
25.0
22.6
22.0
21.4
19.6
18.
4
17.8
17.
2
16.0
15.3
14.
6
13.
9
13.2
11.
7
10.6
11.
7
10.1
9.15
8.43

YAG 39. No.13 (Deck)
NA

B+iU
mrhr

1.82
0. 70
2 30
11.0
2.37 -
18.7
243
36.1
2.50
73.3
2 68
110
2.70
101
3.00
143
3.12
177
3.40
221
3.65
310
3.90
558
4.12
900
4. 32
1,240
4. 57
1,070
4.82
900
5.00
900
5.32
1.010
5.57
1.130
5.82
1.130
6.00
1.490
6.32
1.240

li+hr
mr/hr

6.57
1.130
6.82
900
1.00
773
7.
32
728
7.57
671
7.82
624
0.32
603
8.82
557
9. 32
502
9.82
460
10.3
434
10.0
412
11.
6
378
12.0
344
12.
6
332
13.0
305
13.6
280
14.1
277
14.
6
266
15.0
243
15.6
221
15.7
132
16.
0
110
16.
6
108
11.0
106
18.0
98.7
19.0
92.1
20.0
80.9
21.0
76.
7
22.0
69.1
23.0
65.8
24.0
63.8.
25.0
61.3
26.0
59.1
27.0
53.6
28.0
51.4
30.0
40.1
32.0
44.0
34.0
42.8
36.0
41.0
38.0
39.3
40.0
31.5
42.0
35.8
44.0
345
47.0
31.8
50.0
29.1
53.0
25.
4
56.0
23.6
59.0
23.6
64.0
21.8
66.0
20.8
74.0
18.1

LST611-D, No. 1 NA
How F NA
H + hr
r/hr
H+min
r/b

2. 2
0.00045
2.4
0.00045
2. 7
0.00051
2. 9
0.00087
3.1
0.0015
3. 2
0.0029
3.4
0.0044
3.7
0.0085
3. a
0.013
4.0
0.015
4.1
0.017
4.4
x010
4. 6
0.008
4. 7
0.011
4.80 0.0109
4.9
0.012
4. 97 0.012
5.07 0.016
5. 6
0.042
6. 1
0.043
7.1
0.034
10.1
0.020
14.1
0.012
16.1
0.0081
18.1
0.0067
24.1
0.0044
27.0
0.0039

YFNB 13-ENA
Ii+mill
r/Ix

10
0.0047
18
0.037
27
0. 60
29
4.04
38
0.5
46
7. 0
58
4. 6
72
3.4
91
2. 75
118
2. 3
121
2.1
136
1. 0
219
1. 0
301
0.67
406
0.41
631
0. 20
1.006
0.08
1,066
0.059
1.306
0.042
1.546
0.036
1.666
0.033
1,786
0.031
1,906
0.046
2,026
0.056
2.146
0.056
2,266
0.041
2,626
0.032
3.106
0.02
3,466
0.015

6
0.0010
33
0.0011
45
0.0019
40
0.0056
53
0.048
54
0.069
55
0.063
59
0.11
66
0.145
76
0.137
93
0.13
100
0.135
110
0.14
120
0.148
125
0.146
134
0.148
140
0.150
MaMuLlction

YFNB 29-H. NA
H+min
rhr

11
0.0011
40
0.0012
45
0.0026
47
0.0091
50
0.033
51
0.062
52
0.075
53
0.079
54
0.063
60
0.084
72
0.10
80
0.116
104
0.108
180
0.081
205
0.080
255
0.066
330
0.047
400
0.035
420
0.030
460
0.026
610
0.018
780
0.013
920
0.011
1.000
0.0078
1.005
0.0054
1.150
0.0050
1,250
0.0040
1,300
0.0034
1.600
0.0028
1.900
0.0023
2,400
0.0020
2.700
0.0014

173

TABLE
B.l
CONTINUED

Statron and Shot
Station and Shot
Station and Shot
Station
and Shot

YAG 40-B.
No. 9 TE

H+hr
r/hr

4. 35
0.0017

4. 60
0.0057

4. 73
0.0134

4. 95
0.127

5. 20
0.598

5.43
1. 06

5. 56
1. 33

5. 06
1. 76

6. 10
1. 86

6. 38
1.90

6. 62
1. 98

6. 85
2. 13

7. 10
2. 23

1. 28
2. 24

7. 70
2. 21

8. 23
2. 03

8. 75
1.94

9. 25
2.09

9. 15
1.89

10.3
1.65

10. a
1. 19

11. 2
1.60

11. 7
1. 58

12. 2
1.60

12. 8
1. 57

13. 2
1.40

13. 6
1.40

14.2
1. 35

14. 7
1. 32

15.2
1.25

15.8
1. 21

16. 2
1.15

16. 7
1.13

17. 2
1.09

1’7. 8
1.05

18. 2
1.01

19. 2
0.992

20. 2
0.927

21.2
0.661

22. 2
0.632

23.2
0.184

24. 2
0.770

25. 2
0.702

26. 2
0.670

27. 3
0.606

28. 2
0.596

29. 3
0.576

30.2
0.566

31.2
0.554

32. 2
0.527
33.4
0.439

34.1
0.432

35. 3
0.415

36.1
0.403

36. 4
0.339
40. 4
0.307

42. 2
0.299

YAG 40-B.
No. 9 TE
YAG 40.
No.
13 (Deck)
TE
-’
.~
H+hr
r/hr
H+hr
r/hr

44.2
0.262

46. 2
0.207

40.2
0.193

50. 2
0.191

52. 2
0.179

54. 2
0.173

56. 2
0.167

58. 2
0.159

60. 2
0.152

62. 2
0.139

64. 2
0.133

66. 2
0.129

68.2
0.127

70.2
0.126

72.2
0.118

75. 2
0.113

YAG
40, No. 13 (Deck)
TE

H + hr
r/hr

4.48
0.0040

4. 62
0.0097

4. 75
0.0252

4. 90
0.111

4.97
0.233

5.07
0.793

5.15
1. 20

5. 32
2.41

5. 40
3.52

5. 73
5. 08

6. 00
6. 31

6. 23
6. 16

6. ‘I3
7. 22

I. 00
7. 22

7. 23
7. 43

7. 73
6. 65

8. 00
6.19

0. 23
5.97

a. 57
5. 97

9. 00
6. 54

9. 23
6. 65

10.0
6. 65

11.0
6. 65

11.6
6. 65

12.0
6.54

13.0
5. 64

14.0
5. 42

15.0
4. 29

16. 0
3. 97

17.0
3.84

16.0
3 52

19.0
3. 29

20.0
3. 16

21.0
3.08

22. 0
2. 96

23. 0
2. 86

24. 0
2. 74

25. 0
2. 64

26. 0
2. 52
26. 6
2. 06

27. 0
1. 41

26.0
1. 42

29. 0
1.42

30. 0
1.36

31. 0
1.35

32. 0
1. 30

33. 0
1.25

34.0
1.22

35. 0
1.19

36. 0
1.14

31. 0
1.06

36.0
0.730

39. 0
0.660

40. 0
0.586

41.0
0.572

42. 0
0.566

43. 0
0.512

44.0
0.478

45. 0
0.470

46. 0
0.260

48.0
0.243

50. 0
0.215

52. 0
0.203

54.0
0.172

55. 0
0.161

57.0
0.172

59. 0
0.154

61. 0
0.154

63. 0
0.152

65. 0
0.140

68. 0
0.132

72.0
0.123

15. 0
0.115

YAG
39-C.
No. 9 TE

H+hr
.
r/h

2.00

2.20

2.23

2. 28

2 30

2. 33

2. 35

2. 37

2. 70

2. 85

2.97

3. 05

3. 13

3. 20

3.27

0.0017

0.0175

0.0308

0.0467
~
0.0591

0.0714

0.0637

0.109

0.514

0. 726

0.906
1. 06

1. 29

1.41

1. 60

YAG 39-C.
No. 9 TE

r/hr
H+hr

3. 32
1.70

3. 37
1. 08

3. 42
2.05
3. 45
2. 05
3. 50
2. 33

3.53
2. 51

3. 57
2. 51

3. 62
2. 69

3. 63
2. 69

3. 67
3.05

3. 70
3. 14

3. 73
3.14

3.85
3. 59

3.93
4. 96

3. 95
5.43

4. 00
5. 89

4.03
6. 34

4.10‘
6. 72

4.13
7. 28

4.15
7.55

4.20
1. 55

4.22
8. 20

4.25
8. 67

4. 28
8. 20

4. 30
8. 67

4. 31
9. 15

4. 32
6. 67

4. 35
9.15

4.42
10. 1

4.47
11.0

4. 52
11.0

4.58
11.5

4. 62
11.0

4. 73
9.15

5.07
a. 20

5.15
8. 20

5.23
7. 55

6. 15
5. 43

7.15
4. 52

8.15
4. 06

9.15
3. 59

10.2
2. 96

11.2
2. 70

12.2
2. 33

13.2
2. 15

14.2
1. 66

15.2
1. 70

16. 2
1.52

17.2
1. 30

18.1
1.13

19. 2
1. 07

20.2
0.995

21.1
0.942

22.1
0.886

24. 2
0. 763

26.2
0.594

28. 2
0.505

. 174

TABLE B.L CONTINUED

Statlon
and Shot
StationandShot
Station
and Shot
Statlon
and Shot

YAG 39-C. No. 9TE
H+hr
r/b

30.1
0.465
32.2
0.461
34.2
0.412
36.
2
0.361
38.3
0.376
40.1
0.310
42.
2
0.292
44.0
0. 290
48.0
0.243
50.1
0.238
53.
2
0.215
56.2
0.192
60.1
0.171
63.9
0.158
66.2
0.151
70.5
0.139
72.4
0.138
74.4
0.131
76.4
0.123
78.
6
0.113
79.4
0.113

YAG 39, No. 13 (Deck)
TE
fi+tU
r/hr

1.30
0.0002
2.10
0.0082
2.23
0.0479
232
0.138
2. 36
0.172
2. 38
0.263
2. 57
0.691
2 73
1.55
3.00
2.81
3.23
4. 41
3.32
5.31
3.57
8.02
4. 00
13.
6
4.07
14.5
4.32
18.4
4. 57
19.3
5.00
20.2
5. 57
18. 7
6.00
16.9
6.57
15.5
1.00
14.5
7.57
13.4
8.57
12.1
9. 00
11.1
9. 57
10.8
10.
0
9.83'
10.
6
8. 96
11.
0
8.96
120
8.49
13.0
7.12
14.0
6. 19
15.0
5.84
16.0
5. 04
17.0
5. 13
18.0
4.05

YAG 39. No. 13 (Deck)TE
LST 611-D. No. 1 TE
H+hr
r/Iv
H+hr
r/hr

20.0
3.88
21.0
3. 61
22.0
3.52
23.0
3.52
24.0
3.07
25.0
2. 98
26.0
2.90
27.0
2. 36
28.0
2.28
29.1
219
30.1
2. 10
31.0
2.10
32.1
1.92
33.1
1.84
34.0
1.75
35.0
1.49
36.
0
1.
44
37.1
1.36
38.1
1.37
39.
0
1.09
40.0
1.04
41.0
1. 00
42.0
0.972
42.9
0.956
45.0
0.894
47.2
0.886
49.0
0.825
51.0
0.799
53.0
0.772
56.0
0.711
57.0
0.659
59.0
0. 642
61.0
0.616
63.1
0.564
lx.9
0.555
66.0
0.529
67.0
0.516
69.0
0.499
71.0
0.485
73.0
0.459
75.0
0.451
77.0
0.424
19.
0
0.376
80.2
0.374

LST 811-D. No.1 TE
H + hr
r/hr

I. 18
0.002
7.23
0.0033
7. 73
0.024
8.23
0.019
8.65
0.027
8.95
0.048
9. 28
0.082
9.51
0.10
9. 78
0.12
10.
0
0.12
10.28
0.13
10.48
0. 17

How FTE
H+min
r/hr

10.73
0. 24
10.98
0.18
11.23
0.182
11.73
0.181
12.23
0.198
12.35
0.205
12.98
0.224
13.56
0.256
14.23
0.247
14.85
0.236
15.48
0.215
21.11
0.146
24.23
0.112
31.73
0.085
34.48
0.066
38.48
0.054
40.48
0.051

YFNB 13-ETE
H+min
r/hr

101
107
109
112
113
115
116
117
118
119
128
142
149
152
173
195
221
251
341

18
26
30
32
35
36
37
40
43
46
50
61
71
81
91
101
111
114
116
118
123
177
204
309
429
909
1,269
1.500
2,109
3.069
3,309
3,549
3.189
4,029
4.509

401
0.0056
599
0.013
149
0.021
899
0.022
1.289
0.020
1.589
0.025
1.689
0.019
0.018
0.020
0.022
0.030
0.090
0. 20
0.52
1.11
1.81
2. 13
2. 34
2. 5
2. 34
2.21
2.25
1. 9
1.
0
0. 7
0. 30
0.15
0.12
0.078
0.042
0.016
0.009
0.0085
0.0081
0.0072

0.0069

0.016
0.024
0.032
0.036
0.041
0.044
0.051
0.060
0.064
0.101
0.15
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.21
0.19
0.173
0.11
0.092
0.061
0.051
0.042
0.029
0.024
0.021

YFNB 29-HTE
H+min
r/hr

1
0.00056
3
0.00046
14
0.0016
16
0.015
20
0.047
22
0. 30
24
0.60
25
0.80
26
0. 90
20
2. 0
34
3.
8
38
I.
4
44
10.
0
49
13.2
490
9. 9
670
7.1
730
6. 9
850
6. 3
920
5. 9
970
5.3
1.300
3.5
2.000
1.
9
3,000
1.14
3.200
0.72

175

TABLE
8.2
INCREMENTAL
COLLECTOR
DATA

Tray
Exposure
Began

(Mike Time)
Midpornt of Exposure
y Activity
y Acttvtty

Number
28 May 56
TSD
per Unit Time

hr
min
counts/mm
counts/minf

Designstor:
YAG 40-A-1
ZU

Counting
Time:
Corrected
to H+ 12 hours

Nominsl
Exposure
Interval:
Variable

337,

330

331

332

333

334
335

336

324

325

326

327.
320

329

318,
319

320

321,
322

323

306

309

310

311

312

313
314

End of

run

0915

0930

0940

0950

1010

1020

1030

1040

1050

1100

1110
1120

1150

1200

1228

1250

1313

1321

1336

1351

1410
1430

1450

1510

1530

3. 4
36,330
2,400
3. 7
307, a00
30, a00

3. a
298,900
29, a90
4. 1
1.392.000
69.600

4. 3
2,37a,ooo
237. a00

4. 5
2,149.ooo
214.900

4. 7
1.219,ooo
121.900
4. a
I, 808,
000
180. a00

5. 0
4.023.000
402.300

5.2
4.741,ooo
474,000

5. 3
4.6a7,ooo
468.700
5. 7
16.423,OOO
547.400

6.0
5.140.000
514,000

6. 3
12.628.000
451,000

6. 7
5,044.ooo
229,300

7.1
4,065.OOO
176.700

7.4
291,900
36,480

7. 5
349,200
23.280

7. a
541,300
36.090

a. l
316.500
16.660

a. 4
701,500
35.070
a. 7
las. 540
9.480

9. I
320.000
16.000

9. 4
309.500
15.480

Designstor:
YAG 40-B-7
ZU
Counting
Time:
H + 55.1 to H+ 62.9 hours

Nominsl
Exposure
Interval:
15 minutes

401
0918

402
0932.7

403
0947.4

404
1002.1

405
1017.1

406
1031. a

407
1047

408
1102

409
1117.4

410
1132.6

411
1147. a

412
1203

413
1218.2

414
1233.4

415
1248.6

416
1303. a

417
1319

418
1334.2

419
1349.4

420
1404.6

3. 5
233,400
15,560

3.7
349,300
23.287

4. 0
4. 2
1
368.500
24.567

1.225,OOO
81,667

4.5
2.oa9,ooo
139,267

4. 7
2.091,000
139,400

5. 0
2.626,OOO
175.067

5. 2
4.299.000
286,600

5.5
4.146.000
276.400

5. 7
4.92a.000
328.533

6. 0
3,916.OOO
261,067

6. 3
1.469.000
97.933

6. 5
908.600
60,573

6.7
1,074.000
71,600

7. 0
1,001.000
66,733

7. 2
141.100
9,407

7. 5
110.200
7.341

7. a
53,340
3,556

a. 0
26, a30
1,789

a. 3
60.730
4,049

176

TABLE B.2 CONTINUED

T=Y
ExposureBegan
(Mike Time)
Midpoint of Exposure
y Activity
y Activity
Number
28 May 56
TSD
per UnitTime

421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
Ed of

1419.8
1435.0
1450.2
1506.4
1520.6
1535.8
1551.0
1606.2
1621.4
1636.6
1651.8
1707
1722.2
1737.4
1752.6
1807.8
1823
1838.2
1863.4
1908.6
1923.6
1939
1954.2
2009.4
2024.6
2039.8
2055
2110.2
2125.4
2140.1
2212.6
run
Ed
of
fallout

hr

8. 5

8. 8

9. 0
9. 3
9. 5
9. 8
10.1
10.3
10.
6
10.8
11.0
11.3
11.6
11.8
12.1
12.
3
12.
6
12.
8
13.1
13.
3
13.6
13.9
14.1
14.
4
14.
6
14.
8
15.1
15.4
15.6
16.1
-

min

Designator:
YAG 39-C-20 ZU
Counting
Time: II+66 to Ii+70 hour6
NominalE%poeureInterval:
229
1806
230
1820
231
1836
232
1850
233
1905
234
1920
235
193.5
236
1950
237
200s
238
2020
239
2036
240
2050
241
2105
242
2120
243
2135
244
2150
245
2205
246
2220
247
2256
248
2309.3
249
oaoo
250
0314.2
251
0329.2
252
0344.2
253
0359.2
254
0414.2
255
0429.2

15 minute8
12.
3
12.
5
12.
8
13.
0
13.
3
13.
5
13.8
14.
0
14.
3
14.5
14.8
15.
0
15.
3
15.5
15.
8
16.0
16.
3
16.7
17.1
19.
0
21.2
21.4
21.
7
21.
9
22.
2
22.4
22.7

177

countsimin

84.300
5,620
116,000
7,733
148.600
9.907
179,200
11,946
114,300
7,620
95.720
6.380
113,900
7.593
53.230
3.549
63,720
4.248
87.920
5,861
57,860
3,857
.
63.490
4,233
42.370
2,825
32.260
2,151
32.390
2.159
18.430
1.229
14.260
951
15.610
1,041
15.790
, 1,053
10.150
677
20.150
1,343
16.950
1.130
17,210
1.147
12,960
864
12,150
810
12.460
831
12.280
819
4,462
297
10.600
707
111.600
3,434
719.900
47.993

1.929
128
1.690
112
4.440
296
1,474
98
8,880
591
2.540
169
452
30
1.093
73
1,389
93
2.412
161
1.663
111
3,552
236
6,532
435
12,860
859
10.670
711
6.076
405
7.651
510
14.880
425
14.190
992
131.900
570
18.400
1.330
9,236
615
2,767
192
2,647
177
5.074
338
8.143
541
7.990
519

TABLE B.2 CONTINUED

hr
min
countr/mrn

256
0444.2
22.
9
257
0459.2
23.
2
256
0514.2
23.
4
259
0529.2
23.7
260
0544.2
23.9
261
0559.2
24.2
262
0814.2
24.4
263
0629.2
24.1
264
0644.2
24.9
265
0659.2
25.
2
266
0714.2
25.4
267
0729.2
25.
7
266
0744.2
25.
9
269
0759.2
26.
2
270
0814.2
26.4
271
0629.2
26.
7
272
0044.2
26.
9
273
0659.2
27.2
274
0914.2
27.4
275
0929.2
27.
7
276
0944.2
27.
9
277
0959.2
28.
2
276
1014.2
28.4
279
1029.2
28.
7
200
1044.2
28.9
281
1059.2
29.
2
282
1114.2
29.
4
283
1129.2
29.
7
204
1144.2
29.
9
End of
1159.2
run

Derignator:
YFNB13-E-57 ZU
Counting
Time: H+39.3 to H+42.8 hour6
NominaI Expowre Intervak 15 minute6
1200
0556
0.1
1201
0611
0. 4
1202
0626
0. 6
1203
0641
0. 9
1204
0656
1.1
1205
0711
1.4
1206
0726
1.
6
1207
0741
1. 9
1206
0756
2.1
1209
0811
2.4
1210
0826
2.6
1211
0641
2. 9
1212
’ 08.56
3.1
1213
0911
3.4
1214
0926
3.6
1215
0941
3.9
1216
0956
4.1
1217
1011
4. 4
1218
1026
4.6
1219
1041
4.9
1220
1056
5.1
1221
1111
5.4
1222
1126
5. 6
1223
1141
5. 9
1224
1156
6.1

6
521
35
24
752,200
501.040
36
2.726.000
161.733
54
5.819.000
387,933
166
7,034,ooo
468.933
04
3,870.OOO
258,000
96
2.752.000
183.467
114
1.246.000
03.200
126
445.900
29.721
144
173,700
10,247
156
157,300
10.486
174
39.860
2,657
186
7,096
473
204
28,790
1.919
216
19,318
1.286
234
6.211
414
246
5,363
350
264
4,474
298
276
3,699
247
294
1.267
64
306
1,113
74
324
1.034
69
336
1.629
109
354
2.148
145
366
a. 504
567

6,497
433
6,872
458
6.776
452
5,337
356
8.816
568
8,370
559
4,577
303
3,479
232
4.396
292
4.047
269
4,546
303
5.055
336
4.137
276
3,497
233
.3.400
226
5,780
385
4.195
279
5,464
364
3.076
205
4,774
318
4.608
307
3,303
220
149.800
9.970
3.005
200
2,610
176
1,814
121
3.230
216
2,649
190
3,372
225

178

TABLE
B.2
CONTINUED

TRY
Number

Exposure
Began
(Mike Tme)
Midpoint of Exposure
y Activity
y Activity

28 bfay 56
TSD
per Unit Time

hr
mill
countdmin
counts/mid

1225
1211
6. 4
1226
1226
6. 6
1227
1241
6. 9

1226
1256
7. 1

1229
1311
1. 4

1230
1326
7. 6

1231
1341
7. 9

1232
1356
6. 1

1233
1411
6.4

1234
1426
6. 6

1235
1441
6. 9

1236
1456
9.1

1237
1511
9.4

1238
1526
9. 6

1239
1541
9. 9

1240
1556
10.1

1241
1611
10.4

1242
1626
10. 6

1243
1641
10.9

1244
1656
Il. 1

1245
1711
11.4

1246
1726
11. 6

1247
1741
Il. 9

1248
1756
12.1

1249
1250 to 1253

1254
1941
13. 6

Designator:
How F-64 ZC
Counting
Time:
H + 20.2
to H + 22.6 hours

Nominal Exposure Interval:
15 minutes

656

659

660

661

862

663

664

665

866

667

666

869

870

671

872
673

674
675

676

877 to 699

End of run

0556
0. 1

0611
0.4

0626
0.6

0641
0.9

0686
1. 1

0711
1.4

0726
1. 6

0741
1.9

0756
2.1

0611
2.4

0626
2.6

0641
2. 9

0656
3.1

0911
3. 4

0926
3.6

0941
3.9

0956
4.1

1011
4.4

1026
4. 6

1641
10.7

364

396

414

426

444

456
474

466

504

516

534

546
564

576

594

606

624

636

654

666

664
696

714

726

026

6

24

36

54

66

64

96

114

126

144

156

174

166

204

216

234

246

264

276

600
a50

1.036

536

1.249

566

5.734

21,079

12.420

566

1.816
12.490
-

1.066

684

460
126

404

574

a20

613
1.164
-

Background
Background

Background

Background

19

2.996

2.082.000

1.113.000

710.200

754,700

907,800

218,700

74,300

134.800

50

15

46

124

15

79

64

742

47

Background

Background

53

57

_
69

38

83

39

382

1,405

828

38
121

833
-

71

46

32

8

27

38

55
41

78
-

1

199

138. a00

74,200

46,747

50,313

60.520

14.447

4,953

8.987

3

1

3

8
1

5
4

50

3

179

TABLE
B.2
CONTINUED

Tray

Number

Exposure
Began

(Mike Time)
Midpomt
of Exposure
y Activity

28 May 56
TSD
y Activity
per Unit Time

hr
min
counts/min
counts/mtnr

Designator:
YFNB 29-G-71
ZU

Counting
Time:
H + 29.6
to H + 35.4
hours

Nomlnal
Exposure
Interval:
2 minutes

1257
0558.2

1268
0600

1259
0602

1260
0603.8

1261
0605.6

1262
0607.3

1263
0609.2

1264
0611

1265
0612.8

1266
0615

1267
0617

1268
0618.8

1269
0621

1270
0622.7

1271
0624.6

1272
0626.4

1273
0628.4

1274
0630.3

1275
0632.1

1276
0634.1

1277
0836.2

1278
0838.3

1279
0640.5

1280
0642.7

1281
0644.8

1282
0646.8

1283
0648.7

1284
0650.8

1285
0652.8

1286
0654.3

1287
0656.5

1288
0658.8

1289
0700.8

1290
0702.9

1291
0705

1292
0707

1293
0709.1

1294
0711.2

1295
0713

1296
0715

1297
0716.7

1298
0718.5

1299
0720.7

1300
0722.4
1301
0724.5

1302
0726.7

1303
0729.8
1304
0730.8

1305
0733
1306
0735. I

1307
0737
1308
0739.1

1309
0741.2

1310
0743.3

1311
0745.5

End of run
0747.2

3
274
137
5
1.059
530
7
>
34
17

9
-4
-2

10
-2
-1

12
-3
-2
14 -
85
42

16
38
19
18
47
24
20
43
22
22
39
20
23
44
22
26
203
102
28
212
206
30
375
172
31
97,120
48,560
33
7.320
3,660

35
768,900
384,450

37
289.100
144,500

39
1.569.000
784,500

41
58.000
29,000

43
35,200
17,600

46
1.321.000
660,500

48
670.700
335,350

50
337,700
168,850

52
138,000
69,000

54
1,666,000
833.000

66
451.600
225,800

58
382,200
191.100

59
1.534.000
767.000

62
2.581,OOO
1,290.500

64
1.466,OOO
733.000

66
377,900
188,950

68
1.499,ooo
749,500

70
1.089.000
544.500

72
1.635.000
817,500

74
1,048.OOO
524,000

76
321,700
160,860

78
623,000
311.500

80
1.386.000
693,000

82
531,600
265,800

83
711.400
355,700

85
610,200
305,100,

87
1,032.OOO
516,000

90
429.700
214,850

92
1,159.ooo
579,500

94
334,600
167,300

96
725,000
362.500

98
416.900
208.450

100
172.400
86.200

102
270.400
135,200

104
188,300
94,150

106
239,100
119.550

108
360.300
180.150

110
1,032,OOO
516.000

180

TABLE
B.2
CONTINUED

TRY
Number

Exposure
Began

(Mike Time)
Midpoint
of Exposure
y Activity

12-13
June 56
TSD
y Activity
per Unit Time

llr
min
counts/min

Designator:
YAG 40-A-l
FL

Counting
Time:
Corrected
to H + 12 hours

Nominal
Exposure
Interval:
Variable

counts/mint

3815

2690

3814

2689

3813

2688

3812

2601

3811
2686

3810

2685

3809

2684

3808

2683

3807

2682

3806

2881

3805

2680

3804
2679

3803
2678

3802

2677

3801

2678

3800

2675

3799

2674

3798

2673

3797

2669

3796

2671

End of

run

1145
5. 9
1300
7.1
1400
7.8
1430
8.3
1500
8.8
1530
9. 3
1600
9.8
1630
IO. 3

1700
10. 8

1730
11.3
1800
11.8
1830
12. 3
1900
13. 1

2000
13.8
2030
14.3

2100
14.8

2130
15.3

2200
15.8

2230
18. 3

2300
16.8

2330
11.3

2400
17.8

0030
18. 3

0100
.
18. 8

0130
19.3

0200
19.8

0230
20. 3

0300
20.8

0330
21.3

0400
21.8

0430
223

0500
22.8

0530
23.3.

0600
23. 8

0630
24. 3

0700
24.8

0730
25.3

0800
25.8

0830
28.2

0850
26. 7

0930
21.1

Desitpfator:
YAG 40-B-l
FL

Counting
Tlme:
Corrected
to H+ 12 hours

Nominsl
Exposure
Interval:
15 minutes

12 June 58

2838
1235
6. 3
1.273
84.8

3784
1250
6. 5
1.301
86. 7

2637
1305
6.8
714
47. 6

3763
1320
7. 0
414
27. 6

2636
1335
I. 3
392
26. 1

3762
1350
7.5
3,347
223

2635
1405
I. 8
146
9. I

3761
1420
8.0
1.525
102

434
5.8
405
6.8

15,453
515

393
13.1

15,370
512

22,130
738

76,380
2.546
24.670
622

114.400
3.613

52.230
1.741
45.700
1.523
4.495
I50
192
3

175
6

22,170
739

13.470
449

55,500
1,650
19.590
2.653
29.380
979

75.600
2,520
11.530
384
15,950
532

23,920
191

84
3
18.520
617
64
2

69
3

6.609
220
27.860
929

9,400
313
202.000
6,733

16,070
537

73
2
147
5
29
1
196
6
126
4
358
11.9
275
13. I
3.801
95

181

TABLE B.2 CONTINUED

Tray
Exposure Bean
(Mike Time)
Midpoint
of Exposure
y Activity
y Activity
Number
12June 56
TSD
per Unit Time

hr
min
counts/min counts/min~

2634
3760
2633
3759
2632
3738
2631
3759
2630
3756
2629
3755
2628
3754
2627
3753
2626
3752
2625
3751
2624
3750
2623
3749
2622
3748
2621
3747
2620
3746
2619
3745
2618
3744
2617
3743
2616
3742
2615
3741
2614
3740
2613
3739
2612
3730
2611
End of
run

1435
8.3
1450
a.5
1505
a.0
1520
9.0
1535
9. 3
1550
9. 5
1605
9. 8
1620
10.0
1635
10.3
1650
10.
5
1705
10.8
1720
11.0
1735
11.3
1750
11.5
1805
11.
a
1820
12.0
1836
12.
3
1850
12.
5
1905
12.8
1920
13.0
1935
13.3
1950
13.
5
2005
13.8
2020
14.0
2035
14.
3
2050
14.5
2105
14.8
2120
15.0
2135
15.
3
2150
15.5
2205
15.0
2220
16.0
2234
16.3
2249
16.5
2304
16.8
2319
17.0
2334
17.3
2349
17.5
0004
17.8
0019
18.0
0034
18.3
0049
18.5
0104
18.8
0119
19.0
0133
19.
3
0148
19.5
0203
19.8
0218
19.9

Designat&: YAG 39-C-20 FL
Counting Time:
Corrected
to H+ 12 hours
NominalExposureInterval:
15minuter

2176
1050
4. 5
948
63.2
3318
1104.6
4.0
16,210
1,081
2177
1119.6
5. 0
870
50.0
3319
1134.6
5. 3
65,930
4,395
2178
1149.6
5. 5
35.540
2,369
3320
1205.5
5.8
371.000
24.730
2179
1220.8
6.0
463
30.9

520
34.7
1,876
125
5,733
382
17,379
1.159
5.602
373
36,505
2,434
271
18.1
50,997
3,400
28,380
1,892
163.700
10,910
9.928
662
17,720
1,181
11,990
799
3,799
253
8,997
600
45.806
3.054
210
14
32,033
2.189
7,223
402
960
64
293
19.5
804
53.6
290
19.3
717
47.6
41
3
807
53.8
118
7. 9
22.809
1.521
4,565
304
.193
12.
9
176
11.
7
17.653
1,177
326
21. 7
2.627
175
1,360
SO.6
1.877
125
283
18.9
8.805
587
374
24.9
21.188
1.412
7,158
477
625
41.7
644
42.9
675
45.0
1.948
130
a43
56.2
1,974
132

182

TABLE B.2
CONTINUED

TRY
Number

Exposure Began Midpoint of Exposure
y Activity
(Mike Time)
y Activity
12 June 56
TSD
per Unit Time

hr
mm
counts/min
counts/mid

3321
2180
3322
2181
3323
2182
3324
2183
3325
2184
3326
2185
3327
2186
3328
2187
3329
2188
3330
2189
3331
2190
3332
2191
3333
2192
3334
2193
3335
2194
3336
2195
3337
2196
3338
2191
3339
2198
3340
2199
3341
2200
3342
2201
3343
2202
3344
2203
End of
run

1236.1
1251.2
1306.2
1321.5
1326.9
1352.2
1407.5
1422.9
1437.9
1452.9
1508.3
1523.5
1538.8
1554.1
1609.3
1624.4
1639.4
1654.7
1710.0
1725
1740
1755
1810.3
1825.5
1840.5
1855.8
1911.2
1926.2
1941.2
1956.5
2011.8
2027.1
2042.1
2057.3
2112.4
2127.4
2142.4
2157.4
2212.7
2228.0
2243
2258.3
2313.6
2328.6
2343.9
2358.9
0013.9
0028.9
0042.2

6.3
994
66. 3
6. 5
213
14. 2
6. 8
13.220
881
7.1
23
1
7. 3
852
56. 8
7. 6
12.960
864
7.8
2.216
148
8.1
275
18.3
8.3
1.301
86. 7
8. 6
1.054
70.3
8. 8
1.463
97. 5
9.1
474
31. 6
9. 3
8.106
540
9. 6
211
14.1
9. 9
904
60. 3
10.1
1.275
85
10.4
26.870
1,791
10.6
26.920
1.795
10.8
30.140
2.009
11.1
904
60. 3
11.4
1.765
118
11. 6
167
11.1
11.9
1.345
89. 6
13.1
18.880
1,259
12.4
7.138
516
13.6
298
199
12. 9
484
32. 3
13.1
172
11.5
13. 4
19.360
1,291
13. 6
616
41. 1
13.9
782
521
14.2
1.120
74.4
14.4
2,243
150
14. 7
12,925
862
14. 9
1.567
104
15. 2
506
33.7
15. 4
653
43.5
15. 6
578
38.5
15. 9
1.535
102
16. 2
249
16. 6
16.4
887
59. 1
16. 7
619
41. 3
16. 9
1,250
83. 3
17.2
536
35. 7
17.4
495
33. 0
17. 7
308
20. 5
17. 9
1.125
75. 0
18. 2
460
30. 6

Designator: LST 611-D-50 FL
Counting Time: Corrected to H + 12 hours
Nominal Exposure Interval: 15 minutes

2667
1327
7. 2
426
28. 4
3792
1342.3
7. 4
1,079
72
2666
1357.5
7. 7
28.757
1.915
3791
1412.7
7. 9
622
41.5
2665
1427.9
8. 1
16,747,
1,250

183

TABLE
B. 2
CONTINUED

Tray

Number

Exposure
Began

(Mike Time)
Midpoint
of Exposure
y Activity
y Activity

12 June 56
TSD
per Unit Time

3790

2864

3709

2663

3708

2662

3781

2661

3786

2660

3785

2659

3784

2658

3703

2657

3782

2656
3781

2655

3780

2654

3779

2653
3778

2652

3711

2651
3776

2650

3775

2649

3174

2648

3773

2647

3772

2646

3771

2645
3770

2644

3769

2643

3760
2642

3161
2641

3766

2640

End of
run

1443.2

1458.4

1513.6

1528.6

1544

1559.2

1614.4

1629.6

1644.8

1700

1715.2

1730.4

1745.6

1800.8

1816

1831.2

1846.4

1901.6

1916.0

1932

1947.2

2002.6

2017. a

2033

2048.1

2103.3

2118.5
2133.7

2148.9

2204.1

2219.3

2234.5

2250

2305.2

2320.4

2435.6

2550.8

0006

0021.2

0036.4
0051.6

0106.0

0122

0137.2

0152.4

0207.6

0222.8

0238

0253.2

0308.4

0323.6

hr
min
counta/min
counta/&

8. 4
1.891
126

8. 7
69,250
4,620
0. 9
31.126
2,070
9. 2
6,340
422
9. 4
785
52.4
9. 7
216
14.4

9. 9
340
23. 2
10. 2
477
31.8
10.4
398
26. 5

10. 1
472
31. 5

10. 9
743
49. 5

11. 2
218
14. 5

11.4
1.088
12.5

11. 7
83
5. 5
12.0
1,922
128

12. 2
840
56

12.5
1,239
02. 6

12. 7
63
4

13. 0
626
41. 7

13.2
425
28. 3

13.5
,425
28. 3

13.7
432
29. 8

14.0
2.402
165

14. 2
93
6. 2
14. 5
il.269
751

14.6
194
12. 9

15.0
965
64. 3

15. 3
697
46. 5

15. 5
536
36. 7

15. a
161
10. 7

16. 0
402
26. 8

16. 3
663
44. 2

16. 5
1.481
98. 7

16. 8
140
9. 3

17.0
402
26. 8

17. 3
536
35. 1

17.5
187
12.5

17.0
1.219
81. 3

16.1
1.169
_ 79. 3

18.3
375
25.0

18.5
1.658
110

18. a
4,037
269

19.1
1.735
116

19.3
’
519
34. 6

19. 6
409
27. 3

19. 0
1,209
80. 6

20.1
1.112
74. 1

20. 3
2.104
145.0

20. 6
988
65. 9

20. 8
583
30. 9

184

TABLE
B-2
CONTINUED

Tray

Number

Exposure Began

(Mike Time)
Midpoint of Exposure

TSD
y Activity
y Activity

12 June 56
per Unit Time

hr
mm
counts/min
counts/mid

DesigNtor:
YFNB 29-H-78
FL

Countrng Time:
Corrected
to H + 12 hours

NOtIIiNl
Exposure Interval:
15 minutes

3067

1917

3068

1916

3069

1919

3070

1920

3071
to

1922

3073

1923

3074

1924
to

1926
3077

1927

3078

1926

3079

1929

3080

1930

3081

1931

to

1933

3084

1934

to
3091

End of

-
run

0626

0641

0656

0711

0726

0741

0756

0811

0826 to 0641
ea. 15 min

0911

0926
0941

0956
1011 to 1026

BP. 15 mill

1111

1126

1141

1156

1211

1226

1241

1256

1311

1326
1341 to 1356

ea. 15 min

1441

1456

1511 to 1526

ea. 15 min

1826

1835

0. 1
6

0. 4
24

0. 6
36

0. 9
54

1. 1
66

1. 4
84

1. 6
96
1. 9
114

2.1
126

2. 9
174
3. 1
186
3. 4
204

3. 6
216
3. 9
234

4. 9
294

5. 1
306

5. 4
324

5. 6
336

5. 9
354

6. 1
366

6. 4
384

6. 6
396

6. 9
414

7. 1
426

7. 4
444

8. 4
504
a.
6
516

8. 9
534

12.1
726

Designator:
YAC 40-A-1
NA

Counting Time:
Corrected
to H + 12 hours

Nominal Exposure Interval:
Variable

11-12 July 56

1863
0760
1. 6

3016
0745
2.1

1864
0815
2. 6

3017
0900
3. 6

1865
1003
4. 5

3018
1046
5. 1

1866
1115
5. 6

3019
1145
6. 1

1867
1222
6. 9

3020
1315
7. 6

1668
1345
8.1

3021
1418
8. 6

1869
1446
9. 1

3022
1515
9! 6

1870
1545
10.1

912

1,426
3.404

3.295

2.239,ooo

967,100

619,300

Background

BStCkgroUDd

BaCkgRWd
Background
1.003

4.297

5.459

BaCkgrOund

Background

~CkJpJld
1.635

Background

BaCkgl-OULld
Background

Background

Rdqround

BackgrOund
6,240

3,719

Background

BaCkgWUld

Background

6.312

Background

Background

Background

Background

Background

Background
Background

Backgrormd

Background

Background

BXkgrOlUld
12.290

10.360

6,036

30,350

99.110
89.020
93.970

60. 8

95. 0

227

220

149.300

64.470

41,290
-

-

-

66. 9

286
364

109

106

76. 3

416

24%
-

-

-

421
-

-

-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

232

345

163

1,084

3,418
2.967

3.132

185

TABLE
B. 2
CONTINUED

Tray

Number

Exposure
Began

(Mike Time)
Midpoint
of Exposure
TSD
y Activity
y Activity

11-12
July 56
per Unit Time

hr
min
counts/min
counts/mid

3023
1871

3024

1872

3025

1873

3026

1074

3027

1875

3028

1876

3029

1077

3030

1878

3031
1879

End of

run

1615
10. 6

1645
11.1

1715
11. 6

1745
121

1815
12. 6

1845
13. 1

1915
13. 6

1946
14. 1

2015
14. 6

2045
14. 9

2100
15.3

2130
15. 8
2206
16. 4
2230
16.0

2302
17. 3

2330
17. 6

2400
18. 3

0031
* 18.8

0100
19. 1

Designator:
YAG 40-B-7
NA

Counting
Time:
Corrected
to Ii + 12 hours

Nominal
Exposure
Interval:
15 minutes

3290
0717
1.5

2148
0732.7
1.7

3291
0747.8
2. 0

2149
0802.9
2. 2

3292
0818
2. !I

2150
0833.1
2. 7

3293
0048.2
3. 0

2151
0903.3
3. 2

3294
0916.4
3.5

2152
0933.5
3. 7

3295
0948.6
4. 0

2153
1003.7
4. 2

3296
1018. a
4.5

2154
1033.9
4. 7

3297
1049.0
5. 0

2155
1104.1
5. 2

3298
1119.2
5. 5
2156
1134.3
5. 7
3299
1149.4
6. 0

2157
1204.5
6. 2
3300
1219.6
6.5
2158
1234.7
6. 7
3301
1249.0
7. 0

2159
1304.9
I. 2
3302
1320.0
7.5
2160
1335.1
7. 7

3303
1350.2
a. 0’
2161
1405.3
8. 2
3304
1420.4
0. 5
2162
1435.5
a.
7
3305
1450.6
9. 0

2163
1505.7
9. 2

3306
1520.8
9. 5

11 July 56

186

72,090
2,403
27.360
913

50.380
1.679

50,340
1,678

40,960
1,632

28.440
948

40,240
1,298

45,210
1.559

21,420
714

8,650
517

12.410
414

21.720
603

16.680
767
1,795
56

603
29

1,142
30

1.403
45

65
2

431

794

625

0

188

79

804

0

5,975
14

476

2,987

218

938

2.590

207

71

2.015

147

1,233

22.9

314
1,350

12,562

14,150
12,110

75.320

751

355
35,170

675
,
44,760

44,490

29

53
42
-

12

5

54
-

398

1

32

199

14

62

173

19

5
135

10

02

15

21
90

037

943

007

5.021

50

24

2.345

45

2,984

2,966

TABLE B.2 CONTINUED

Tray
Exposure Began
(Mike Time)
Midpoint of Exposure
y Activity
y Activity
Number
11 July 56
TSD
per Unit Time

hr
min
counts/min
counts/minz

2164
3307
2165
3306
2166
3309
2167
3310
2168
3311
2169
3312
2170
3313
2171
3314
2172
3315
2173
3316
2174
3317
2175
Endof
run

1535.9
9. I
1551.0
10.0
1606.1
10.2
1621.2
10.5
1636.3
10.
7
1651.4
11.0
1706.5
11.2
1721.6
11.5
1736.7
11.
7
1751.8
12.0
1806.9
12.2
1822
12.5
1837.1
12.7
1852.5
13.1
1907.6
13.
3
\
1922.‘7
13.
8
1937.8
13.8
1952.9
14.1
2008
14.
3
2023.1
14.
6
2038.2
14.8
2053.3
15.1
2108.4
15.
3
2123.5
15.5

6,659
444
36.910
2,461
223
15
51,410
3,427
7,156
447
5,568
3,709
2,553
170
25.350
1,690
649
43
15,V.M
1,050
22,710
1.514
4,844
323
5.514
368
24.940
1.663
13.990
933
2,190
146
17,990
1.200
2,633
176
11.540
769
824
55
11,081
739
1.067
71
19,981
1.332

Designator:
YAG 39-C-20
NA
Counting Time: Corrected
to Ii+12 houra
Nominal ExposureInterval:
15 minutes

1312
0800
2.
2
105
1313
0815
2.
4
118,320
1314
0830
2.7
21.020
1315
0845
2. 9
44,rti
1316
0900
3.
2
49.500
1317
0915
3.4
46
1318
0930
3.7
111,060
1319
0945
3. 9
143,380
1320
1000
4.2
365,370
1321
1015 1
4.4
128,200
1322
1030
4. 7
101,500
1323
1045
4. 9
75,770
1324
1100
5.2
147.700
1325
1115
5. 4
23.030
1326
1130
5. 7
47.730
1327
1145
5. 9
15.450
1328
1200
6.2
89,820
1329
1215
6. 4
0
1330
1230
6. 7
6.823
1331
1245
8. 9
172
1332
1300
7.2
2,386
1333
1315
7.
4
6,483
1334
1330
7.
7
164
1335
1345
7. 9
1.896
1336
1400
8.2
43.180
1337
1415
8.4
4,945
1338
1430
8. 7
3.918
1339
1445
6. 9
85
1340
1500
9. 2
72

7
7,888
1,401
2,962
3,300
3
7,404
9,559
24,360
8,547
6.767
5.051
9,650
1.535
3,182
1.030
5,975
-
455
11
159
432
11
126
288
330
262
6
5

187

TABLE B.2 CONTINUED

Tray
Exposure Began
(Mike Time)
Midpoint of Exposure
Number
TSD
T Actlvtty
y Acthty

11 July 56
per Unit Time

hr
min
counts/min counts/mint

1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
End of
run

1516
9. 4
1531
9. 7
1546
9. 9
1601
10.
2
1616
10.
4
1630
10.7
1646
10.9
1701
11.2
1716
11.
4
1731
11.
7
1746
11.
9
1801
12.2
1816
12.
4
1831
12.
7
1845
12.
9
1901
13.2
1916
13.4
1931
13.
7
1946
13.9
2001
14.2
2016
14.
4
2031
14.
7
2046
14.
9
2101
15.
2
2116
15.4
2131
15.
7
2146
15.
9
2201
16.1

Designator:
LST 611-D-41
NA
Counting Time: Corrected to H+12 hours
Nominal Bxposurc Interval:
12 minutes

2898
0904
3. 2
YYY
1742
0916
3. 4
185
2899
0927.8
3. 6
Background
1743
0939.7
3. 8
BXkglWlUId
2900
0951.8
4.0
261
1744
1003.7
4. 2
223
2901
1015.5
4.4
67
1145
1027.7
4. 6
634
2902
1040.0
4.8
406
1746
1052.2
5.0
3,822
2903
llO4.0
5.2
30.480
1747
1116.1
5. 4
15,060
2904
1127.9
5. 6
4,232
1748
1139.8
5. 8
BpCkgKUlld
2905
1151.7
6. 0
8,637
1749
1203.6
8. 2
Bke
2906
1215.4
6. 4
1.085
1750
1227.3
6. 6
1,201
2907
1239.2
6. 8
247
1751
1251.0
7.0
288
2908
1302.8
7. 2
1.598
1752
1314.7
7. 4
1.802
2909
1326.6
7. 6
2.201
1753
1338.5
7. 8
Backgrouml
2910
1350.3
8.0
453

3,483
232
1,239
86
147
IO
3.144
210
4,528
302
1,271
85
6,906
460
5,309
354
7,442
496
4,778
318
139
9
2,655
117
0
-
3.118
208
6.136
409
13.890
926
4.381
292
252
17
535
36
15.940
1.063
436
29
1.137
76
1.243
83
22.240
1.483
22.142
1,476
91.205
6,080
8,506
567

78
16
-

22
19
5. 5
53
34
318
2.540
1.255
353

718

so
100
21
24
133
150
183

38

188

TABLE
B. 2
CONTINUED

TRY
Number

Exposure
Began

(Mike Time)
Midpoint
of Exposure
y Activity
y Activity

11 July 56
TSD
per Unit Time

hr
mm
counts/mm
counts/minz

1754

2911

1755

2912

1156

2913

1757

2914

1758

2915

1759
2916

1760

2917
1761

2918
1762

2919

1763

2920

1764

2921

1785

2922

1766

2923

1767

2924

1768

2925
End of

run

1402.3

1414.2

1426.3

1438.3

1450.1

1502.0

1513. a

1525.7

1537. 6

1549.4

1601.2
1613.1

1624.9

1636.8
1648. a

1700.7
171i. 7

1724.5

1736.5

1748.4

1800.2

1812.2

1824.1

1835. a

1847.8

1859.6

1911.5

1923.3

1935.2

1947.2
to 1959

a. 2

a. 4

a. 6

a. 8

9. 0

9. 2

9. 4

9. 6

9. a

10. 0

10. 2
10. 4

10. 6

10. 8
11.0

11.2
11.4

11. 6

11.8

12. 0

12. 2

12.4

12. 6

12. 8

13.0

13. 2

13. 4

13. 6

13. 6

14. 0

Designator:
YFNB 13-E-57
NA

Counting
Time:
Corrected
to H + 12 hours

Nominal
Exposure
Interval:
15 minutes

2351
0556
0. 1
6

3487
0611
0.4
24

2352
0626
0. 6
38

3488
0641
0. 9
54

2353
0656
1.1
66

3489
0711
1.4
a4

2354
0126.
1. 6
96

3490
0741
1. 9
114

2355
0756
2. 1
126

.3491
0811
2. 4
144

2356
’
0826
2. 6
156

3492
0841
2. 9
174

2357
0856
3. 1
186

3493
0911
3. 4
204

2358
0926
3. 6
218

3494
0941
3. 9
234

2359
0956
4. 1
246

3495
1011
4.4
264

2360
1026
4. 6
276

3496
1041
4. 9
294

2361
1056
5. 1
306

189

417

323

579

222

163

97

129

1PS

191

191

145
Background

211

111
199

288

122

222

159
69

214

203

145
277

127

672

567

940

123

284

56.590

1.743.300

918.500
931.600

194,600

146,400
100,000

57.400

69,600

82,110

10.580

10,300

1 595

I! 028

4,496

2.365

5.270

495

616

420

573

35
27

48

18

14

a

11

10

16

16

12
-

18
9

17

24

10

la

13

6

la
17

12

23

11

48

47

78

10

24

3.773
116.200

61.230

62.100

12.970

9,760

6,666
3. a27

4,640

5,473

705

687

106
69

300

158

352

33

41

28

38

TABLE
B.2
CONTINUED

Tray
Exposure Began
(Mtkc Time)
Mdpornt’of
Exposure
y Activity
y Activtty

Number
11 Julv 56
TSD
per Unit Time

3491

2362

3498

2363

3499

2364

3500

2365

3501

2366

3502

2367

3503

2366

3504

End of
run

1111

1126

1141

1156

1211

1226

1241

1256

1311

1326

1341

1356

1411

1426

1441

1456

hr
mm

5. 4
324

5. 6
336

5. 9
354

6. 1
366

6. 4
384

6. 6
396

6. 9
414

7. 1
426

7.4
444

7. 6
456

7. 9
414

6. 1
466

6. 4
509

6. 6
516

8. 9
534

10.0
600

Designator:
How F-64 NA

Counting Time:
Corrected
to H + 12 hours

Nominal Exposure Interval:
16 minutes

3543
0550
-

2410
0605
-

3544
0620
-

2411
0635
0. 15

3545
0650
1.0
2412
0705
-

3546
0720
-

2413
0735
-

3547
0750
-

2414
0605
-

3546
0620
2.5

2415
0635
2. 6

3549
0850
3. 0

2416
0905
3. 3

3550
0920
3. 5

2417
0935
3. 8

3551
0950
4. 0

2416
1005
4. 3

3552
1020
4. 5

2419
1035
4. 6

3553
1050
5.0

2420
1105
5. 3

3554
1120
5. 5

2421
1135
5.6

3855
1150
6. 0

2422
1205
6. 3

3556
1220
6. 5

2423
1235
6.6

End of
1250

run

-
-
-

-
-

45
60

75
1

8.5

1,627
\

-

-

135

150

168

180

198

210

228

240

258
270

268

300

318

330

348

360

378

390

408

Background

BaCkgrOund

Background

127

24.410

Background

BpCkgrOUld

Background

Background

Background

250

11.020

372

Backgmtmd

573

2.450

Background

16.670

242

129

122

Background

133

Background

Background

Backgmund

602

5,739
I

17

736

25

38

163

1,111
16

9

8
-

9
-

-

-

40

383

Designator:
YFNB 29-H-78
NA

Counting Ttme:
Corrected
to H + 12 hours

Nominal Exposure Interval:
15 minutes

914
-
-
-
Background
-

915
0556
0. 1
6
Background
-

916
0611
0. 4
24
892
59

917
0626
0. 6
36
740
49

counts/mm

552
37

816
50

1,103
14

2.546
170

828
55

1.536
102

567
38

557
37

462
32

520
35

492
33

611
41

648
43

742
49

35.000.
2,333

190

TABLE
B.2
CONTINUED

Tray

Number

Exposure Began
(Mike Time)
MidpoInt of Exposure
y Activity
y Actiwty

11 July 56
TSD
per Umt Time

countsimid

918

919

920

921

922

923

924

925

926

927

928

929

930

931

932

to
-969

End of

PJI!

0641

0656

0711

0726

0741

0756

0811

0826

0841

0856

0911

0926

0941

0956
1011 to 1026

ea. 15 mm

1926

1941

hr
min

0. 9
54

1.1
66
1.4
84
1. 6
96
1. 9
114

2. 1
126
2. 4
144
2. 6
156
2. 9
174

3. 1
186
3. 4
204
3. 6
216
3. 9
234

4. 1
246
4. 4
264

counts/mln

5.201

11.970
-

-

-

-

-

-

1,790

594

47
-

328
.-
-
-

-
13. 6
816
13. 8
828

Designator:
YAG 40-A-1
TE

Counting Time:
Corrected
to H + 12 hours

Nominal Exposure Interval:
Variable

1850
0810

2994
0951

1839
1029

P-2999
1044

1842
1055
3000
1115

1856
1140

P-2993
1200

1834
1215

2966
1230

1844
1247

P-2991
1300

1838
1316

2992
1331

1837
1351
P-2997
1419

1632
1449

2988
1512

1855
1527

P-3005
1547

1843
1667

2990
1827

1852
1852

P-2989
1728

1836
1800

3004
1832

1841
1900

P-2995
1931

1849
2000

3002
2030

1840
2101

P-2987
2130

1835
2203

3006
2236
1848
2247

P-3003
2315

1851
2318

3008
2348

1833
2347

End of run
2413

2. 7
35
4. 4
147,748

4. 9
607,100

5. 1
537,778

5. 3
3,781.285
5. 7
11.824.936

8. 1
17.325.405

8. 4
3,118.723

6. 6
6,376,846

6. 9
5.286.514

7. 1
7.439.262
7.4
1.608.283

7. 8
5.194.303
7. 9
3.440,155

8. 3
10.462.893

8.8
2.885.754

9. 3
11.137.524

9. 8
776.442

9. 9
5.835,239

10. 2
767,586

10.5
3.739.095

10.9
2.940.929

11.4
2,911.091

12.0
1,123,353

12.5
1,859.306

13. 0
482,186

13. 5
354,591

14. 0
43.618

14.5
43.530

15.0
5.831

15.5
1,356.448

16. 0
4,611

16.5
833

16. 9
4,888
17. 2
1.287

17. 5
-

17. 7
m

18. 0
-

16.2
803

191

78.010

179,514
Background

Background

Background

Background

Background

Background

28,850

8,913

703

Background

4.887

Background

Background

Background

Background

-

3.890

40.470
48.890

188,060

465,000

888,300

207.780

425.100

309,790

572.300

100.517

348.300

172.007

373,700

96.190

484.200

51,760

291,800

38.380

185,400

117,637

80,863

35,104

58.110

17,220

11.440

1.504

1.451

188
46.770

140

25

444
46
-

34
-

26

TABLE
B.2
CONTINUED

Instrument

Tray

Number

Exposure
Began

(Mike Time)
Midpoint
of Expoeurc

TSD
y Activity
y Activity

21 July 58
per Unit Time

hr
mm
counts/mm
counts/mm2

Designator:
YAG-40-A-l.
2 TE

Counting
Time:
Corrected
to H + 12 hours

Nominal
Exposure
Interval:
Variable

Grease
Trays
only from
each instrument

A-l
1850
0810 to 0951

A-l
1839
1029
m 1044

A-l
1842
1055
to 1115

A-2
2142
1115
to 1140

A-l
1858
1140
to 1200

A-2
2145
1200
to 1215

A-l
1834
1215
to 1230

A-2
2144
1230
to 1247

A-l
1844
1247
to 1300

A-2
2125
1300
to 1318

A-l
1838
13l8
to1331

A-2
2129
1331
to1351

A-l
1837
1351
to1419

A-2
2132
1419
to 1449

A-l
1832
1449
~1512

A-2
2131
1512
ml527

A-l
1855
1527
to1547

A-2
2133
1547
to 1807

A-l
1843
1607
Ml827

A-2
2137
1827
to 1852

A-l
1852
1852
to1728

A-2
2138
1728
to 1800

A-l
1838
1800
to1832

A-2
2139
1832
to1900

A-l
1841
1900
-1931

A-2
2138
1931
~2000

A-l
1849
2000
to 2030

A-l
1840
2101
to 2130

A-l
1835
2203 to 2238

Deeigrdorz
YAG 40-B-7
TE

Counting
Time:
Corrected
to H + 12 hourr

Nominal
Exposure
Intervd:
15 minutes

3094
1002

1945
1017

3095
1032

1948
1047

3098
1102

1947
1117

3097
1132

1948
1147

3098
1202

1949
1217

3099
1232

1950
1247

3100
1302

1951
1317

3101
1332

1952
1347

3102
1402

2. 7
-35
0.315

4. 9
807,100
40,470

5. 3
4,455,285
405.020

5. 7
18.777,802
1,252.ooo

8.1
17,325,405
888.300

8. 4
9.013.823
800.921

8. 8
8.378.848
425,100

8. 9
8.920.405
524.700

7.1
7,439.282
572.300

7. 4
7.289.977
449.400
7. 8
5.194.303
348,300

7. 9
8,888.OOO
333,300

8. 3
10,482.893
373,700

8. 8
18,810.709
827.000

9. 3
11.137,524
484,200

9. 6
2.518.337
187.900

9. 9
5.835.239
291, a00

10. 2
4.802.232
230.110
10.5
3.709.09s
185,400

10. 9
4.849.959
188.000

11.4
2.911.091
80,883

12.0
5.283,348
185.100

12. 5
1.859.308
58,110

13. 0
833.988
22.840

13.5
354.591
11.440

14.0
88,707
2.300

14.5
43.530
1,451

15.5
1.356.448
48.770

18. 5
a33
25

4.4
790
53

4. 8
13.193
a79

4. 9
03.782
5.591

5.1
1.528.080
101.740

5. 4
481.080
32.072

5. 8
3.543.120
238.200

5. 9
747,538
49. a40

8.1
3.084.320
204,290

8. 4
528.980
35,280

8. 8
2,190.320
148.020

8. 9
908.048
80,538

7.1
3.155.520
210.370

7. 4
948.980
83.130

7. 8
2.745.120
183.00.9

7. 9
535.040
35,870

8. 1
1.551.920
103.480

8.4
843.800
58,240

192

TABLE
B.2
CONTINUED

TRY
Exposure
Began
(Mike Time)
Midpoint
of Exposure
y Activity
y Activity
Number
21 July 56.
TSD
per Unit Time

hr
min
counts/min
counts/mi$

1953

3103

1954
3104

1955

3105

1956

3106

1957

3107

1958
3108

1959

3109

1960

3110

1961

3111

1962

3112

1963

3113

1964

3114

1965

3115

1966

3116

1967

X3117

1968
3118

1969

3119

1970

3120
1971

3121

1972

End of

run

1417
8. 6
1432
8. 9

1447
9. 1

1502
9. 4

1517
9. 6

1532
9. 9

1547
10.1

1602
10.4

1617
10. 6

1632
10.9

1647
11.1

1702
11.4

1717
11. 6

1732
11. 9

1747
12. 1

1802
12.4

1817
12. 6

1832
12.9

1047
13. 1

1902
13. 4

1917
13. 6

1932
13. 9

1947
14. 1

2002
14. 4

2017
14. 6

2032
14. 9

2047
15. 1

2102
15. 4

2117
15. 6

2132
15. 9

2147
16.1

2202
16.4

2217
16. 6

2232
16. 9

2247
17. 1

2302
17.4

2317
17. 6

2332
17.9

2347
18.1

0002
18.3

Designator:
YAG 39-C-20
TE

Counting
Tima:
A + 36.4
to H + 40.8
hours

Nominal
Exposure
Intervals
15 mlnutee

2813
0747
2. 1
63.740
4.249
3933
0802
2.4
143,380
9.558

2812
0817
2. 6
1.132,OOO
75.430

3932
0832
2. 9
I. 148.000
76,560
2811
0047
3. 1
4,362.OOO
290,780
3931
0902
3. 4
2.468,OOO
163.900
2810
0917
3. 6
8,359,OOO
557,200

3930
0932
3. 9
4.875.000
325,000

2009
0947
4.1
1.3.570,000
1.238,OOO

3929
1002
4.4
9.457.000
630,400
.

2808
1017
4.6
19,780,000
1.318.000

3928
1032
4.9
1,074.000
71.500

2807
1047
5.1
1,868,OOO
124.600

1.749.520
116.630
513.760
34.250
3.302.960
220.200
826,880
55.130
1,744,960
116.300
568,400
37.890

1,130,880
75.390
607,544
40,500
669,864
44,660
298,224
19.880
922,792
61.520
218,272
14.550

322.088
21.470
36.328
2.421
140,448
9.363
112,875
7.525
322,088
21.470

56.118
3.741
08.524
5.901
31,692
2,112
35,902
2.393

4,985
332
14,029
935
18.057
1.203
32.132
2.142
5,563
370
37.240
2.4.82
19.912
1.327
44.323
2.954
2,553
170
7.174
470
1.398
93
56,513
3.767
10.396
693
54,476
3.631
19.456
1,297
43,502
2.900
668
44
322,513
21.510

193

TABLE B.2 CONTINUED

TRY
Bxpoaure Began
(Mike Time)
Midpoint
of Exposure
Number
TSD
y Activity
y Activity

21 July 56
per Unit Time

3927
2806
3926
2805
3925
2804
3924
2803
3923
2802
3922
2801
3921
2800
3920
2799
3919
2798
3918
2797
3917
2796
3916
2795
3915
2794
3914
2793
3913
2792
3912
2791
3911
2790
3910
2789
3909
2788
3908
2787
3907
2786
End of
run

Designs&w:

1102
1117
1132
1148
1203
1218
1233
1248
1303
1318
1333
1348
1403
1418
1433
1448
1503
1518
1533
1548
1603
1618
1633
1648
1703
1718
1733
1748
1803
1818
1833
1848
1903
1918
1933
1948
2003
2018
2033
2048
2103
2118
2133

LST 611-D-41TE

hr
mm
counts/mm
counts/mm2

5. 4
5. 6
5. 9
6. 1
6. 4
6. 6
6. 9
7.
1
7.
4
7. 6
7. 9
8.1
8.4
8. 6
8. 9
9. 1
9. 4
9. 6
9. 9
10.1
10.4
10,6
10.
9
11.1
11.4
11.6
11.
9
12.1
12.4
12.
6
12.
9
13.1
13.4
13.
6
13.
9
14.1
14.4
14.
6
14.
9
15.1
15.
4
15.
6
15.
8

916,700
507.400
105,700
731.100
193,300
188.900
291,200
1,869.OOO
553,600
674,900
139.400
374.000
130,800
379,400
21,900
57,380
76,740
57.040
20,660
100,400
20.820
39,890
4.680
13.260
13.650
58,060
7,248
6.096
6.096
14.670
57,940
56.020
46,260
136.800
27.860
8.144
1.616
8,656
9,296
89.810
12,530
726,900
,

61.110
33.820
6,607
48,740
12,880
12,590
19,410
124,600
36.910
44,990
9,293
24,940
8.721
25.290
1,459
3,625
5.116
3.802
1.377
6,695
1.388
2,659
312
884
909
3,870
483
406
406
978
3,862
3,734
3.064
9.118
1.857
543
108
577
619
5,987
835
48.458.

Counting
Time H+321to H+297 hours
Nominal ExposureInterval:
12 minutes

2262
1303
7.
4
5.416
451
3401
1315
7. 6
3.606
301
2261
1327
7. 8
6,272
523
3400
1339
8. 0
1,448
121
2260
1351
8.2
2,286
190
3399
1403
a. 4
1.130
94
2259
1415
a. 6
3.516
293
3398
1427
a. 8
3,800
317
2258
1439
9. 0
7,370
614
3397
1451
9. 2
6.196
516

194

TABLE
B. 2
CONTINUED

T~=Y
Number

Exposure
Began

(Mike Time)
Midpoint
of Exposure

T5D
y Activity
y Activity

21 July 56
per Unit Time

hr
min
counts/mm
counts/mid

2257
3396

2256

3395

2255

3394

2254

3393

2253

3392

2252

3391

2251
3390

2250

3389

2249

3368

2240

3367

2247

3388

2240

3365

2245

3304

2244

3383

2243

3362

2242

3381

2241

to

2235

End of

run

1503

1515

1527

1539

1551

1603

1615

1627

1639

1651

1703

1715

1727
1739

1751

1803
1815

1627

1839

1651

1903
1915

1927

1939

1951

2003

2015

2027

2039

2051

2103

2115

2127 to 2139

ea.
12 min

2351

0003

9. 4

9. 6

9. 8

10.0

10. 2

10.4

10. 6

10. a

11.0

11. 2

11. 4
11. 6

11. 6

12. 0

12.2

12.4

12. 6

12. 6

13. 0

13. 2

13. 4

13. 6

13. a

l4.0
14. 2

14.4

14. 6

14. a

15. 0

15. 2

15.4

1.5. 6

15. a

18.2

16. 3

Designator:
YFNB 13-E-57
TE
\

Counting
Time:
H + 17.4
to H + 17.6
hours

Nominal
Exposure
Interval:
15 minutes

1974
0546

3123
0601

1975
061’3
3124
0631

1976
0646

3125
0707

1977
0716
3126
0731

End of
0746

run

7

22

37

52
67

62

97

112

120

11,660

9,432

18,920

6.964

24,090

11.690

19,410

20.380

36.000
9,464

17.260

7.680

12.000

2.918
10,360

5,664

9,900

7,626

8,192

10.580

35.800

12.620
0.488

2,400

3,468

3.460

3,646

2.144
3.774

946

406

510

214

Background

Background

971

766

1.576

582

2,007

974

6,620

1.696

3,000

769

1.438
640

1,000

246
663

472

a25

636

663

662

2.984
1,052

707

200

269

290
304

179

314
79

34

42

16
-

-

20.606
1,375
22.530
1.472
291,600
19,420

2.351,ooo
156,700
1,603,OOO
106,600
1.463,OOO
96,900

13,780,000
917.500

3.032,OOO
200.000

195

TABLE
B. 2
CONTINUED

Tray
Exposure
Bepn
Mldpcrnt
of Exposure
y Activity

Number
(Mike Time)

21 July 56
TSD
T Activity
per Unit Time

hr
min
counts/mm
counts/md

Desipstcr:
How-F-64 TE

Counting
Time:
H + 19.2
to H + 20.4
hours

Nominsl
Exposure
Interval:
15 minutes

2206

3347

2207

3348

2208

3349

2209

3350

2210

3351

2211

3352

2212

3353

2213

3354

2214

3355

2215

3356

2216

3357

2217
3358

2218

3359

2219

3360

2220

3361

2221

3362

2222

End of
run

0646
0.1

0601
0. 4 '

0616
0. 6

0631
0. 9

0646
1. 1

0701
1.4

0716
1. 6

0731
1.9

0746
2. 1

0801
2.4

0816
2. 6

0831
2. 9

0846
3.1

0901
3. 4

0916
3. 6

0931
3. 9

0946
4.1

1001
4. 4

1016
4. 6

1031
4. 9

1046
5. 1

1101
5.4

1116
5.6

1131
5. 9
1146
6.1

1201
6. 4

1216
6. 6

1231
6. 9

1246
7. 1

1301
7. 4

1316
7. 6

1331
7.9

1346
a. l

1357
a. 2

6

24

36

54

66

a4

96

114

126

144

156

174

la6
204

216

234

246
264

276
294

SO6
324

336

354

366

384

‘396

414

426

444

456

474

486

492

Designator:
YFNB-29-H-78
TE

Counting
Time:
H + 79.2
to H + al. 6 hours

Nomfnsl
JZq~~sure Interval:
15 minutes

1371
0546

1372
0601

1373
0616

1374
0631

1375
0646

1376
0701

1377
0716

1378
0731

1379
0746

1380
0802

1381
0816

1382
0831

1383
0845.

1384
0900

1385
0915

5

0.1
6
2,016
134

0. 4
24
9.184
610
0. 6
36
2.379.000
162.000
0.9
54
4.874.000
325,000

1.1
66
7,905.ooo
525.000

1. 4
a4
7.930.000
527.000

1. 6
96
9.919.000
612,000
’

1.9
114
7,a97.000
525,000
2. 1
126
6,577,OOO
438,000
2. 4
144
a.594.000
570,000
2. 6
156
2.962,OOO
198,000
2. 9
174
9,229,ooo
615.000
3. 1
186
10.560.000
700.000
3. 4
204
15.715,ooo
1,040,000
3. 6
216
9.448.000
630,000

196

784

0

1,040

784

1.424

0

784
0

a80
iaa, 500

260.100
194,900

320, a00

16

0
1,040
14.480

16

400

656
1.040

0

528
7.688

400

0

144

2.318

17.170

2.192

2.064

3,216

3.348

52

0

69

52

95

0

52

0

59

12,560

17,300
13.000

21,400

0

69

965

27
44

69

0

35

512
27

0
9
*
155

1.142

146

138

212

223

TABLE
B-2
CONTINUED.

Tray
Number

Exposure
Began

(Mike Time)
Midpoint
of Exposure
TSD
y Activity
y Activity

‘)1 .l,,l”
.SR
per Unit Time

1366
1397

1388

1369

1390

1391

1392

1393

1394

1395

1396

1397

1398

1399

1400

1401

1402

1403

1404

1405

1406

1407

1408

1409

1410

1411

1412
1413

1414

1415

1416

1417

1418

1419

1420

1421
1422

1423

1424

1425

End of

run

0930
3. 9
234
0945
4. 1
246
1000
4. 4
264
1015
4. 6
276
1030
4. 9
294

1045
5. 1
306
1100
5.4
324
1115
5. 6
336
1130
5. 9
354
1145
6. 1
366
1200
6. 4
384
1215
6. 6
396
1230
6. 9
414

1245
7. 1
426

1300
I. 4
444

1315
I. 6
456
1330
1. 9
474

1345
6.1
486

1400
9. 4
504

1415
9. 6
516

1430
0. 9
534

1445
9.1
546

1500
9. 4
564

1515
9. 6
576

1530
9. 9
594

1545
10. 1
606

1600
10.4
624

1615
10. 6
636

1630
10. 9
654

1645
11.1
666

1700
11. 4
694

1715
11. 6
696

1730
11. 9
714

1745
12. 1
726

1900
12.4
144

1815
12. 6
756

1830
12.9
774

1945
13. 1
786

1900
13.4
904

1915
13. 6
816

1945
14. 0
840

hr
mm
counta/min

6.331.000
422,000
3.128,OOO
209,000
1.944.000
129.000
2.067.000
138,000
u41,900
56.100
370,600
24,600

311.200
20.800
56.530
3,900

9.140
500

1.316
87

15.650
1.040
2,340
150
2.652
190

4.900
326

17,840
1,160
46.000
3,120
a.404
565

2.596
173

5.924
400
23,300
1.550
35,750
2.300
79,240
5.200
12,200
600

5.540
370
4.004
268
14.120
920
9.992
655
33.570
2.200
45.600
3,000
76.320
5.000
28,070
1.970
93.600
5.550
0.060
590
34,340
2.300
35.580
2.360
21.170
1,410
16,800

114,9Bo
1,120

7,600
131.360
8.700
292.500*
19.400

*Probably
cross-contaminated
in transport.

197

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206

B.2
PHYSICAL,
CHEMICAL,
AND
RADIOLOGICAL
DATA

207

TABLE B. 8 WEIGHT, ACTIVITY.
AND RSSION VALUES FOR SIZED FRACTIONS FROM WHIM SAMPLE YFNB 29 ZU

Size

bge

microna

Weight

Grams
Percent of
Total
Value
at II+282 hr

lo-‘ ma

CIC Assay
Fieelonr
Percent of
Tothl
Specific Actlvlty
Total
Per Gram

lo-‘ ma/gm
10”
10”

1,000
31.70
41.8
1.08
-
500 to 1,000
41.91
40.4
3. 14
250 to 500
4. 97
5. s
1. 35
100 to 250
3.61
3. 9
0.734
so to 100
0.80
0.9
0.155
50
1. 38
1.5
0.371

Total
90.27
6. 83

Reeponse to 100 pg of Ra = 588 X lo-’ ma

15.8
0.0288
?I.
0.56
46. 0
0.0749
60.
1.4
19. 8
0.272
26.
5. 2
10. 1
0.209
14.
4.0
2. 3
0.194
3. 0
3.8
6.4
0.269
7.1
5.1

0.0757
131.
1.5

TABLE
B.9
‘HEQUENCIEB
AND ACTIVITY
CHARACTER18TiCS
OF PARTICLE
SIZE AND PARTICLE
TYPE
tHtOUP6.
SHOTS ZUNl AND TEWA

Size
Comporlte

Oroup
Number
of
Actlvlty
Anguler
Spherical
Agglomerates

PartIcIer
Mtnlmum
MaxImum
hfedlan
Frequency
Heatan
Actlvlty
Frequency
bfedlen Actlvlty
microns
well counte/mln
well count8/min
Frequency
Hedlan
Activity
well counte/mtn
well countr/min

YAG 40. Shot Zunl (nonrandom
eample)
Actlvltlee
In well countr/mln
at H+ 12 hourr

31 to
42
6
16
11.364
836
6
1,256
2
367
0
-

43 to
60
20
33
833,600
6.666
13
6.797
6
6.631
2
423.446
61 to
64
37
66
459,321
12,213
21
11.671
10
19.460
0
-

65 to 102
6
4,460
50.608
32.434
6
32.434
0
-
0
-

103 to 120
42
69
626,449
41.412
24
25.063
12
67.796
6
56.726

I21 to I45
13
19,063
663.362
?‘1,622
4
24. ‘I’ll
6
304.262
1
56.565
146 to 170
34
3.666
771.326
113,209
12
65.067
16
259.931
7
114.603
171 to 200
24
3,616
1.676.122
168.962
12
92,070
11
461.316
0
-

201 to 240
27
25,565
1) 310,318
16B,796
22
162.710
2
420.669
3
221,626

241 lo 260
25
32.116
726.969
146.494
22
131,936
0
3
211.674

261 to 316
a
63.106
493,500
223.424
6
161.666
0
-
3
365.665
316 to 362
1
-
-
1.774.146
1
1,714.146
0
-.
0
-

Sire
Compoelte
Angular
6pherlcal
Agslomernter

Group
Number
of
Actlvlty
Actlvlty
Activity
Actlvlty

z
PartIclea
MInImum
Hexlmum
Hedhn
oroup
Frequency
Median
Q-P
Frequency
Hedtan
Group
Frequency
Median
Group

0
mlcronr
well counle/mla
bell countIl/mlo
vsll
counte/mla
well count.e/mln

YAO 40. Shot Tewa
Actlvltiee
In well counte/mln
at H+ 300 hours

II to
33
34 to
66
67 to
99

100 to I32

I33 to I65
166 to 196
199 to 231

232 to 264

265 to 297

296 to 330

331 to 363

364 to 396

397 to 429
430 to 462
463 to 495

496 to 526

Total

Contrlbutlon.

5
0
3,222
26
0
60.463
49
0
47.161
61
0
46,767

76
46

::

4
53.606
0
367,697

19
as, 094

94
136.203

10
14
1
2

0
3

0
2

334

Pet

6
122.653

19
155,625
-
-

3.116
138,656

-

1,267
-

92,666’

39,306
-

191.140

372
4.209
1.696
191,972
1,103
619,360
16.129
996,647

17.243
1,564,034
25.877
1.626,657
34.436
693.7CO

49.444
649.701

55,706
699.034
56.262
926,556
64,066
64,066
71,016
142.032

-
-

10.997
51.512

145.214
290.426

6.623.011

4
216
I?
1.660
24
6,293
36
16.669

40
30

12
4

15.247
24,503
34.076

34.6?1

43.655
63.499
-
-

-

2
-

0

I76

-

6,132

52. 4
39. I

961
169,221
241,291
665.795

676,500

603,776
402,756
125.221

61.709
126.965
-
-

-

12.264
-

-

3.334,607

1
3
11
6

6
4

0
0

1

0
0
1

-

1
-

0

36

Il. 4

3.222
3.222
3,424
9,532
14,176
194. ?62
6,932
66,646

10.627
66.475
3.167
30,261
-
-
-
-

6
6
-
-
-
-

3.176
3.176

-
-

39.306
39.306
-
-
-
-

436.392

6.1

0
6
14

15

30

!2
7

12

I
12
I
1

0

2

121

36. 2

-

I.125
4.111

13.504

26,224

31.363
34.591
53.599

72,695
55,282
64.066
138.656

-

-

145.214

-

13,219
63.301
246 104

797.059

794.600
290.951

724.480

511.317
799.511
64.066

136.656

-
-
-

290.426

4.753.978

65. 6

TABLE
B. a
CONTINUED

Composite
Angular
SpherIcPI
Agelomeraler

SIZE
Frequency
Actlvlty
Actlvlly
Frewew
Medlon
Acttvlty
Aclivlty

GrWp
Number of
with Zem
Parttcler
Mtntmum Maxlmum
Yedhan
Oroup
Group
FrequeecY
Medleo
Group
Frequency
Mediu,
Group
Acttvlty

microoe
well coutttr/mtn
well
counta/mln
well ccunts/mln
well countdmia

YAO 39. Shot Tewe
Activrtier to well ccunte/min at H + 300 houre

10 to 21
20
7
0
22 to 30
51
la
0
31 to
42
59
27
0
43 to 60
63
17
0
61 to 64
49
6
0
65 to 120
41
4
0
121 to 170
a
1
0
171 to 240
5
0
1.966
241 to 340
3
0
6,666
341 to 460
0
-
-
c:
461 to 660
0
-
-

W
Total
300

Contrlbutlon. pet

LST 811. Shot Tewa

AcUviUer
in well
counte/mha
at ti + 300 houre

to t0
21
39
16
0
22 to 30
23
10
0
31 to 42
32
12
0
43 to 60
26
13
0
61 to 64
12
2
0
85 to 120
14
s
0
121 to 170
20
3
0
171 to 240
6
1
0
241 to 340
0
-
-
341 to 460
0
-
-
461 to 660
0
-
-

Tot61
172

Coatrrbutba, pet

232
16
1.161
477
14
3.116
672
16
6,263

6.461
64
12.461

2,160
64
ii, 992

6,994
$17
60.647
15.765
494
32,430
27.120
16.402
60.52P

76.906
34.344
166,906

161
212

343
1.112

7,909
il.941
17,640
39,661
-
-

-
-

344.522

la
1.697

11
939

41
2.269
10
2.436
106
14,161
1.994
47,417
6,699
176.014
11,436
62,752
-
-

327.666
125
270.524
27
4,524
20

6
0
34
11
45
a
31
64
29
61
25
643
6
676
2
10,767
3
34,344
-
-
-
-

160

60.0

22
22

27
20

7
6
14
6
-
-
-

13
24
44
19
196

4,201
11,323

6.796
-

1,017
17
929
1

1,820
3
2.261
4
9,696
1
SS.766
1
150.672
0
66,472
0

la
10

29
0

126
9,262

-

660
0
-
10
0
-

106
2
172
116
2
29
126
4
53
3,262
6
0
-
6
663
-
1
14,260

-
-
-

72. 7
62. 6
IS. 7
1.4
11.6

67
1s
1.532
16
3.554
s
1.335
3
6,666
0
46,395
1
16.170
1
21,614
1
116.906
0
-
-
-
-

216.131
40

62.4
1s. 4

61
66
0
469
-

739
494
27.120
-
-
-

1.104
0
1.663
1
307
11
9,913
29
-
20
739
is
494
2
27.120
2
-
0
-
-

41.260
60

-
-

0
0
22
1.402
27
1,233
64
6,326
96
31.513
7,663
15.766
15,946
31.691
-
-

-
-
-
-

66,131

12.0
26. 7
25.6

-

343
67
4.436

6,360
25.342

14.260

-

52.837

16.1

TABLE
8.9
CONTINUED

Compoelte
Anguhr
Spberlcal
Agplomeratee

She
Frequency
Number
Of
with Zero
ActMty
Frequency
Actlvlty

Wntmum
M&mum
Hedlen
Qroup
Hedien
DrouP
3+eWency
ACUVlty
Frequescy
Activity

Uroup
Per&lee
Medtae
Dmup
Median
DrarP
Actlvlty
I

mlcronr
well countdmln
well countdmln
well counte/mla
well countdmln

YPNB 13. Shot Tewe
Actlvltlee
la well counhhnh
et H + 2~00 bourr

10 to
21
31
22to
30
64
31 to
42
26
43 to
60
19

61 to
84
6
86 to 120
11

121 to 170
2

171 to 240
1

241 to 340
0

341 to 480
2

8
0
32
0
7
0
a
0
2
0
4
0
0
78
1
-
-

0
792,376
E
481 to 680
1
1
-

h)
Total
163
\

Contrlbutlon,
pet

YPNB 28. Sbot Tewe
Actlvltlee
In well countdmtn
et H + 300 boure

10 to
21
33
22 to
30
16
31 to
42
19
43 to
60
22
01 to
84
12
66 to 120
16
121 to 170
13
171 to 240
8
241 to 340
8
341 to 480
13
461 to 680
7

TOtd
189

Contrlbutlon,
pet

8
0
000
48
2.614
20
9
0
610
13
1,299
16
6
0
634
a3
1.863
18
4
0
395.842
480
408.346
16
2
0
6,664
272
11.149
0
0
. 80
7,801
926
37.626
7

1
0
63, $16
2,029
118.296
6
1
0
21.240
6.166
SI, 883
3
0
3,614
018,448
61,653
1,446,091
0
0
6,304
l.tl86,631
71.446
3.265,945
9
0
60.641
468,310
184.800
1.610.636
5

260
33
389
36
360
87

1,226
74

1,100
03
2,424
120

7,126
3.002
-
0
-

984.601
888.692

0

1,4116
19
3,014
36

a, 820
2s

a, 707
16

1,612
6
6,618
6

7,204
1
0
0

1,771,183

0

1,901,646

2

0

114

74. I

6,869,045
110

05.1

35
24
91
14
83
135

16

-

668,582

866
9
1,933
16
2.77s
2
2.345
0
446
0
803
1
78
0
-
0
-
-

1.777.183
0

-
-
1

1.766.691
21

99. 2
17. 6

44
1.683
13
0
1.107
3
63
1.487
0
107
404.211
1
312
6.493
1
786
20.133
4
1,433
83.965
0
6,590
19.723
1
112.640
720.293
1
143,176
2.918.445
2
184,800
1.066.799
0

6.276,336
27

70. 6
16. 0

29
620
38
1.081
23
45
-
-
-
-

0
0
-
-

-
-
-
-

0
0

1.746

0.1

70
641
60
192
-
-

9
9

927
927
554
4.473
-
-

21.240
21.240
61.653
61.653
71,446
341.296
-
-

430.630

8.0

0
0
1
4

2
4
1
1
-

0

0

12

7.6

0
7
0
-

3
84
6
a40
3
06
5
1.625
6
2.421
4
2.726
2
331.873
1
6.204
2
261.869

-
-

366
4.125
1.729
12.920

24 331
14.919
663.746
6.204
523.737

32
1.252.077

18. 8
16.0

-

0

67
563
1.116
7,126
0
-

-
-

0

362
1.166
4.655
7.126
0
-
-

-

13.309

0. 7

TABLE
B. 10
SURVEY OF SHOT TEWA REAGENT FILW
FOR SLURRY PARTICLE
TRACES

Station and
Number of Reagent
Instrument
Film Examined t

Serial Number of
Tray Having
Slurry Particles

Number of Slurry Particles
Definite
Doubtful

YAG 40-A-l
10
-
0
0

YAG 40-A-2
7
3006
4
2966
2

YAG 40-B-7
20
-
0
0

YAG 39-C-20
27
3930
5
3931
3
3921
1
3924
x

YAG 39-C-24
27
3721
2
3727
4

YAG 39-C-33
27
3828
t
3829
$

LST 611-D-37
27
3211
1
3224
1
.
3231
1

L.ST 611-D-41
27
3394
1
3393
1
3401
1

LST 611-D-50
12
-
0
0

YFNB 29-G-71
5
3433
-570

YFNB 29-H-76
0
-
-

YFNB 13-E-57
5
-
0
0

How F-64
17
-
0
0

Totals
219
17
11
73

Private
communication
from N. H. Farlow.
t Every reagent flIm in each IC examined.
t Covered with contaminiated
rain.
6 Primarily
splashes.

213

’ TABLE B. 11
TOTAL’ ACTIVITY AND MASS OF SLURRY FALLOUT

Collecting
Station

Shot Flathead
Shot Navajo
Total
Total Mass
Total Number
Total
Total Mass
Total Number
Actlvltv *
NaCl
Droolets
ActlvlN’
NaCl
Droolets
(Counts/mln)/ft’~
10’
Ccg/ft’
number/ft*
(counte/min)/ft’X
10’
/Ig/ft’
number/ft’

YFNB 13-E-57
t
-
-

YFNB 29-H-78
45.9
10,700
178,000
YAG 39-C-20
8.4
300
714
YAG 39-C-24
1. 6
57
135
LST 611-D-37
19.0
890
1.640
LST 611-D-50
2. 6
92
219
YAQ 40-A-1
13.1
460
489
YAG 40-A-2
11.5
410
436
YAG 40-B-7
6.5
230
460

Photon count In well counter at H+ 12 hours.
t Values unavailable
due to instrument
malfunction
or incomplete
sampling
run.

51.0
125,000
16,000
3. 6
9,000
1,150
21. 2
13,200
1,740
t
.
-
-

’
t
-
-
t
-
-

9. 2
4,400
15,000
t
-
-
t
-
-
-

TABLE
B. 12
GAMMA ACTIVITY
AND FRWON
CONTENT
OF OCC AND ACC, COLLECTORS
By Moss ANALYSIS
(AREA = 2.60 rt’)

The activities
listed
determined by radiochemical
analysis are underlined;
are for the unopened, covered
collector 0” th
e fl

loss*
~0
oar of the doghouse counter.
Fission values

T*le
R13)*

=respondhg total fissions
are corrected
for recovery

form.

AU Other fission values are computed from the derived ratio fission/doghouse
counts/min at 1oo hr fsee

For the YFNB 2% the ‘W’o
used ‘s baaed on the average of the m
independent fission vaues
reported.
In most cases the :served
ratio for a given platform
is used for tie oaer
colleceors
on that plat_

H”tv F Flathead is Computed fxwm the average ratio obtained from all other Flathead platforms.

Shot Zuni

Collector
Doghouse

Designator
Activity
Recovered
Total
Doghouse
Shot Flathead

at 100 hrs
Number of
Recovered

Fissions
Fissions
Activity
Number of
Total

counts/min
at 100 hrs
Fissions
Fissions

counts/min
YAG 40-B-
4

-5
-6
-17
-16
-19

433,600’
-
-

4.538.900
7.4~:
800
1.27 x
5.868.700
10fs

2.833.200
4.047.400

7. 38 x 10’3
7. 73 x 10”
1.27 x lo’5
9.99 x 10”
4. 82 x 10”
6. 69 x 10”
YAG 39-c-21

-22
-23
-34
-35
-36

UT 611-D-38

-3s
-40
-51
-52
-53

YFNB 13-E-54

-55
-56
-58
-59
-60

How ~-61

-62
-63
-65
-66
-67

YFNB 29-G-68

-69

87,300
35.560
8.26 x 10”

35,560
34,400
64.180

132.120

NO FALLOUT ;
COLLECTOR6
NOT EXPOSED

2,805,200
3,305,000
4,656.OOO
1,780, soo*

3.073,ooo
4,004,2oa

2.081,Ooo
2,361,Ooo
2‘ 877,000
2,229,ooo
2,064,OoO
1.776,OOo

-70
-72

-73
-74

YFNB 29-H-75

-16
-77
-79
-80
-81

4.320,ooo
4,419,600
5.882.700
6.283.600
4.054.000
4.884.800

Standard cloud

8.26 x 10”
3.36 x 10’2
3. 36 x 10”
3. 25 x 10’2
6.07 x 10’2
1. 25 x 10”

5.732.200
7,476.800
8,889,OOO
7,476,000
6.180.800
5,615,9oo

83,000

7.95 x 10“
7. 95 x 10”

-
9. 37
IO”
x

1.32 x 10’5
5.05 x 10’4
a. 71 x 10”
1.13 x 10”

5.01 x 10”
5.01 x 10’4

5.68 x lo”
6. 92 x 10“
5.37 x 10”
4. 97 x I()”

4.27 x 10”

I. 19 x lo*6
1.19 x 10‘6
1.20 x 10’6
1.60 x 10“
1.44 x IO”
1. IO x 10“
1.33 x 10”t

1.39 x 10’6
1.54 x IO“
2. 03 x 10’6

-
2. 42
10’)
x

-
2.03
10’6
x

-
1. 68
lOI6
x

-
1.53
10”
x

-
9.84
10’2
x

215

421.500
84.480
5.29 x 10’3

35.200
34.140
~01,900
-

439,650

62,100
1. 27 x 10”
31.400

17,820
-

50,270
-

92,430
-

106,130
-

73.120
-

13,576
-
U.580
2. 09 x 10”
21,840.
_

136,490
241,150’

4B962.300
5,596,600
6,690,600
5,880,700
7,364,ooo
4,978,600

666
1,107
1,443

603
604

620

219.800

266.900
303,550
272,450
233,760
230,400

316,600
271,700
302,860
298,560
309,500
247,680

164,000

-

9.52 x 10”

-

-

-

3.47 x 10’3

.

-
-

4.79 x 10’3
-
-

7. 56 x 10’)
I. 52 x 10’3
6.31 Y 10’2
6. 12 x 10’2
1. 83 x 10”
7.89 x 10”

1. 37 x 10”
5.24 Y 10’2
2. 97 x 10’2
8. 39 x 10”
1. 54 x 10”
1.77 x 10”

1. 74 x 10’3
3. 22 x 10”
2. 75 x 10”
5. 19 x IO’2
3. 24 x lo”
5. 73 x 10’;

1. 05 x 10”
1. 18 x 10”
1. 46 x 10”
1. 24 x 10”
1. 56 x 10’1
1. 05 x lo‘s

1. 26 Y 10”
2.10 x 10”
2. 74 x 10”

1.14 x 10“
1.15 x IO”
1.18 x 10”

3.81 x LO”
4. 04 x 10”
5.50 x 1l.p
4. 94 x 1O’J

4. 24 x 10”
4.17 x 10’3

5. & x 10’3
4.93 x 101’
5. 49 x lO’J
5.41 x 10”
5. 61 x 10’3
4.49 x 10’1

2.79 x 10”

TABLE
B. 12
CONTINUED

Collector

Designator

Shot Navajo
Shot Tewa
Doghouse
Recovered
Activity
Number
of
Total
Doghouae

at 100 hrs
Fissions
Fissions
Activity
Total

at 100 hrr
Fissions
8

counts/min
coLtnts/min

YAG 40-B
4
85.800
-5
67,080
-6
52,260
-17
54,990
-18
69,615
\-19
80.145

1.72
x 10‘8
-
1.92 x 10”

1.49
x 10”
l3.383,300

1. 16 x lo”
4,504,700

I. 22 x 10”
3.743.200

1.55
x 10”
4.958.600

1. 78 x 10”
39846,800

l3,879,700

1.95 x 10“

6.56
x IO”

5.45
x I&’

7.22
x 10“

5.60
x lo”

2. 02 x 10“

YAG 39-C-21
191,760
-22
149,600
-23
117,640
-34
129,200
-35
176.700
-36
205,360

LST 611-D-38
16, a60
-39
18,130
-40
9,016
-51
8.722
-52
17,036
-53
19.600

YFNB
13-E-54
727,600
-55
476,000
-56
004,640
-58
806,070
-59
‘114,000
-60
675.240

Row F-61
16,110
-62
18,820
-63
la, 980
-65
18,440
-66
15,890
-67
15,130

YFNB 29-G-B8
8,330
-69
9,500
-70
11,370
-72
10,080
-73
5,292
8
-74
10.090

YFNB 29-R-75
13,130
-76
7,546’
-77
14,110
-79
16.660
-80
17,050
-61
11.560

standard
Cloud
16,900

-
-
-
-

3. 90 x 10”’

.
-
-
-

-
-

3. 04 X 10’2
-
-

-
-

2.60
x 10”

3.1OT;lO”

-
-

4.48
x 10‘”

3.49
x 10”

2. 75 x 10’3

3.02 x 10“

4.13
X 10”

4. 80 x 10”

3. 74 x to”

4. 02 x 10‘2

2. 00 x 10”
1.93
x lo’*

3. 96 x lo‘*

4.35
x 10”

1.46 x 10“

9.58 x IO”

1. 62 x lo“

1. 62 x 10“
1.44 x 10”

1.36 x 10”

3. 62 x lo’*

4. 23 x lo’*

4.26 x lo‘*

4.14
X 10”

3.57 x 10‘5

3. 40 x 10‘2

2.06
x 10”

2. 35 x 10‘2

2.81 x 10”
2. 69 x 1Otz

l. 31 x 10”

2.50
x 10”

3.10 x 10”

1.87 x 10”

3. 65 x 10”

4.12
X 10”

4.22
X 10”
2.86
x 10’2

3.46 x 10”

23,623,200
4.54
x 10”
5,754,700
1.11
x 10“
6,306,500
1.21
x 10”
6,192,200
1.19
x 10“
9,091.900
1. 75 x 10”
27.328.300
5.25
x 10”

1,337,ooo
2. 44 x 10”
810,900
1.48
x 10”
962,800
1. 76 x lo*’
l,259,000
2. 30 x 10”

1,336,500
2.44
x 10”

1,830.400
3. 34 x 10”

2,584,300
5. 95 x 10”

3,616,300
8.32
x 10”
5,740,900
1.32
x IO“
4,iao,400
9. 62 x 10”
2,149,lOO
4.95
x 10“
2,447,
a00
5. 63 x lo”

256,940
6. 56 x lo”
275,000
7.05 x lO‘$
33l, 570
a.5 x 1013
251,790
6. 45 x lo”
214.470
5. 50 x 10”
238,140
6.10 x 10”

17,914,700

D

32.654.400
37,489,
loo

18.895.700

18,678,100

3.61 x lOfa

6.2E
10‘s

7.16
x lOf(

3.62
x 10ls

3.58
x lot‘7

37,371,900
6. 79 x 10”
46,094,OOO
9.41 x 1016
64.372.000
1. 23 x 10”
61,366,400
1.18
x 10“
45,756.700
6. 77 x lo“
37.853.100
7. 25 x 10’s

315,000
4. 71 x 1011

Imperfect
collection
for quantity/ares;
hexcell
and/or
her
lost
t Independent
value by UCRL:
1.38
x 10”

t All recoveries
> 96 perceai
0 Absurd
value excluded,
No correction
made.

7 Independent
value by UCRL:
4.15
x 10”

216

TABLE
B. 13 OBSERVED
DOGHOUSE GAMMA ACTIVITY-FISSION
CONTENT
RELATIONSHIP

Collector
Fisslone
(Mo”)/Doghouse
counte/min
at 100 hour x 10’

Designator
ZUni
Flathead
Navajo
Tewa

YAG 40-B-4
-
1.794
2.226
1.457
-6
1.703
-
-
-

YAG 39-C-21
0.946
1.669
2.336
1.922

LST 611-D-36
-
-
2.216
1.825
-40
-
2.375
-
-

YFNB
13-E-54
2.834
2.116
-
2.302
-56
-
-
2.013
-

How F-61
2.407
-
2.247
2.563

YFNB
29-G-68
2.755

2.687
2. 721
I

1.733

I

-

1.892
” 812
2.015
H-75
2.381

>

1.817
1. 916

-77
-
2.587
2.474
-
-

Standard Cloud
1.188
1.701
2.047
1.495

Mean and u @ct)
2.07t37.
9
1.90+ 13.7
2.25t
8.07
1.92t19.5

This sample was a point source.
To compare
with extended sources,
cloud @ample activities
should be de-
creased
-7 percent,
raising
the reported
ratlo a corresponding
amount.

TABLE
B. 14
DIP-COUNTER
ACTIVITY AND FISSION CONTENT OF AOC, COLLECTORS (AREA = 0.244 ft’)
I.
SHOTS FLATHEAD AND NAVAJO

The fallout samples
from each of these events were relatively
unfractionated
allowing activities
of all samples
from Flathead and Navajo to be converted
directly
to f’eelone by a conetant factor; 1. 01 x 10‘ and 1.24 k 10’
fission/dip
counte/mln
at 100 hr, reepectlvely.
Detail8 may be found In Table B. 15.
The AOC2 collections
’
_
(complete
eample or allquot thereof) were made up to a etandard volume of 2 liters
for counting.

Collector
Location

Shot Flathead
Dip Actlvlty
Total
at 100 hr
Fissions
counte/mln

1.36x
10”
1. 37 x 10”
2.21 x 10’
2. 23 x 10”
4.81 x 10’
4.86 X 10”
6.08 x 10’
6.14 x 10”
4.81 x 10’
4.86 x 10’
7.07 x 10’
7.14 x 10”
1.27 x 10’
1.28 X 10”
9.10 x 10’ t
9.19 x 10”
7. 96 x 10’
8.03 x 10”

Shot Navajo
Dip Activity
Total
at 100 hr
Fissions
cou.nte/min

Skiff AA
BB
cc
DD
EE
FF
HH
KK
LL
MM
PP
RR
ss
TT
UU

1. 65 x 10‘
2.05 x 10”
1.12 x 10’
1.39 x 10“
6.28 x 10‘
7.79 x 10”
7.56 x 10‘
9. 36 x IO’*
4.99 x 10‘
6.19 x 1O’l
2.11 x 10‘
2.62 x 10”
4.98 x 10’
6.18 x 10”
2.87 x 10’
3.56 x lOI
6.12 x 10‘
7.59 x 10”
2.89 x 10‘
3.58 x 10”
1.74 x 10’
2.16 x 10”
1.54 x 10’
1.91 x 10”

+
3.20 x 10’
1. 78 x 10‘
3.77 x 10’
1.00 x 10’
6.03 x 10’

3.23 x 10”
1.80 X 10”
3.81 x 10”
1.01 x 10’
6. OS x 10”

-

5. 95 x 10‘
-
7.38X
10”
-

Raft l-P-85
1.09 x 10’
1.10 x 10”
1. 76 Y 10‘
2.21 x IO”
2-R-86
6.41 x 10‘
6.47 x 10”
9.23 k 10‘
1.14 x 10”
3-S-87
1.33 x 10’
1.34 x 10”
9.04 x 10‘
1.12 x 10”

How K-62
5.22 x 10’
5.27 X 10’
5.26~
10’
6. 52 x 10”
George L-63
5.16 x 10’
5.21 x 10”
1.26 x 10’ D
1.56 x 10”
Wllliam
M-84
6.74 x 10)
8.83 x lo@
-

Charlie M-64
-
-
9. 70 x 10’
1.2oX1o’a

TABLE
B.14
CONTINUED
II.
SHOTS ZUM
AND TEWA.

Because of tractionation
in each of these evenls,
the dlp ncUvily
observed
at 100 hours wan fltnt convarted
to doghouee actlvlty
at 100 hourr
(Q constant
relation
for any sample
ae shown in Table B. 15) In order lo utilize
the fleeion relatlone
of Table B. 13.
Values of the latter relatton
for localions
other than shown were e&mated
by proxlmtty
to IocaUon o&or
Ume of errlval.

Collector
Location

Shot Zunl
Shot Tewo
Equivalent
Fiesion
Equlvalent
Fieelone
Dip
Doghouse
Activity
Doghouse
Doghouse
Total
Dip
Doghouee Activity
Doghouee
Doghouse
Total
Activity
Dip Activity
Activity
counts/min
Fieeione
AcUv’ly
Dip Actlvlty
Acllvi ly
counle/min
Fiesians
at 100 hr
at 100 hr
at 100 hr
PI 100 hr
at 100 hr
at 100 hi
al 100 hr
at 100 hr

Skiff
AA

BB
cc

DD

EE
FF
Gci

E
HH

CD
KK
LL
MM
PP
BB
5s
TT
UU
ww
xx
YY

t
5.558
3. ?4 x 10’ t

4.29 x 10’ t
1.12 x 10’
3. 36 x 10’
2.00x
lo’*
2.02 x 10’
2.46 x 10‘ t
2.24 x 10’.
1.09 x 10‘
9.92 x 10‘ t
-

3.64 x 10‘ t
1.60 x lo‘*
3.71 x 10‘
1.40 x 1o’t

counts/mln

10-a
2.09 x 10‘

2.36 x 10’
9.56 x 10’
1.69 x 10’
1.11 x 10’
1.12 x 10‘
1.37 x 10’
1.25 x 10’
6.07 x 101
4.91 x 10’

-

-

2.14 x 10’
6.91 x 10’
2.07 x 10’
7.60 x 10’
-
-
-
-
-

RetI l-P-65
5.56 x 10’
3.11 x 10‘
2-R-66
1. 21 x 10‘
6.74 x 10‘
3-S-67
7.67 x 10’
4.27 x 10‘

How K-62
George L-93
WIlllam M-94
Charlie
M-64

3.07 x 10’
6.17 x 10’
3.53 x 10’
-

1.71 x 101
4.55 x 10‘
2.02 x 10‘
-

counls/min
x 10‘

1. 64

1. 75
1. 79
1. 65
1.43
1.91
1.95
1. 91
1.56
1. 77
-

1.97
1.65
1.40
I. 15
-
-
-

2. 67
2.67
2.67

2.67
2.67
2.67
-

3.41:
10”

4.17 x 10”
1.71 x 10”
3. 10 x 10”
1.59 x 10‘
2.14 x 1o’I
2. 67 x 10”
2.39 x 10”
9.59 x 10“
6.69 x 10”
-

4.22 x 10”
1.47 x 10”
2.90 x 10”
1.37 x 10”
-
-
-

6.30 x 10”
1.80 x 10”
1.14 x 10”

4.57 x 10”
1.21 x 10”
5.39 x 10’)
-

coImts/mln

1.91 x lo’*
5.569
7. 32 x 10’
7.59 x 10‘
1. 68 x 10‘
2.56 x 10’
9.90 x 10’
9. 64 x 10’
6.06 x 10’
6.60 x 10’
1.99 x 10’
1.69 x 10‘
9.33 x 10’
6.50 x 10‘
-

6.59 x 10’
-

2.96 x 10‘
6.26 x 10’
6.35X10’

1.69 x 10’
1.35 x 10’
2.39 x 10‘

2.76 x 10‘
1.94 x 10‘
-

1. 33 x 10‘

couots/mln

10-S
1.09 x 10‘

4.06 x 10‘
4.23 x 10’
9. 35 x 10’
1.44 x 10’
4.06X
10’
5.37 x 10‘
4.49 x 10‘
4.90 x 102
1.11 x 10’
1.05 x 10‘
5.19 x 10‘
4.73 x 10)

x 10‘

-

3. 66 x 10’

1.46

1.92
1.92
2.43
2.43
2.43
1.92
1.92
2. 43
2.43
1.46
1. 92
2.43
-

2.43

1.59 x 10”

7.63 x 10“
6.12 x 10”
2. 27 x 10”
3. 50 x 10“
1.21 x 10”
1.03 x 10”
6.62 x 10”
1.19 x 10”
2.70 x 10”
1.54 x 10”
9. 06 x 10”
1.15 x 10”

6.69:lo”l
-

1.65 x 10‘
4.60 x 10‘
3.54 x 10‘

1.92
I
3.17 x 10”
1.46
5. 72 x 10”
1.46
5.17 x 10”

0.35 x 10’
2.43
2.27 x 10”
7.52 x 10‘
2. A3
1.93 x 10”
1.33 x 10‘
1. 92
2.55 x 10”

1.54 x 10’
1.02 x 10‘
-

7.41 x 10‘

2.43
3.74 x 10”
2.43
2.46 x 10”
-
-

1.92
1.42 x 10”

Funnel and hexcell lost.
t Hexcell lost.
& Skiff or collector
lost.
0 Collector
Ulted sllghtly
by blaet.

TABLE
B. 15
DIP PROBE AND DOQHOUSE-COUNTER
CORRELATION WITH FISSION CONTENT

The Hated dip-counter
actlvltlee were obeerved
on allquote of OCC samplee
and are corrected
to an equivalent
dlp count for the total recovered
number of f&alone (see Table B. 12).

Recovered
Time
Dip Actlvlty
Fiaaione
Fleelone t
Sample
Number of
of Dip
Corrected
Dip counte/mln
Doghouse c?unte/mln
Doghouee Act. at 100 hr

Fleelone+
Count
to H+lOO hr
at 100 br
at 100 hr
Dip Act.
at 100 hr

H+hr
counts/mln
x 10’
x 10’
x lo-’

YAO 40-B-0
ZU

YAG 39-C-21
FL

YFNB 13-E-54
FL

iz
YFNB 29-G-66
FL

0

YAG 39-C-21
NA

YFNB 13-E-56
NA

YAG 39-C-21
TE

YFNB 13-E-54
TE

1.27 x to“

1. 27 x 10”

1.27 x 10”

1.27 x 10”

9. 52 x 10”

9.52 x l+

9. 52 x IO”

9. 52 x 10”

3.47 x IO”

3.47 x 10”

3.47 x 10”

3.90 x 10”

3.90 x 10”

1. 30 x 10”

1.30 x 10”

1.30 x 10”

4.54 x 10“

4.54 x 10”

4.54 x 10“

5. 95 x 10”

5. 96 x 10”
340.1

412.0

12.5 x 10’

13.7 x 10’

13.4 x 10‘

13.2 x 10’

86. 2 x 10’

91.4 x 10’

90.4 x 10’

82. 0 x 10’

37.5 x 10‘

35.2 x 10’

33.1 x 10‘

30.3 x 10’

30.4 x 10’

11.1 x 10’

11.6 x 10’

10.2 x 10’

44. 4 x 10’

44. 4 x 10’

41. 9 x 10’

43.9 x 10’

40.5 x 10’
1. 36
2.302
5. 91

1.47
2.302
6. 39

Mean and u
5.608 f 6.69 pet :

l.559.4

217.4

241.6

388.1

268.2

335.4

387.8

722.7

263.8

388.0

723.2

194.7

239.4

194.0
239.5

364.4

287.9

340.3

412.2

1.02
1.703
5.88

0.927
1.669
5.56

0.947
1.669
5. 68
0.962
1.669
5. 77

1.10
2.116
5. 20
1.04
2.116
4. 92
1.05
2.116
4. 96
1.16
2.116
5.48

0.925
1.733
5. 34

0.985
1.733
5. 69

1.05
1.733
6.06

1.29
2.336
5. 52

1.28
2.336
5.40

1.17
2.013
5.81

1.12
2.013
5. 56

1.27
2.013
6. 31

1.02
1.922
5. 31
1.02
1.922
5. 31

1.08
1.922
5. 62

* From Table B. 12

t From Table B. 13

t The mean reported In Table B. 14 was orlglnally calculated In error.
Since the correctlon
amounts to lees then 1 pet It wae not made.

I

TABLE 8.16
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DEVICE ENVJRONMENT

ohs sea water analysis is after Sverdnm (Reference 64), except U which was determined from a Bikini lagoon water
sample taken just prior to Tewa.
The remaining analyses were made at NHDL for Project 2.6a,
Operation Castle
f%&rence
63). extent the Ca and Mn reef values which were estimated fmm Reference 65.

EIement
Sea water

_ __ction by weight
Observed Operational

Surface Coral
Reef and Lagoon
Avg. Surface
Backgrounds

(Zu and Fl)
Floor
and Lagoon
(mg/2.6 ft*)
(Tewa)
Floor (Na)
Sea Stations
How Island

ca
Na
I
Cl
WI
Fe
u
Ph
cu

0.00040
0.340
0.368
0.01056
0.0033
0.0069
0.00038
0.00001
0.0003
0.01998
0.0023
0.0017
0.00127
0.0260
0.0110
2 x lo-’
4.2 x 10-a
0.0002
3 x lo-’

4 x lo-’
1

a x lo4
1. 6 x 10-s
1.6 x lo-(

0.354
0.0051
0. ooo:g
0.0020
0.0185
0.000121

1

1.6 x 10-e

2.16*0.92
4.15t2.27
2.49*0.86
4.1210.97
0.42*0.09
0.51*0.11
1.3110.39
2.67~ (7)
1.63*0.33
2.50~1.07
o.a6*00.14
0.65~0.15
t
t
0.95*0.05
0.96iO.05
0.3oao.
09
0.26iO.
07

Not available.
t Not detectable.

221

66C(ll)

LCBISI)

orck.1)

BSC(ZI)

e61(11)

oc9( I I)

ecI(oI)
9CZ(Od
OWOI)
9WOI)
LIstor)

Ies(ou
OZ9(01)

999(01)
699(01)
101~01)

6IltOI)
lZl(OI)
9Cl(OI)
LCL(OI)
ObL(OI)

6OZtZI)
BBHZI)

6ICtII)
orI
LLZ(OI)

ZOS(OI)

9Sl(OI)

L66fOI)

IZI(6)

lCI(6)

OSI(6,

091(6)

991(6)

ILIt

bLI(6)

9IS(ZI)
DES(ZI)

LbS(Z1)

9SS(ZI)

Z9S(ZI,

99SQI)

69StZI)

IlS(ZI)

ZLS(ZI)

ElS(ZI)

DlS(Z1)

tJlS(ZIJ
SLS(Zl)
SlSfZI)
SLS(Zl)

SLS(ZlJ

SLS(ZI)

SlS(ZI)

SLS(ZI)

SLS(ZI)

SLS(ZI)
SlS(ZI)
SLS(ZI)
SLS(ZI)
srstzr)

OCC(ZU

SO8(ZI)

IsI~II)

SEZ(II)

sIs(II)

lec(II)

tqb(II)

88f411)

IZS(II)

SbS(II)

19S(Il)

ZLS(II)

09S(II)

99S(II)

06StII)

Z6StII)

,6S(II)

96StII)

L6StII)

L6StIl)

L6StIl)

86'311)

96SfII)

86SiII)

86S(II)

IoI~zI)

6ZI(ZI)

ISI

OLl(ZI)

P9I(ZIl

MI(Z1)

ZOZ(Z1)

lOZ(Z1)

OIZ(ZII

ClZ(ZI)

SlZ(Z1)

917AZI)

LIZ(ZI)

LIZ(ZI)

LIZ(ZI)

8IZtZI)

81Z(ZI)

BIZ(ZIb

BlZ(ZI)

BIZ(ZI)

8IZtZl)

erz~zr)

erzfzr)

81Z(ZI)

BIZ(Z1)

LII(Z1)

Wl4ZI)

ZEl(II)

L9Z(II)

EZb(II)

ZGS(II)

9EL(
1 I)

8SN11)

lSG(III

ZOI(OI)

lOI

lII(O1)

EII(O1)

SII(OI)

911(01)

lII(OI)

LII(O1)

911(01)

811(01)

911(01)

911(01)

8IItOI)
911(01)
6IIfOI)

GII(O1)

9GStZI)

BCL(ZI)

SSE(ZI)

6bGfZI)

zor~rr)

LOI(I0

OII(II)

crr(11,

SII(11)

911(11)

LII(I1)

LII(II)

9Z1(91)
BII(II)

ISl(CI)
911~11)

CBS(Z1)
911(10

z11~01~
911~11~

S98(01)
eII(Ir)

IN(G)
8IItII)

eLe(G)
911(11)
L91(8)
811(11)

19Z(@)
t?II(II)

ZSC(E)
eII(IIJ

ZCP(9)
9II(II)

9GPfe)
811fII)

LME)
911(11)

ZSZISI)

ZlZ(PI)

IPI

ZSWI)

PGGtEI)

OlI(ZI)

9PZ(ZI)

SIE(ZI)

PlE(ZI)

OZb(ZI)

SSb(ZI)

OBP(ZI)

eGP(ZI)

IIS(ZI~

OZS(Z1)

SZS(ZI)

ICS(ZI)

ECS(ZI)

SES(Zl)

LCS(ZI1

EES(ZI)

8ZStZI)

GCStZI)

GCSfZI)

GES(ZI)

.

IZZ(SI)

BlP(EI)

BSI(II)

991(01)

czetor)

tbZ(6)

PZS(G)

bZZ ‘1

Z66'b

ZCP'E

SEE'Z

b6S'I

Leo'1

9 ‘IPL

P ’90s

9 'SPE

L'SEZ,

9'091
L '601

6 ‘PL

I 'IS

9'PC

e 'CZ

z '91

1 'II

9s ‘L
91 ‘S

2s ‘6

0) ‘Z
b9 ‘I
ZI ‘I
E9L
‘0

IOC

eoz

EPI

C '16

b '99

E 'Sb

6'OC

I 'IZ

b'V1

Z9 '6

01 '9

1s 'V

ZI 'E

CI 'Z

eAeP W'I

e 'EZ

z '91

1'11

9s ‘L
91 ‘S

zs ‘E

0) ‘2
b9 '1

sJnot( ZI'I

sa*n"lu 8 32

Psl ‘Z
98'ZI
&Z'S
PZl
POLi
PZ'SP
9ES'Z
PPOC
PZ ‘LZ
WI
"II
-~
---
&a3
,,v
"03
"03
11O3
lgaJ
cs"~Y
,I"M
IV'3
-pi-r
W

'?.ttilJ
lUWOl~lU8lS
ICJJlJ al(l
pull
I”@
1~~

-139p
8ql
Uaalalilq
EOJaq,lO
JaqUlllU
aql
El)E3~pUl
eaeaq~"aJsd IIf J~qlUllll
aljl
pUC -“,,/-I
“1 a.18 Da”,e,j
*lOqtUh
Jp((3nu
aql
MOlaq
K113aJlp
“aAl
ml a]![
j[Eq
13npOJd

(36)
ALINfl IOOILVX
NOISSIJ/L3MIOlld
'&J/SNOISSIJ
,OI UOJ S.LL3r-laOUd Cl33llaNlJO
SH.LVkI NOILVZINOI-HIV
61X
3'lBV.L

TABLE
B. 19
CONTINUED

Age
br
Sb”’
Tfl“’
Td’*
Autn
u”t
pa
’
N 240

6Od
8. ltib
114d
Pb”’
2.7d
52h
6. 75d
23.5m
7.3m

45.8
mlnuter
0.763
(1O)lSS
(10)703

1.12 hourr
1.12
go)133
(lo)684

1. 64
1.64
(lo)133
(lo)652

2.40
2.40
(1O)lSS
(lo)614

3. 52
3.52
(1O)lSS
(10)557

(11)513
(10)711

(11)513
(10)709

(11)513
(10)704

(11)513
(lo)699

(11)513
(lo)689

5. 16
5.16
(19)132
(10)484

7. 56
7. 56
(lo)132
(10)394

11.1
11.1
(lo)132
(10)292

16.2
16. 2
(lo)132
(IO)190

23.6
23. 8
(1O)lSl
(11)992

(11)513
(lo)677
(10)474
(lo)123

(11)613
(10)660
(10)459
(10)122

(11)512
(lo)636
(10)437
(10)120

(11)511
(lo)603
(lo)408
(10)118

(11)510
(IO)554
(10)370
(1O)llS

1.45 daye
W
lb
2.13

3. 12

4.57

6. 30

34.6
(1O)lSl
(11)388
(11)509
(10)494

51.1
(1O)lSO
(12)973
(11)507
(10)415

74.9
(lo)126
(12)129
(11)504
(lo)321

109.7
(lo)126
(14)668
(11)499
(10)221

160.6
(lo)123
(16)872
(11)493
(10)128

9. 62
235.7
(10)119
14.4
345.6
(10)112
21.1
506.4
(10)104
30. 9
741.6
(11)929
45. 3
1,067
(11)766

(18)149
(11)484
(11)576
(11)219
(11)456
(11)191

(11)470
(11)178
(12)507
(11)287
(12)491

(11)452
(12)318
(13)594
(11)143
(13)670
(11)426
(13)25I3
(14)259
(12)529
(14)364

(11)390
(15)643
(16)256
(12)121
(16)509

66.4
1,594
(11)616
(l1)343
97. 3
2,335
(11)431
(11)284
143
3,432
(11)254
(11)215
208
4,992
(11)120
(11)145
301
7.224
(12)410
(12)625

(17)277

(21)995

(10)501
(lo)126
(9)507

(10)500
(lo)125
(9)270

(lo)496
(lo)125
(9)107
(10)490
(lo)125
(lo)260

(10)484
(lo)124
(11)386

(12)212

(14)SOl

(17)577

(10)319
(lo)108

(lo)256
(1O)lOl

(lo)186
(11)914

(10)118
(11)789

(11)595
(11)634

(19)304
(13)137

(15)578
(17)520

(20)742

(lo)258
(9)290

(10)300
(9)287

(lo)326
(9)2l31

(lo)338
(9)270

(10)337
(9)256

(IO)332
(9)236

(lo)321
(9)210
_
(10)306
(9)176

(lo)289
(9)137

(lo)263
(10)944

(lo)230
(10)550

(lo)186
(lo)248

(10)140
(11)767

(11)909
(11)lSS

(11)482
(12)llS

(14)290

(16)126

(19)954

TABLE
8.21
GAMMA-RAY
PROPERTIES
OF
CLOUD
AND FALLOUT
SAMPLES
BASED
ON GAMMA-RAY

SPECTROMETRY
(NRB)

Cloud samples
are particulate
collections
in small
pieces of filter
paper.
zUI fallout samples
are aliquots of OCC

sample solutions
except those indicated
as solid,
which are sliquoted
undissolved,
by wetght.

Sample

Designation
Age

hr

Number of

Fissrons

Nf

Average
mr/br
at 3 ft. (SC),
for

Energy
Nf fissions/ftt
Total
_
_
Photons/set

E
By Line
BY
Error
Photons
10‘ Rssion

E
E’
Using E
per set

x 104
kev
Pet

Shot
Cherokee

Standard cloud

sample
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
11

Shot
Zuni

Standsnd cloud

sample
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8
9

How F-61

1

2

YAG 46-B-19

2

3

4

5
6
.

6’

7

8

9

10

How F-67

1

2

3

4

YAG 40-B-6

1

2

3

4

53

14

98

166

191

215

242

262.5
335

405.5

597.5

53
69

93

117

192

242
454

790

1.295

240

460

266

362
459

790

983

987

1.298

1.728.5

2,568.5

2,810

359

460.5
981

1.606

383

458

982

1.605

8.82 x 10”

9.84 x 10’2

1*0° i lol’

3. 71 x 10”

(solid)

7. 29 x 10’3

(solid)

I

294
20.64
21.15
2.47
11.62
1.317
299
17.18
17.66
2. 79
9. 65
1.094

310
11.94
12.15
1.76
6. 53
0.740
337
7. 88
8. 36
6. 09
4. 04
0.458
379
6. 36
6. 87
8. 02
2. 91
0.330
391
5. 82
6. 24
7. 22
2. 59
0.294
417
5.00
5. 40
8.00
2.10
0.238
446
4. 44
4. 81
8. 33
1. 75
0.198
490
3. 46
3. 81
10.12
1. 26
0.143

509
2. 85
3. 10
8. 77
0.99
0.112
626
1.82
1. se
8.79
0. 52
0.059

477
62.47
67.36
7. 83
22. se
2.335
413
49.92
52.89
5. 95
20.82
2.116

422
37. 90
39. 64
4.59
15.28
1.553
433
28.45
30.12
5.87
11.31
I. 149
437
16. 71
17.78
6. 40
6. 62
0.673
485
13.05
14.03
I. 51
4. 71
0.479
589
6. 28
6. 84
8. 92
1. so
0.193
624
3.29
3. 52
6. 99
0.93
0.095
559
1.56
1. 65
6. 45
0.48
0.049

210
1. 72
1. 73
0.58
1. 34
0.134

247
0. 64
0. 65
1. 56
0. 43
0.043

419
181.18
193.33
6. 71
74.98
0.202

480
110.18
119.14
8.13
40.4
0.109

508
105.62
113.95
7. as
36.29
0.098

606
51.07
54.87
7. 44
14.83
0.040

731
53.46
56.63
5.93
12.87
0.035
706
49.24
51. es
5.38
12.21
0.033

710
38.09
40.91
7.40
9. 58
0.026

706
28.41
30.05
5. 77
I. 07
0.019
711
18.85
19. 60
3. 98
4. 60
0.012

731
14.50
16.02
10.48
3: 65
0.010

318
10.66
11.38
6. 75
5. 82
0.080

385
8. 31
a. 73
5. 05
3. 69
0.051
610
4. 38
4.53
3. 42
1. 20
0.016
646
3.54
3. 64
2. 82
0. 93
0.013

444.76

457.16

656.58

695.12

12.92

9. 43

4. 49

3. 47

237

13.79
6. 73
5. 05
0.10
10.07
6. 79
3. 58
0.070
4. 76
6. 01
1. 2
0.024

3. 60
3. 75
0. 86
0.017

FF’

TABLE
B. ‘21
CONTINUED

Sample
Desqnation
Me
Number
of

Fisstons

Average
mrihr
at 3 ft. I%).
for

Energy
Nf fissions/ft*
Total

B
By Line
BY
Error-
Photons/se,
Photons
E
h
Using E
per set
10‘ flssio”*

Shot
Flnthend

Stsndard
cloud

sample

2

3
4

5

6

7

a

9

96. 5

195

262

334

435

718

1.031

1,558

YAG 39-C-36

1

2

119.5

598

YFNB
13-E-56

1

2

3
4

337

722

1.032

1,538

YFNB
13-E-54

1

2

3
4

357

720
1.034.5

1,538.~

Shot
Navajo

Standard
cloud

Mmple
1
2

3
4

5

6

51.5

69

141

191

315
645.5

YFNB
13-E-54

1

3

4

5

197

311

360
551

YAG 39-C-36

1

2

216
-
436.11
1.92

260
-
549.03
0. 99

YFNB
13-E-66

1

2

3

237.5

359

551

YAG 39-C-21
309.5

ht
Nf

2. 79 x 10“

1

1. 06 x IO”

(solid)

4.44
x 10”

(solid)

I

3. ai x 10”

I

3.46
x 10”

I

2.40
x IO”

(solid)

1

6. 50 x 10”

I

3.90
x 10”

kOV
Pet
x 10‘

335. aa
61.12
62. aa
2. aa
30. 49
1.093
402.04
27.94
29.18
4. 44
ii.
a2
0.424
489.13
la. 94
20.36
7. 50
6. 44
0.231
535.96
16.31
17.73
a. 39
5. 39
0.193
573.61
11.06
12.01
a. 59
3. 43
0.123
661.49
6. 08
6. 56
7. a9
1. 64
0.059
708.63
3.16
3. 42
a. 23
0. a0
0.029
678.61
2.08
2. 21
6. 25
0. 54
0.019

306.28
14.77
15.20
2.91
.a. 08
0.762
532.08
1.99
2.17
9. 05
0. 65
0. 061

515.74
13.38
14.52
a. 52
4. 58
0.103
659.93
5. 96
6. 38
7. 05
1. 60
0.036
881.15
3. 71
3. 95
6. 47
0. 96
0.022
699.09
1. 77
1. a5
4. 52
0.44
0.010

389.11
12.41
13.52
a. 94
5. 66
0.149
549.26
5. 08
5. 51
a. 46
1.64
0.043
672. aa
3. 55
3. 73
5. 07
0. 92
0.024
662.90
1. 94
2. 00
3. 09
0.50
0.013

567. 6a
20.50
22.97
12.05
6. 62
1.913
483.11
13.32
14.65
9. 98
4. 94
I. 428
396.37
5. 00
5. 31
6. 70
2. la
0.630
482.27
4. a4
5.18
7.02
1. 75
0.506

604.29
2. 13
2. 32
a. 92
0. 63
0.182
585.68
0. 72
0. 78
a. 33
0. 22
0. 064

496.15
9. 34
9. 96
6. 63
3.27
0.136

658.79
a. 15
a. 74
7. 24
2.19
0.091

710.86
a. 36
a. 92
6. 70
2. 09
0.087
ala. 31
5. 69
6. 01
5. 62
1.24
0.052

2. 05

1.04

4. 75

3. 21
1. 70

2. 10

6. 77
0. 76
-

5. 05
0. 31
-

518. a7
4. 40

676. a6
2. 98

688.41
1. 58

7. 95

7. 72

7. 59

0.229

0.120

0.063

604.65
1. 96
7.14

1.49

0. 78

0.41

0.57
0.146

238

TABLE
B. 21
CONTINUED

Sample
Designation
Age
Number
of
Fissions

Average
mr/hr
at 3 ft. (SC),
for

Energy
Nf fissions/ft’
Total
Photons/set

E
By Line
BY
Error
Photons
10’ fission
E
E
Using I
per sac

Shot
Tewa

Standard cloud

sample
1

2
3

4

5

8
7

8
9

10

11

71. 5

93.5

117.0

185.0
’ 240.5

333.5
429io

578.5

785.5

1.289.0

1.511.0

4.71 x 101’

t

401.33
127. I
131.84
3. 57
53.42
1.134
378.45
94.25
97.80
3.55
42.00
0.892
377.50
75. 84
79.29
4. 83
34. 21
0. 728
373.02
82.27
85.71
5. 52
28.89
0.809
480.73
44.21
47.38
7.17
18. 15
0.358
489.33
24.88
27.01
8. 58
8. 99
0.191
548.48
18.47
20.18
9. 15
8. 00
0.127
829.84
12.70
13.83
8. 90
3. 82
0.077
884.50
10.40
11.18
7. 50
2. 18
0.059
848.8Q
4. 94
5. 21
5.47
1.33
0.028
858.33
4.13
4. 33
4. 84
1.09
0.023

YAG 39-C-38

1

2
3

4

5

173.0

237.0

312.0

407.0

578.0

1.77 x 10”

(solid)

I

345.84
18. 78
17.41
3. 75
8. 2
0.483
355.39
12.27
12.81
4. 40
5. 87
0.332
397. 80
7. 99
8. 42
5. 38
3. 4.5
0.195
418. 92
5. 89
8. 04
8. 15
2. 38
0.133
571.85
3. 95
4. 22
8. 84
1. 21
0.088

YFNB
13-E-58

1

2

3

4

5

8

238

335

413

578

1.270

1.512

3.40 x 10”

(solid)

*
I

270.08
il. 84
lr. 24
3. 38
7. 38
0.217
295.58
7. 18
7. 48
4.19
4. 11
0.121
327.78
4. 85
5. 07
4. 54
2. 52
0.074
434.03
3. 82
4. 00
4. 71
1.50
0.044
542.00
1. 84
1. 87
1. 83
0. 50
0.015
583.09
1.18
1.17
0.88
0. 34
0.010

Y3-T-IC-D
243
380.31
1.01
1. 08
4. 95
0. 48
-

YFNB
13-E-54

1

2

3

4

283

318

408.5

824.0

287

411

828

781

1.271

1.513

2.38 x 10”

I

1.82 x 10”

I

308.39

330.48

373.45

484.14

8. i7

4. 81

3. 49

1. 78

7. 21
4. 96
3. 83
0. 181
4. 85
5. 21
2. 39
0.100
3. 71
8.30
1. 82
0.088
1. 90
‘7.95
0. 84
0.027

YAG 39-C-21

1

3

4

5

8

7

427.28
88. 72
73. 34
8. 72
27.98
0.154
485.32
40. 87
43.85
1. 33
15.28
0.084
584.53
23. 70
25. 53
7. 72
7. 40
0.041
808.21
17.33
18.88
7. 87
5.07
0.028
872.81
9. 75
10.18
4. 21
2.51
0.014
889.95
7.83
8. 08
3.19
2. 00
0.011

hr
N f
kev
Pet
x 10’

239

TABLE
B. 22
COMPUTED
DOGHOUSE DECAY
RATES OF FALLOUT
AND CLOUD SAMPLES

Activities
are computed in unlte of (counte/sec)/lO’
flseione
for a point souroe in a covered OCC tray on the floor of the counter.
The product/fisston
ratio for the induced product acttvlttea
QP) appears
directly
below the nucltde symbol.
Induced activlttes
are summed and added to the fission
product
activity
(FP) for the total computed count rate.
Numbers
in parentheses
denote the number of zeros between the decimal
point and the first significant
figure,
e. g. , (3)291 = 0.000291.

Age
Na”
Cr”
MnW
MIP
0.011
Fe”
Co”
Corn
Coo
Cu”
Sb’*’
Sbi2’
hr
0.0109
0.00173
-
-
-
~
-
~
___
___
0.011+
0.00041
0.0031
6.0036
0.00264
0.0090
0.0252 t
0.0084

Shot
Zuni,
Average
Lagoon-Area
Compoeltlon:

45. 8
min
1.12 hre
1. 64 hre
2.40 hre
3.52 hrs

5.16 hrs
7.56 hrs
rG
$
11.1
hrs
16.2
hre
23.8
hrs

1.45 days

2.13 daye
3.12 days
4.57 days
6. 70 days

9.82 days
14.4
days
21.1
days
30.9
days
45.3
days

66.4
days
97.3
days
143
days
208
daye

0.763
(6)llS
(10)419
(9)175
1.12
(6)117
(10)419
(9)175
1. 64
(6)114
(10)419
(9)175
2. 40
(6)llO
(10)419
(9)17S
3. 52
(6)105
(10)419
(9)175

5. 16
(7)970
(10)417
(9)175
7.56
(7)868
(10)415
(9)176
11.1
(7)738
(10)415
(9)175
16. 2
(7)583
(lo)412
(9)17S
23.6
(7)409
(lo)408
(9)175

34. 8
(7)249
(10)405
(9)175
51.1
(7)117
(lo)398
(9)175
74.9
(8)391
(lo)388
(9)174
109.7
(9)787
(10)374
(9)174
160.8
(10)743
(10)353
(9)173

235.7
345. 6
506.4
741.6
1,087

(11)228
(lo)327
(9)172
* (10)345
(10)898
(9)290
(10)291
(9)169
(lo)321
(10)887
(9)278
(lo)246
(9)167
(10)290
(lo)872
(9)260
(1O)lSO
(9)164
(lo)250
(lo)851
(9)237
(lo)132
(9)158
(10)200
(lo)820
(9)206

1.594
2,335
3,432
4,992

(11)772
(9)151
(101145
(10)777
(cl)168
(lo)108
(9)569
(11)351
(9)141
(11)902
(10)717
(s)i25
(10)107
(9)398
(1l)llO
(9)126
(111447
(lo)638
(lo)803
(10)105
(9)235
(12)211
(9)lOS
(11)165
(10)540
(lo)432
(10)102
(Sjlll
(13)lSS
(lo)882
(12)396
(lo)426
(lo)176
(11)SSO
(10)379
301
days
7,224

(6)544
(10)401

(6)494
(10)401

(6)430
(10)401

(6)351
(10)400
(6)260
(10)400

(6)166
(10)400

(7)874
(10)399

(71340
(lo)398

(8)861
(10)397

(8)112
(10)395

(lo)581
(lo)392

(12)748
(lo)388

(lo)382

(10)374

(lo)362

(10)921
(9)31?
(10)921
(9)319

(lop20
(9)319

(lop20
(9)319

(10)920
(9)318

(10)920
(9)318

(10)920
(9)318
(1O)SlS
(9)318
(1O)SlS
(9)317
(1O)SlS
(9)316

(10)917
(9)314
(lo)916
(9)312
(10)913
(9)309
(1O)SlO
(9)305
(10)905
(9)299

(io)iii
(7)356

(1O)lll
(7)347

(1O)lll
(7)338

(1O)lll
(7)326

(1O)lll
(7)306

(IO)111
(7)280

(lo)111
(7)246

(1O)lll
(7)203

(1O)lll
(7)154

(1O)lll
(7 )103

(1O)lll
(8)564

(1O)lll
(8)234

(1O)lll
(9)651

(1O)lll
(lo)936

(1O)llO
(11)629

(1O)llO
(12)112

(1O)llO

(1O)llO

/lO)lOS

(1O)lOS

(7)335
f8)123

(7)335
(8)123

(7)333
(8)123
(7)330
(8)123
(7)328
(8)123

(7)320
t8)123

(7)312
(8)122

(7 )302
tab22
(7)285
(8)122
(7)265
(8)121

(7)235
(8)121
(7)lSS
(8)120

(71154
(8)118
(7)107
(8)116

(8)625
(8)113

(a)285
(8)lOS

(9)897
(8)lO.t

(9)166
(9)958
(10)141
(9)857
(12)381
(9)727

Age
Til”O
Ta18Z
t1$03
___
__
-
hr
0.0691
t
0.0326
0.050

Shot
Zuni,
Average
Lagoon-Arca
Compusitio
1

15.8
mtn

1.12
hrs

1.64
hrs

2.40
hrs

3.52
hrs

5. 16 hrs

7.56
hrs

11.1
hrs

16. 2
hrs
N
e
23. 8
hrs

1.45
days

2.13
days

3.12
days

4.57
days

6.70
days

9.82
days

14.4
days

21.1
days

30.9
days

45.3
daye

66.4
days

97.3
days

143
days

208
days

301
days

0.763
(6)&?1

1.12
(6)850

1.64
(6)808

2. 40
(6)760

3. 52
(6)6YO

(8)355

(8)355

(8)355

(81355

(8)355

(6V-70 1
(6)170

(G)168

(6)167

(6)16-1

5. 16
(6)SYY

7. 56
(6)489

11.1
(6)362

16. 2
(6)235

23. 8
(6)123

(6)355

(8)355

(8)355

(8)355

(8)352

(6)lGl

(6)156

(G)148

(6)139

(6)12G

34. 8
(7)481

51.1
(7)121

74. 9
(8)160

109.7
(10)629

160.8
(11)108

(8 )352

(8)352

(8)349

(8)346

(8)342

(G)lMI

(7)870

(7)635

(7 )400

(7)202

235. I

345.6

506.4

141. 6

1,087

(8)336

(8)326

(8)313

(8)295

(8)270

(8)745

(8)172

(9)202

(ll)Mwl

(13)650

1.594
(8)238

2.335
(8)197

3,432
(8)149

4.992
(6)lOO

I. 224
(Y)570

TABLE
B. 22
CONTINUED

Sum of FP

(4)GuJJ

(4)3946

(4)2429

(4)14G!,

(5)882b

(El)5243

(5)X246

(5)“21U

(5)1519

(6)9YU3

(G)595Y

(6)333li

(G)187Y

(6)1133

(7)6834

(7)4159

(7)2598

(7)1749

(7)1249

(8)9022

(8)6424

(8)4413

(a)2726

(&)1401

(9)5868

TABLE
B. 22
CONTINUED
‘..! 3%

A@
Na”
Cr“
Mn”
Ml+‘
Fe“
co“
co”
co&
Cl?
Sb”’
Sb”
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
hr
0.0109
0.00173
0.011
0.011,
0.00041
0.0031
0.0036
0.00264
0.0090
0.219
0.073

Shot
Zunl,
Cloud
Compoeltlon:

45.8
min
0.763

1.12 hre
1.12

1. 64 hre
1.64

2.40 hre
2.40

3.52 hre
3. 62

5.16 hre

7.56 hre

11.1
hre

16.2
hre

5.16
(7)970

7.56
(7)868

11.1
(7)738

16. 2
(7)583

23. 8
(7 )409
N
iz
23.8
hre

1.45 day8
34. 8

2.13 days
51.1

3.12 days
74. 9

4.57 days
109.7

6. 70 days
160.8

9.82 days
235. 7

14.4
days
345.6

21.1
daye
506.4

30.9
days
741.6

45.3
days
1,087

66.4
daye
1,594

97.3
days
2,335

143
day8
3,432

208
days
4,992

301
day s
7,224

(6)119

(6)117

(6)114

(6)llO

(6)105

(7)249

(7)117

(8)391

(9)787

(10)743

(11)228

(10)419

(10)419

(10)419

(10)419

(10)419

(10)417

(10)415
(10)415

(lo)412

(lo)408

(10)405

(lo)398

(lo)388

(10)374

(10)353

(lo)327

(10)291

(lo)246

(10)190

(lo)132

(11)772

(11)351

(11)llO

(12)211

(13)195

(9)175

(9)175

(9)176

(9)175

(9)176

(9)175

(9)175

(9)175

(9)175

(9)175

(9)175

(9)175

(9)174

(9)174

(9)173

(9)172

(9)169

(9)167

(9)164

(9)158

(9)151

(9)141

(9)126

(9)109

(lo)882

(6)544
(10)401

(6)494
(10)401

(6)430
(10)401

(6)351
(10)400

(6)260
(10)400

(6)166
(10)400

(7)874
(10)399
(7)340
(lo)398

(8)861
(10)397
(8)112
(10)395

(lo)581
(10)392

(12)748
(lo)388

(lo)382

(10)374

(lo)362

(10)345

(lo)321

(10)290

(lo)250

(1O)ZOO

(10)145

(11)902

(11)447

(11)165

(12)396

(10)921

(10)921

(10)920

(10)920

(10)920

(10)920

(10)920

(10)919

(10)919

(10)919

(10)917

(lo)916

(10)913

(10)910

(10)905

(lo)898

(lo)887

(lo)872

(lo)851

(lo)820

(10)777

(10)717

(lo)638

(10)540

(LO)425

(9)319

(9)319

(9)319

(9)319

(9)318

(9)318

(9)318

(9)318

(9)317

(9)316

(9)314

(9)312

(9)309

(9)305

(9)299

(9)290

(9)278

($)260

(9)237

(9)206

(9)168

(9)125

(lo)803

(lo)432

(lo)176

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)lll

(1O)llO

(1O)llO

(1O)llO

(1O)llO

(10)109

(10)109

(lo)108

(10)107

(10)105

(10)102

(11)990

(7)356

(7)347

(7)338

(7)326

(7)306

(7)280

(7)246

(7)203

(7)154

(7)103

(8)564

(8)234

(9)651

(lo)936

(11)629

(12)112

(6)291

(6)291

(6)289

(6)287

(6)285

(6)278

(6)272

(6)263

(6)247

(6)230

(6)204

(6)173

(6)134

(7)931

(7)543

(7)247

(8)780

(8)144

(9)122

(11)331

(13)162

(7)107

(7 jlO7

(7)107

(7)107

(7)107

(7)107

(7)106

(7)106

(7)106

(7)105

(7)105

(7)104

(7)103

(7)lOl

f8)985

(8)949

(8)905

(8)832

(8)745

(8)631

(8)494

(8)346

(8)204

(9)964

(9)329

243

TABLE
B. 22
CONTINUED

Age
Na”
Cr‘t
Nm”
Nm”
Fe”
cob’
co”
co”
CU”
Ta”’
-
~
-
~
~
-
__I
~
_
hr
0.0314
0.0120
0. 10
0.094
0.0033
0.00224
0.00193
0.0087
0.0270
0.038 1

Shot
Navajo,
Average
Fallout
Composition:

E

45.8
min

1.12 hrs

1. 64 hrs

2.40 hrs

3. 52 hre

5.16 hrs

7.56 hrs

11.1
hrs

23.
16.2 tl hrs
hrs

1.45 days

2.13 daya

3.12 days

4.57 day8

6.70 days

9.82 days

14.4
days

21.1
days

30.9
days

45.3
days

66.4
days

97.3
days

143
days

208
days

0.763
(6)342
(9)290
(8)159

1.12
(6)336
(9)290
(8)159

1. 64
(6)330
(9)290
(8)159

2. 40
(6)317
(9)290
(8)169

3. 52
(6)301
(9)290
(8)159

5. 16
(6)279
(9)289
(8)159

7.56
(6)250
(9)288
(8)159

11.1
(6)213
(9)288
(8)159

16.2
(6)168
(9)286
(8)159

23. 8
(6)118
(9)283
(8)159

34.0
(7)716
(9)281
(8)1S9

51.1
(7)336
(9)276
(8)159

74. 9
(7)113
(9)269
(8)158
109.7
(8)227
(9)259
(8)158

160.8
(9)214
(9)245
(8)157

235.7
345.6

506.4

741. 6

1,087

(11)656
(9)227
(8)156
(9)278
(lo)649
(9)156
(lo)363

(9)202
(8)154
(9)259
(lo)641
(9)149
(lo)362

(9)170
(8)152
(9)233
(lo)630
(9)140
(IO)361

(9)132
(8)149
(9)201
(lo)615
(9)127
(lo)360

(10)918
(8)144
(9)161
(10)592
(9)lll
(lo)358

1,594

2,335

3,432

4,992

(10)535
(8)137
(9)116
(lo)561
(10)901
(10)355
(lo)244
(8)12l3
(lo)726
(lo)518
(lo)670
(10)351

(11)760
(8)llS
(lo)360
(lo)461
(10)430
(10)345

(11)146
(9)992
(10)133
(10)390
(lo)232
(10)338

(12)136
(9)802
(11)319
(10)307
(11)942
(lo)326
301
days
7,224

(5)465
(9)322

(5)422
(9)322

(5)368
(9)322

(5)300
(9)322

(S)222
(9)322

(5)142
(9)322

(6)747
(9)321

(6)290
(9)320

(?)736
(9)319

(8)959
(9)318

(9)496
(9)316

(11)639
(9)313

(9)308

(9)301

(9)291

(lo)665
(9)171
(lo)364
(6)llO
(6)479
(lo)665
(9)171
(lo)364
(6)107
(6)467
(lo)665
(9)171
(lo)364
(6)104
(6)445
(lo)665
(9)171
(lo)364
(6)lOl
(6)418
(10)665
(9)171
(lo)364
(7)945
(6)380

(10)666
(9)171
(lo)364
(7)865
(6)329
(10)665
(9)170
(lo)364
(7)759
(6)269
(lo)664
(9)170
(lo)364
(7)62EI
(6)199
(lo)664
(9)170
(lo)364
(7)475
(6)129

(lo)664
(9)169
(lo)364
(7)317
(7)676

(lo)663
(9)168
(lo)364
(7)174
(7)264

(lo)662
(9)167
(lo)364
(8)723
(8)665

(10)660
(9)166
(lo)364
(8)201
(9)878
(lo)658
(9)163
(lo)364
(9)289
(lo)456

(lo)654
(9)160
(lo)363
(10)194
(12)593

(12)348

N
b

TABLE
B. 22
CONTINUED

Age
Ta”Z
Pb20’
-
___
hr
0.038
0.0993

Shot
Navajo,
Average
Fallout
Compobition:

45. 8
min

1.12 hra

1.64 bra

2.40 hre

3.52 hre

0.763
(8)414

1.12
(8)414
i. 64
(8)414

2. 40
(8)414

3. 52
(8)414

5.16 hre

7.56 hre

11.1
hre

16.2
hrs

23.8
hre

5. 16
(8)414

7. 56
(8)414

11.1
(8)414

16. 2
(8)414

23. 8
(8)SlO

1.45 days
34. 8

2.13 days
51. 1

3.12 days-
74.9

4.57 days
109.7

6.70 days
160.8

9.82 days
235.7

14.4
days
345. 6

21.1
days
506. 4

30.9
daye
741.6

45.3
daye
1,087

66.4
daye
1,594

97.3
days
2,335

143
days
3.432
208
days
4,992

301
days
7,224

(8)410

(8)410

(8)407

(8)403

(8)399

(8)391

(8)380

(8)365

(8)344

(8)315

(8)277

(8)229

(8)174

(8)117

(9)665

(6)644

(6)642

(6)636

(6)631

(6)621

(6)608

(6)598

(6)560

(6)524

(6)475

(6)408

(6)329

(6)239

(6)151

(7)762

(7)281

(8)652

(9)762

(lo)332

-

Sum of FP
-

(3)1171

(4)7727

(4)4870

(4)3015

(4)1868

(4)1175

(5)7600

(5)5065

(5)3337

(5)2124

(5)1326

(6)8054

(6)4914

(6)3154

(6)ZOSl

(6)1353

(7)8691

(7)5473

(7)3355

(7)1968

(7)1126

(8)6652

(8)3877
(8)1989

(9)8710

TABLE
B. 22
CONTINUFD

Age
hr

Shot
Flathead.
Ave{age
Fallout
Compoeltlon:

45.6
mln
0. 763

1.12 hrs
1.12
1. 64 hrs
1. 64
2.40 hre
2. 40

3.52 hrs
3. 52

5.16 hre
7.56 hrs

11.1
hrs

16.2
hrs

23. 8
hre

5.16 1
7.56 ’
ii.1 /

16.2 ;

23.61

1.45 days

2.13 days

3.12 days

4.51 days

6.70 days

34.8’
51.1
74. 9
109. ?!
160.6

9.82 days

14.4
days

21.1
days

30.9
days

45.3
days

235. ‘1
345. 6
506.4
741.6
’
1.067

66.4
days
1,594

97.3
days
2,335

143
d:1ys
3,432

208
days
4,992

301
days
I. 224

Na”

0.00145

cu”
co”
co’
0.00217
0.0036
0.0053

’ (?)158

(?)155

(?)152

(?)146

(?)139

i?,129

(7)115

(b)962

(8)??6

(8)544

@)331

(8)155

(9)521

(S)105

(11)989

(12)303

I

(8)85?

(8)836

(8)814

(8)?86

(8)?38

(8)6?5

@)5S2

(8)490

@I)371

@)24?

(8)136

(S)564

(9)157

(lo)226

(11)152

(13)2?1

(9)10?

(9)10?

(9)107

(9)10?

(9)10?

(S)lO?

(9)107

(9)10?

(S)lO?

(S)lO?

(9)10?

(S)106

(S)106

(S)106

(9)105

(9)lOJ

(9)103

cl)101

(lOkM8

(10)952

(10)902

~lOw333

(10)?41

(lo)627

(10)494

(9)4?0

(9)4?0

(9)469

(9)469
/
(9,469
/

(9,469
(9)468

(9)46? i
(9)466
’
(9)465

(9)463
(9)460
(9)455
(9)449
(9)440

(9)427
(9)409
(9)383
(9)349
(9)304

(9)248

(9)1t34

(9)118

(lo)636

(lOJ259

IImIli
Sum of F

(3)11?1

(4)??2?

(4)48?0

(4)3015

(4)1866

(4)11?5

(5)?600

@)5065

(5)333?

(5)2124

(5)1326

(6)8054

(6)4914

(6)3154

(6)2061

(6)1353

(I)8691

(?)54?3

(?)3355

(?)1968

(?)1126

(a)6652

(8)3fJ??

(8)1989

(9)8?10

-

TABLE B. 22
CONTlNUED

Age
Na”
Cr”
Mn”
Fe”
co”
cam
co”
C””
Tale2
-
-
-
~
___
-
-
___
~
hr
(2)284
(3)29?
(3)53
(3)167
(3)182
(3)289
(3)81
(2)228
(2)6

Shot
Tewa.
Average
Lagoon-Area
Compositlon:

46.8
min

1.12 hrs

1.64 hrs

2.40 hrs

3.52 hrs

0.763
(?)310

1.12
(?)304

1.64
(7)298

2.40
(?)28?

3. 52
(?)2?3

5.16 hrs

7.56 hrs

11.1
hrs

16.2
hrs

23.8
hrs

5. 16
(?)253

7.56
(?)226

11.1
(?)192

16. 2
(?)152

23. 8
(?)106

1.45 days

2.13 days

3.12 days

4.57 days

6.70 days

34.8
(8)648

51.1
(8)304

74.9
(8)102

109.7
(9)205

160.8
(10)194

9.82 days
235.7

14.4
days
345.6

21.1
days
506.4
30.9
dayi3
741.6

45.3
days
1,087

66.4
days
1,594

97.3
days
2,335

143
days
3,432

208
days
4,992

301
days
7,224

(12)594

(11)?19

(11)?19

(11)?19

(11)?19

(11)?19

(11)?16

(11)?13

(11)?13

(ll)?O?

(ll)?Ol

(11)695

(11)683

(11)665

(11)642

(11)606

(11)561

(11)499

(11)422

(11)32?

(11)22?

(11)132

(12)603

(12)188
(13)362

(14)336

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)83?

(11)83?

(11)832

(11)82?

(11)816

(11)806

(11)?90

(11)?63

(11)?26

(11)6?8

(11)610

(11)526

(11)425

(lo)163

(lo)163

(lo)163

(lo)163

(lo)163

(lo)163

(lo)162

(lo)162

(lo)162

(lo)161

(lo)160

(lo)158

(lo)!56

(lo)152

(10)14?

(10)140

(10)131

(lo)118

(10)102

(11)815

(11)690

(11)36?

(11)182
(12)673

(12)161

(11)541

(11)541

(11)540

(11)540

(11)540

(11)540

(11)540

(11)540

(11)540

(11)539

(11)539

(11)538

(11)536

(11)534

(11)631

(11)52?

(11)521

(11)512

(11)499

(11)481

(11)456

(11)421

(11)3?4

(11)31?

(11)250

(lo)256

(lo)256

(lo)256

(lo)256

(10)255

(lo)255

(lo)255

(lo)255

(lo)254

(lo)253

(10)252
(lo)251

(lo)248

(lo)245

(lo)240

(lo)233

(lo)223

(10)209

(10)190

(10)166

(10)136

(1O)lOO
(11)644

(11)34?

(11)141

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)338

(11)338

(11)33?

(11)336

(11)335
(11)333

(11)330

(11)32?
(11)322
(11)314

(11)304

(9)901

(8)880

(8)855

(8)825

(8)??5

(8)?09

(8)622

(8)515

(8)390

(8)260

(8)143

(9)593

(9)165

(lo)237

(11)159

(13)285

(9)654

(9)654

(9)654

(9)654

(9)654

(9)654

(9)654

(9)654

(9)654

(9)648

(9)648

(9)648

(9)642

(9)636

(9)630

(9)618

(9)600

(9)5?6

(9)542

(9)49?

(9)43?

(9)362

(9)275
(9)184

(9)105

TABLE
B. 22
CONTINUED

Age
Pb203

hr
(4)178

Shot
Tewa,
Average
Lagoon-Area
Compoeition:

45. t3 min

1.12 hrs

1.64
hrs

2.40
hre

3.52
hre

0.763
(lo)607

1.12
(lo)605

1. 64
(lo)600

2. 40
(10)594

3. 52
(lo)586

5.16
hrs

7.56 hrs

11.1
hrs

16.2
hrs

23.8
hrs

5. 16
(10)573

7. 56
(10)555

11.1
(10)529

16. 2
(10)495

23. 0
(10)449

1.45 days
34.0

2.13 days
51.1

3.12 days
74.9

4.57 days
109.7

6.70 days
160.8

9.82 days
235. 7

14.4
days
345. 6

21.1
days
506.4

30.9
days
741.6

45.3
days
1,087

66.4
days
1,594

97.3
days
2,335

143
days
3,432

208
days
4,992

301
days
7,224

(lo)386

(10)310

(lo)226

(lo)142

(11)719

(11)265

(12)614

(13)719

(14)313

Sum of FP

(4)6035

(4)3947

(4)2430

(4)1470

(5)8831

(5)5246
i

(5)3252

(5)2214

(5)1524

(6)9968

(6)6037

(6)3427

(6)1983

(6)1243

(7)7919

(7)5126

(7)3366

(7)2287

(7)1566

(7)1048

(8)6888

(8)4499

(a)2734

(8)1401

(9)5868

TABLE
B.22
CON’DNUED

Age
* hr

Na”
crtt
MIP
Fe”
co”
co”
co”
Cu“
Tat”
-
-
~
~
---_
(2)284
(3)29?
(3)53
(3)167
(3)182
(3)289
(3)81
(2)228
0.01

Shot
Tewa,
Average
Cloud
and
Outer
Fallout
Area
Composition:
.

45.8
min

1.12 hrs

1.64 hrs

2.40 hrs

3.52 hrs

0.763
(7)310

1.12
(7)304

1. 64
(7)298

2. 40
(7)287

3.52
(7)273

5.16 hrs
5.16

7.56 hrs
7.56

11.1
hrs
11.1

16.2
hrs
16. 2

23.8
hrs
23. 8

1.45 hrs
34. 8

2.13 days
51.1

3.12 days
74.9

4.57 days
109.7

6. 70 days
160.8

9. 82 days

14.4
days

21.1
days
30.9
days
45. 3 days

235. I

345.6

506.4

741.6
1,087

66.4
days
1,594

91. 3 days
2,335

143
days
3,432

208
days
4,992

301
days
7,224

(7)253

(7)226

(7)192

(7)152

(7)106

(8)648

(8)304

(8)lOZ

(9)205

(10)194

(12)594

(11)719

(11)719

(11)719

(11)119

(11)719

(11)716

(11)713

(11)713

(11)707

(11)701

(11)695

(11)683

(11)665

(11)642

(11)606

(11)561

(11)499

(11)422

(11)327
(11)227

(11)132

(12)603

(12)188

(13)362

(14)336

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

Cl)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)843

(11)837

(11)837

(11)832

(11)827

(11)816

(11)806

(11)790
Cl)763

(11)726

(11)678

(11)610

(11)526

(11)425

(lo)163

(lo)163

(lo)163

(lo)163

(lo)163

(lo)163

(lo)162

(lo)162

(lo)162

(lo)161

(lo)160

(lo)158

(lo)156

(10)152

(10)147

(10)140

(10)131

(lo)118

(10)102

(11)815

(11)590

(11)367

(X)182

(12)673

(12)161

(11)541

(11)541

(11)540

(11)540

(11)540

(11)540

(11)540

(11)540

(11)540

(11)539

(11)539

(11)538

(11)536

(11)534

(11)531

(11)527

(11)521

(11)512

(11)499
(11)481

(11)456

(11)421

(11)374

(11)317

(11)250

.
(lo)256

(lo)256

(lo)256

(lo)256

(lo)255

(lo)255

(lo)255

(lo)255

(lo)254

(lo)253

(lo)252

(lo)251

(lo)248

(lo)245

(lo)240

(lo)233

(lo)223

(10)209
(1O)lSO

(10)166

(10)135

(1O)lOO

(11)644

(11)347

(11)141

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)339

(11)338

(11)338

(11)337

(11)336
Cl)335
(11)333

(11)330

(11)327

(11)322

(11)314

(11)304

(8)901

(8)880

(8)855

(8)825

(8)775

(8)709

(8)622

(8)515

(8)390

(8)260

(8)143

(9)593

(9)165

(lo)237

(11)159

(13)285

(8)lOY

(8)109

(8)109

(8)109

(8)lOS

(8)lOS

(8)109

(8)109

(8)LOS
(8)108

(8)108

(8)108

(8)107

(8)106

(8)105

(8)103

(8)lOO

(9)960

(9)904
(9)828

(9)729
(9)603

(9)458

(9)307

(9)175

-

TABLE
B. 22
CONTINUED

Age
Pt.+03

hr
(4)178

Shot
Tewa,
Average
Cloud
$nd
Outer
Fallout
Area
Composition:

45.8
min

1.12 hrs

1.64
hre

2.40
hrs

3.52
hrs

0.763
(lo)607

1.12
(lo)605

1. 64
(lo)600

2. 40
(10)594

3. 52
(lo)586

5.16 hrs

7.56 hrs

11.1
hre

16.2
hre

23.8
hre

5. 16
(10)573

7. 56
(10)555

11.1
(lo)529

16. 2
(10)495

23. 0
(10)449

1.45 days

2. 13 daye

3.12 days

4. 57 days

6. 70 days

34. 8

51.1

74.9

109. I

160.8

9.62 days
235. 7

14.4
days
345. 6

21.1
days
506.4

30.9
days
741.6

45.3
days
1,087

66.4
days
1,594

97. 3
days
2,335

143
days
3,432

208
days
4,992

301
days
I, 224

(lo)386

(10)310

(lo)226

(lo)142

(11)719

(11)265

(12)614

(13)719

(14)313

Sum of FP
/
!

(3)1171

(4)7727

(4)4870
I

(4)3015

(4)1868

(4)1175

(5)i’SOO

(5)5065

(5)3337

(5)2124

(6)1326

(6)8054

(6)4914

(6)3154
/
(6)2061

(6)1353

(7)6691

(7)5473

(7)3355

(7)1968

(7)1126

(8)6652

(8)3877

(8)1989

(9)8710

* Assumed
aame as MI?
from
ratio observed
at Navajo.

t Based on ratio Sb’22/Sb’2’
for cloud sample.

1 Based on ratio Ta’““/Ta”2
for cloud sample.

6 Based on ratios
U2’O/U2” and U2’o/U2a’ for cloud sample.

I Assumed
came as Ta’02.

TABLE
B. 23
OBSERVED
DOGHOUSE
DECAY
RATES
OF
FALLOUT
AND
CLOUD
SAMPLES

Fallout
samples
listed are total undisturbed
OCC trays,
counted
pith aluminum
covers
in place
on the floor
of the

counter,
-36
inches from a 1 inch NaI(T1)
crystal.
The standard
cloud
samples
are essentially
point sources
of
filter
paper
in lusterold
tubes,
placed
in a clean
OCC tray,
and similarly
covered
and counted.
The extended
sources,
or fallout samples.
have been corrected
to a point source
equivalent
by increasing
the observed
counting

rate by 7 percent
(Refemnce
66).
Their
Esston
contents
appear
under Total
Fissions
in Table
B.12.
Counting
Time
Observed
Activity
Counting
Time
Observed
Activity

H + hr
counts/min
counts/
set
counts/mm
countdsec
10’ fissions
H + hr
10’ fissions

YAG 39-C-23
ZU
How F-B-12
ZU

192.2
14.930
7.93 x 10-z

383.1
4,647
2.46
x IO-’
598.3
2,073
1.13
x lo-’
771.5
1,416
7.51
x lo-’
1.538
509
2.71
x 10-e

YFNB 13-E-55
ZU

97. 6
3.516.106
6.69
x 10-l
191
1,415.754
2.69
x lo-’
363
411. a88
7. a4 x IO-’
771
119,308
2.27
x 10-s
1,536
48,315
9.19
x lo-’
1.970
39, a19
7.58
x lo-S
2.403
33.252
6.33
x lo-’

YFNB 13-E-58
ZU

70. 3
2.544,603
a. 99 x lo-t
95. 7
1.909.529
6.74
x lo-’
191
769,170
2.72
x lo-’
383
223,190
7.88
x 10~
771
63.691
2.25
x lo-’
1.539
26.463
9.34
x 10-l

How F-B-5
ZU

‘76. 6
3.577.196
9.68
x lo-’
95. 6
2.865.
a50
7.76
x lo-’
190.9
1.232.290
3.34
x 10”
363.1
322.064
a. 72 x 10~
771
96.753
2.62
x lo4
1.539
44,244
1.20
x 10-J
1.971
36,563
9. as x lo-’
2.422
31.178
a. 44 x 10-t

YAG 40-B-17
FL

166.3
19.453
5.67
x 10”
363.1
5,138
1.50
x 10”
743.6
1.620
4.72
x 10-I
1.534.7
496
1.44
x lo-’

YAG 39-C-22
FL

70. 4
42.589
167.6
16,251
304.3
4,150
742. a
1.220

1.45
x 10-6

5.53
x 10”

1.41
x 10-r

4.15
x 104

1.33
x 10-J

76. 9
2.945,620
9.97 x 10-T
98. 3
2.242.750
7.59.x
10-T
190. a
930.350
3.15
x 10-r
382.1
266,130
9.03
x 10-I
771.4
78.557
2.66
x 103
1.539
35.970
1.22
x 10-e

76. 7
3.935.480
1.01
x lo-‘
95. 6
3,015.700
7.77
x 10-l
191.0
1.194.420
3.08
x IO-’
382.2
336.322
a. 67 x 10-I
771.4
94.770
2.44
x 10-t
1.539
40.136
1.03
x lo-‘

52.1
144.652
2.450
x 10”
70. a
113.582
1.923
x 104
94. 2
e7,ais
1.478
x io-’
123.3
65,194
1.104
x 10-4
170.2
44.193
7.489
x 10-l
189.6
38.414
6.504
x lo-’
237.6
27,537
4. 664 x 10-l
285.9
20,138
3.414
x 10-r
406.4
11.154
1.890
x lo-’
525.6
7.420
1.260
x lo-’
770.6
3.943
6.676
x lo-’
1.538
1,200
2.032
x lo-’

220.0
2.360.643
382. a
944,495
742.6
284.202
1.534.9
65.797

94. 7
312,141
I. 03 x lo-‘
167.6
158,986
5.24
x IO-’
384.1
40,390
1.33
x lo-’
1.5355
3,722
1.23
x lo-’

How F-63
ZU

ZU Stsndsrd
Cloud

YFNB 13-E-58
FL

YFNB 29-H-79
FL

3.39
x lo-’

1.36
x lo-’

4.09
x 104

1.23
x lo-’

1,534
.
390

251

TABLE B. 23
CONTINUED

Counting
Time

H + hr

Observed
Activity

counte/min
counts/ccc
10) firslone

YAG
39-C-23
FL

Counting
Time

H+hr

Observed
Actlvlty
-

counte/min
cowt6/>
vm

69. 9
167.9

302.6

743. a

1.534.4

24,407
1.47
x 104
9.480
5.69
x lo-’
2.344
1.41
x 10“
708
4.25
x 10“
225
1.35
x lo-’

LST 611-D-53
FL

166.1

384. 2

742. 7

1,534.
8
1.845.
7

2,209

2,900

149.251
4.65
x lo-’
35.315
1.10x
lo-’
lo, 828
3. 37 x 10 -I
3.098
9.64
x 10-e
2,409
7.50x10-’
1,960
6.10 x 10 -’
1.363
4.24
x lo-*

YFNB 13-E-55
FL

219. 6

382. 9

743.4

1.535.4

2,209

2.900

2.235,884
865,062

270,865

81.183

52,372

36,557

YAG 39-C-22
NA

74.2

144.3
219.5
359.5

746.9

915. 7

1.080.
7
1.366.1

1.490.0

1.870.5

2.205.
8

2.837.
9

200,434
92.195

49,082

21,233

6.983
5.480

4.413
3,409

2,959

2.479

2.059

1.577

YAG 39-c-23
N..+

69. 7

143.7

218.9

358.8

747. o

1,060.3

1.365.
6

1,490.
8

172.144
1.12
x 10-s
73,853
4.79 x lo-’
39.141

16,750
2.54 x lo-’

1.08x10-’
5,611
3.64
x lo-6
3,469
2.25 x lo-’
2,822
1.83 x lo-’
2,462
1.59
x 10-a

74. 6

143.6

219. 6

358. 6

746. 6

1.082.
2
1.348.0

1,515.
7

LST 611-D-53
NA

28,098

12.919
7,899

2,892

974

581

465

396

3.38xlO’’

1.31
x lo-’

4.09
x IO-’
I. 19 x lo-’

7.92x10-’

5.52x
10”

1.02 x 10-4

4.71x10-r

2.51
x10-’

l.O8xlo-’
3.57
x 10-B

2 80 x 10‘)

2.25
x lo-’
1.74x10-’

1.51
x 10-I
1.27
Y lo-’

1.05 x 10”

8.06~10”

1.15x
10-6

5.30x10-’

3.24
x lo-’

1.19x10-’
3.99 x 10-B

2.38
x lo-1

1.90 x 10-8

1.62
x lo-”

52. 4
69. 1
94. 0

165.3

237.3

381.8

742.4

1,534

166.6

219.6

358.5
746.4

l. 344.1

1.514.
9

69. 8

143.5

219. 7

359.4

747.0
915.6

1.082.2
1.344.3

1.513.9
1.870.4

2,205.l

2,773.
8

70.4

143.8

219.1

359.0

746.1

1,365
1,517

71.4

145.9

218.8

358. 9

746.4

l. 366. O

1.515.9

FL Standard
Cloud

287,838
230,228
1. 72 x 104

1. 38 x
175,925
10’

1.05
x
92,377
l0J

5.52
x
53.830
lo-’

3.22
x
24.750
10-l

1.48
x
7.872
lo-’

2.220
4.70
x 10-a

1.33
Y lo-’

YAG 40-B-l
7 NA

28,018

18.249
3.92X10_’

7,642
2.67x10-’

2.649
1.12x10-’

1.281
3.87
Y. lo-’

1.107
l,* 87 Y IO”

1.62
x 10-8

YFNB 13-E-60
NA

999,232

429.456
1.31 x 10-a

5.63x
232.011
IO-’

3.04
x
102,949
IO-’

36.000
1.34
x IO-’

27.495
4.72
x lo-8

22,014
3.60
x lo-’

16, 757
2.89x10-‘

14,601
2.20
x IO-’

II, 469
1.91
x 10-8

9, 718
1.50
x 10-8

1.27x
IO-’
7,277
9.54
x lo-’

How F-63
NA

28,717

12,278
1.20x
10-4

5.14x10”
6,454

2,880
2.70x10-’

1.21
x lo-
’
924
3.86
x IO-‘
466
1.95x10-’
415
1. 74 x x0-’

YFNB 29-H-79
NA

23,959

IO, 530
1.04
x lo-’

5,730
4.56x10-’

2.48x10-’
2.702
1.17
x 10-1
1.050
4.54
* 10-t
561
2.43
x lo-’
516
2.23
x 1o-a

252

TABLE 8.23 CONTINUED

Counting
Time

H + hr

Observed
Activtty

counts/mm
counts/set

10’ fissions

Counting
Time

H + hr

Observed
Activity

counts/min
counts/sac

YFNB 13-E-55
NA

74.5
144.4
664.961
297.774
219.0
153.938
350.7
69.274
746.8
20.954
1.081.9
14.486
1,365.a
11,729
1.516.0
11,057

YAG 40-B-17
TE

166.2

240.6
407.8

674.6

766.7

910.8

1.125.6

1.299.7
1,494.?

2.514,369
6.35 x lo-’
1.416.545
3.49 x 10-t
532,469
1.32 x lo-7
239,457
5.31 x 19-J
171,997
4.25 x lo-’
142.537
3.52 x 10-J
102,048
2.52 x 10-J
61.898
2.02 x 10-J
67,541
1.67 x 10-J

YAG 39-C-23
TE

240.1

408.2

675.9
766.1

910.8

1.126.4

1.300.6
L493.4

1,665,239
2.45 x 16”
630,800
9.30 x IO-’
266,401
3.92 x 10-J

218,954
3.22 x 16-J
163,349
2.40 x 10-J
117,404
1.73 x 10-J

93,838
I.38 x 10-1
78,074
1.15 x lo-’

YAG 39-C-35
TE

240.4

408.0

675.1

767.0

910.8

lZX.6
1.299.6

1.495.1

1.831.0

2.165.0

2,856.0

2,404,826
2.45 x lo-’
886,580
9.05 Y 10-J
398.518
4.06 x 10-J
318,530
3.24 x 10-J
237,960
2.42 x 19-J
172,678
1.76 x 10-J
138,005
1.41 x 10-J
113,942
1.16 x 10-J

88,350
9.00 x lo-’

72,540
7.39 x 10-J
53,454
5.45 x lo-’

How F-63
TE

120.2

240.4
407.6,

675.2

766.6

1.125

1,318

1,514

c

259,094
5.44 x 10-l
86,299
1.81 x 10-t
29,213
6.13 x 10-J
12.115
2.54 x lo-’
9.691
2.03 x 10-J
5,393
1.13 x 10-J
4,305
9.03 Y 18“

3,727
7.62 x 10-b

TE Standard
Cloud

71.5
119.8

144.0

239.0

406.5

441,580

246,649

212,310
98,678

38,975

1.562 z 16-J

8.728 x lo”

7.512 x 10-t

3.492 x lo- 1

1.379 x 10-t
909.8
9 202
3.256 x lo-‘

1.24 x 10-J
5.54 x lo-
7

_ 2.86 x lo-’
1.12 x lo-’

4.40 x 10-J
2.70 x 10-J

2.18 x lo-’

2.06 x LO-’

1.102.7

1.515.0

1,850.O
2.184.0

2.856.0

49.8
71.9
142.9

218.6
357.6
814.0

1,083.O

1,342.O

1.512.0

166.1

240.5

408.3

674.9

766.8

911.0

l.108.6

1,318.9

1.514.b

1,850
2,184.O

2,855.O

120.1

239.9

408.9

675.2
766.5

910.9

1.108.4

1,318.O
1.514.0

119.9

242.4

408.4

675.0

766.9

910.7

LlO5.5

1.318.0
1,514.o

675.1

766.3

910.5

1.1087
1,299.6

1.493.3

10’ fissions

6,500
2.300 x IO-J

3,938
3.394
10-B
x
2,819
9.974 10-9
Y
2,286
8.089
x10-s
1.520
5.380X 10-B

NA Standard
Cloud

35,258
24,185
1.698 x IO-J
1.164
10-J
x

10.784
5.194
lo-’
x

5,724
2.757 x IO-’

2,438
1.174 x lo-’

736
3.543 x IO-’

513
2.471 x IO-’

397
1.910 x IO-’
339
I.632
x 10-J

LST 611-D-53
TE

956,332
5.11
lo-’
x

519.659
2.77
lo-’
x

lS9.818
1.07 x
7
LO-

87,570
4.67 x lo-’

70.485
376
x IO-’

52,294
2. ‘19 x 10-J

38,524
2.06 x lo-‘

30,370
1.62
10-9
x
24,862
1.33x IO-’

19.289
1.03
lo-’
x

16,056
6.57
lo-’
Y

11,593
6.19
IO-)
x

YFNB 13-E-55
TE

2.537.344
5.44
10”
x

651.909
1.83
10-t
x

300.596
6.44
lo-’
x

127,629
2.73
IS-J
x

100,361
2.15
10-J
x

74,229
1.59
lo-’
x

54,743
1.17
IO-’
x
43‘799
9.39 x lo-’

36,798
7.89
10-J
x

YFNB
13-E-50
TE

1.865.482
5.91 x10-t
553,803
1.75 x10-t

202,933
6.43
10”
x

84.477
2.68
LO-’
x

66,939
2.12 x10-’

49,105
1.56
lo-’
x
36.503
1.16 x10-J

29,958
9.49
lo-
x
’
25,118
7.96 x10-9

YFNB 29-H-79
TE

2,211,658
3.34
lo-’
x
l.684,270
2.55 x LO-’

1.149.807
1.74
10-J
x

688,099
1.34 x lo-

703,572
1.06
10-J
x
568,398
8.89 Y 113-9

253

TABLE
B. 24
COMPUTED
Ht:TA-DECAY
RATES

Beta-emlsslon
rates
for flselon
products
(FP) and Induced products
(IP) are computed
and summed
for the total emission
rate In units
of @/sec)/lO’
fleelone.
‘Product/flsslon
ratlos
are ltsted
directly
under
the nucllde
symbol.
Converslon
to counting
rates,
(counts/sec)/lO*
flsslons,
for a weightless
mount and
(point) source
Is made In the last column
by means
of the shelf
factor
G, for comparison
wlth experlmental
results
(Table
B.25).
Numbers
In parentheeee

lndlcate
the number
of zeros
between
the decimal
point and the first
slgnlflcant
Mgurc,
e.g.,
(ZK?OO = 0 00200.
._
‘,
___--
I

Aw
NP
cob’
co%
c,P t
Sum d
___
-
___
~
hl
0.00145
0.003G
0.0053
0.00217
i
FP

Shot
Flathcad.
Average
Fallout
Composrtlon:

45.8
min
0.763
(3)180
1.12 hrs
1.12
(3)177
1.64 hrs
1.64
(3)173
2.40 hrs
2.40
(3)167
3.52 hrs
3.52
(3)158

5.16 hrs
5.16
(3)146

7.56 hrs
7.56
(3)131

11.1
hrs
11.1
(3)lll

16.2
hrs
16.2
(4)880

23.8
hrs
23.8
(4)618

1.45 days
34.8
(4)376

2.13 days
51.1
(4)175

3.12 days
74.9
(5)590

4.57 days
109.7
(5)119

6.70 days
lGO.8
(6)112

9.82 days
235.7
14.4
days
345.6

21.1
days
506.4

30.9
days
741.6
45.3
days
1.087

(8)344
(10)230

NOB
(6)756
(3)178
(G)75D
(3)174
(6)755
(3)169

(6)755
(3)163

(6)754
(3)153

(61754
(3)140

(6)754
(3)123

(6)752
(31102

(6)751
(4)773

(GJ7-18
(4)513

(6)745
(4)283

(6)740
(J)117

(G)733
(51327

(61723
(6)498

(6)708
(7J315

(G)fi88
(9)566

(I?)658
(11)lJl

(6)til7

(61561
(G)489

GG.4 days
1.5!)4
(61398
!)7.3
days
2,335
(6)29G

143
days
3,432
(G)191

208
days
4,992
(61102
301
tltiys
1,224
17)417

I

I

I
i

1.544
1.009
0.634
0.398
0.255

0.5274
0.3324
0.1969
0.1166
(1)7335

0.166
(1)4893
0.109
(1)3364
(1)716
(1)2343
(1)456
(1)1615
(1)282
(lj1103

(1)176
(2)7640
(1)109
(2)5256
(2)674
(2)3564
(2)452
(2)2430
(21309
(2)1580

(2)212
(2)145
(3)972 ’
(31637
(3)411 1

;3)9708

(3)5770
\ (313374

I

(3)1957
(3)1145

(3)262
(3)170
(3)105
(4)590
(4)311

’ 4)6968
1

)4478
)2lG5
(411553

($18184
. . .. 1

TABLE
B. 24
CONTINUED

E

Age
Na"
MIP
Fe6t
Co”
co’
cuu 1
Ta’a’ 6
Ta’a’
-
-
--
~
-
-
~
-
hr
0.0314
0.094
0.0033
0.00193
0.0087
0.0278
0.038
0.038

Shot
Navajo,
Average
Fallout
Composition:

45.8
min

1.12 hrs

1.64 hrs

2.40 hrs

3.52 hrs

0.763
(2)3&39

1.12
(2)383

1.64
(2)374

2.40
(2)361

3.52
(2)342

5.16 hrs

7.56 hrs

11.1
hrs

16.2
hrs

23.8
hrs

5.16
(2)317

7.66
(2)284

11.1
(2)241
16.2
(2)lSl

23.8
(2)134

1.45 days

2.13 days

3.12 days

4.57 days

6.70 days

34.8
(3)813

51.1
(3)380

74.9
(3)128

109.7
(4)257

160.8
(5)243

9.82 days
235.7

14.4
days
345.6

21.1
days
506.4

30.9
days
141.6

45.3
days
1,007

66.4
days
1,594

97.3
days
2,335

143
days
3,432
208
days
4,992
301
days
7,224

(7)744

(9)499

(1)572
(5)585

(1)519
(5)585

(1)451
(5)585

(1)368
(5)585

(1)273
(5)584

(1)175
(5)584

(2)Sltl
(5)583

(2)356
(5)581

(3)904
(5)580

(3)lltl
(5)577

(5)610
(5)573

(7)785
(5)56?

(9)132
(5)558

(5)546

(5)529

(5)504

(5)470

(5)424

(5)365

(5)292

(5)212

(5)132

(6)653

(6)241

(?)579

(6)275

(6)275

(6)275

(6)275

(6)275

(6)275

(6)274

(6)274

(6)273

(6)272

(6)271

(6)270

(6)267

(6)263

(6)258

(6)250

(6)240

(6)225

(6)204

(6)178

(6)145

(6)108

(‘?)694

(7)3?2

(7)152

(6)363

(6)363

(6)363

(6)363

(6)363

(6)363

(6)363

(6)363

(6)363

(6)363

(6)363

(6)363

(6)362

(6)362

(6)362

(6)361

(6)361

(6)360

(6)359

(6)357

(6)354

(6)350

(6)345

(6)33?

(6)325

(2)228

(2)223

(2)217

(2)209

(2)197

(2)180

(2)158

(2)131

(3)991

(3)658

(3)363

(3)150

(4)418

(5)639

(6)404

(a)‘;26

(10)181

(2)840

(2)817

(2)779

(2)733

(2)655

(2)5X3

(2)471
(2)349

(2)226

(2)119

(3)464

(3)116

(4)154

(6)798

(7)104

(10)178

(4)267

(4)267

(4)267

(4)267

(4)267

(4)267

(4)267

(4)267

(4)266

(4)266

(4)265

(4)264

(4)262

(4)260

(4)256

(4)252

(4)245

(4)235

(4)222

(4)203

(4)179

(4)148

(4)112

(5)752

(5)429

-

TABLE
B. 24
CONTINUED

Age
hr

Shot
Navajo,
Average
Fallout
Composition:

0.763

1.12
1.64

2.40

3.52

45.8
min
1.12 hrs

1.64 hrs

2.40 hrs

3.52 hrs

1.544
,
1.009

0.634

0.398

0.255

0.172

0.113

(1)714

I

(1)455

(1)300

5.16 hrs
5.16
0.166
(1)201

7.56 hrs
7.56
0.109
(1)136

11.1
hrs
11.1
(1)716
(2)913

16.2
hrs
16.2
(1)456
(2)599

23.8
hrs
23.8
(1)282
(2)382

1.45 days
34.8
(1)176

2.13 days
51.1
(I)109

3.12 days
74.9
(2)674

4.57 days
109.7
(2)452

6.70 days
160.8
(2)309

9.82 days
235.7
(2)212

14.4
days
345.6
(2)145

21.1
days
506.4
(3)972

30.9
days
741.6
(3)637

45.3
days
1,087
(3)411

66.4
days

97.3
days

143
days

208
days

301
days

1,594

2,335

3,432

4,992

7,224
_
.___
_
1
___-

(3)262

(3)170

(3)105

(4)590

(4)311

(2)242

(2)149

(3)912

(3)592

(3)388

I (3)252

(3)162
; (3)103
; (4)663

(4)422
/
(4)271

(4)179

(4)112

(5)643

(5)343

Sum of FP

ounts/sec

ts’ fissions

(G, = 0.0958)

0.57 f+/dis.
i 0.128 p+/dis.
t 0.21 p-/dis.
0 Product
ratib osoumed,iame
as Ta’O’.

TABLE
B.25
OBSERVED
BETA-DECAY
RATES

Beta counting
samples,
supported
and covered
by 0.80 mg/cm’
of pliotilm,
were
prepared
on the
YAG 40 from
aliquots
of SIC tray
stock
solution.
Measurements
initiated
there
were
usually
con-
tinued
on Site Elmer,
and terminated
at NRDL.
When stock
solution
activity
permitted,
a portion
was shipped
to NRDL as soon as possible,
allowing
simultaneous
field and NRDL decay
measure-
ments
to be obtained.
Nominally
identical
continuous-fIow
proportional
detectors
were
installed
at all three
locations,
and small
response
differences
were
normalized
by Cs”’
reference
stsnd-
ards.
No scattering
or absorption
corrections
have been made
to the observed
counts.
Counter
Age
Activity
Counter
Location
Location
Age
Activity

counts/set
counts/‘sec
hr
10’ fissions
hr
10’ fissions

Shot
Flathead.
Sample
3473/B.
3.09 x 10” fission,
Shelf
1

YAG 40
16.4
127.4
x 10-4
Site Elmer
112.3
19.5
109.3
123.8
21.7
99.42
130.9
24.0
69.42
136.6
27.9
80.06
153.4
31.1
72.70
161.5
34.1
67.77
175.0
36.6
63.35
194.2
41.1
57.69
224.1
45.0
53.26
247.8
49.6
49.97
NRDL
194.8
Site Elmer
54.1
44.22
x lo-’
215
57.9
40.97
261
62.0
38.68
333
65.6
36.47
429
69.6
34.36
501
73.8
34.21
596
75.5
32.87
723
76.8
30.66
a91
85.0
29.26
1,034
90.1
27.90
1,223
96.5
26.24
1,417
103.7
24.19
1.582

Shot
Navajo,
Sample
P-3753/6
62.
7.24X
lo’fission,
Shelf
3.

YAG 40
12.62
7.428
X IO-’
NRDL
984
15.58
5.801
1.030
la.24
4.933
1,080
20.33
4.386
1.151
23.76
3.701
1.196
26.90
3.276
1.246
29.70
2.950
1,342
34.51
2.495
1.450
38.0
2.262
1.485
47.9
1.748
1,534
Site Elmer
67.8
1.157
x 10-a
1,750
74.6
1.027
1,850
87.0
8.640
x lo-’
2,014
89.9
a.262
2,164
99.0
7.363
2.374
2.541
YAG 40
122.9
5.691
X lo-’
2,666
150.0
4.446
2,834
A70.6
3.736
3,266
226.1
2.597
3,500
278.5
1.973
3.914

NRDL
478
1.011
x lo-’
4,320
574
7.937
x 10-t
4,750
647
6.878
5,330
693
6.436
5,930
742
5.904
6.580
a14
5.359
6,740
861
4.968
a.230
912
4.733
8.640

22.83
x lo-’
20.07
la.66
17.84
15.33
14.69
13.02
11.49
9.412
a.339

11.49
x lo-’
10.18
I. 718
5.389
3.586
2.875
2.226
1.692
1.226
0.9812
0.7773
0.5916
0.5194

4.196
x lo-‘
3.906
3.731
3.223
3.269
3.128
2.620
2.647
2.477
2.373
2.040
1.883
1.710
1.535
1.425
1.293
1.252
1.077
9.346
x lo-‘
8.678
7.413
6.308
5.617
4.857
4.005
3.752
3.453
3.039
2.440

257

TABLE
B. 26
4-n GAMMA
IONIZATION
CHAMBEH
MEASUREMENTS

The fallout
samples
listed
are
all soluttons
of OCC samples.
Because
three
instruments
with
varymg
responses
were
involved
in measurements
during
Operation
Redwing.
observed
values
have been arbitrarily
normalircd
linearly
to a standard
response
of 700 x IO-’
ma for 100 sg
of radium.
Sample
Shot and StaUon
Volume
Number
of Fissions
Age
Ion Current

ml
hr
ma/fission
x 10e2’

Shot
Zuni

YAG 40-B-6
10
5.06 x 10”

How F-61
(1)
10
1.00 x 10”

How F-61
(2)

How F-61
(3)

Standard
cloud

IO
1.00 x 10”

2
2.00 x 10’2

-
9.64 x 10’2

Shot
Flathead

YAG 39-C-21
(1)
10
5.06 x 10”

YFNB 13-E-54
(1)
10

YFNB 13-E-54
(2)
10

YFNB 29-G-68 (1)
10

Standard
cloud
.
-
2.79 x 10"

Shot
Navajo

YAG 39-C-21
(1)
10

3.81 x 10”

3.81 x 10”

1.39 x 10’2

3.90
x 10"

307
6.096
772
3.335
1.540
1.499

219
8.557
243
7.284
387
3.604
772
1.645
1.540
0.929

239
7.143

214
8.842
429
3.053

52.4
197.1
190
51.49
267
34.00
526
13.64
772
7.959
1.540
2.751
( 5,164
0.351

220
18.60
244
16.32
266
14.33
300
8.244
146
3.334
1.539
1.440

267
11.86
308
7.989
146
3.099

340
9.107

220
19.20
244
16.76
266
14.80
308
8.538
141
3.451
1,540
1.420

73.6
80.90
95.1
63.37
166
34.11
196
20.12
387
12.30
747
5.082
1.539
IA63

196
20.58
244
15.58
317
10.99
387
8.441
741
3.929
915
2.884
1.084
2.348
1,347
1.843
1.541
1.610
258

TABLE
B-26
CONTINUED

Ssmple

Shot and Station

Shot
Navajo

YAG 39-c-21
(2)

YFNB
13-E-56
(1)

Volume

ml

Number
of Fissions

10
3.90 x 10”

10
6.50 x 10”

Age

hr

Ion Current

ma/fissions
x 1O-21

220
16.74

196
23.44
244
la.33
317
13.13

387
9.944

746
4.572
915
3.550
1.084
2.866
1.347
2.092

1.540
2.009

YFNB
13-E-56
(2)

Stsndard
cloud

10
6.50 x 10”

-
3.46 x lOI

Shot
Tewa

YAG 39-C-21
(1)
10

YAG 39-C-21
(2)
10
1.82 x 10“

YFNB
13-E-54
(1)
10
2.38 x 101’

YFNB
13-E-54
(2)

Stands:d
cloud

10

-

1.82 x 101‘

2.38 x 10”

4.71 x 10”

220
20.81

52.5
143.44
75.8
87.54

148
37.83
196
26.57

387
11.06

742
5.043

915
3.928

1.084
3.139

1.344
2.434

1,536
2.136

6.960
0.380

267
12.36
292
10.92

408
5.984

580
3.589

675
2.902

773
2.632

916
1.936

1,108
1.680

1,300
1.211

1.517
1.056

1.852
0.906

286
11.00

292
6.345

408
3.692

580
2.134

675
1.730

773
1.458

916
1.187

1.108
0.964

1.300
0.727

1,517
0.653

262
7.566

77.0
88.74

101.
69.07

123
56.67

172
39.83

244
24.18

408
12.15

675
5.998
773
4.904
916
3.769
1.108
2.726

1,300
2.076

1.517
1.664

1,851
1.201

259

TABLE
B. 27 GAMMA ACTIVITY AND MEAN FISSION CONTENT OF HOW F BURIED COLLECTORS
(AREA = 2.60 FT’)

The activities
summarized in this table have been corrected
for contributions
from shots other than t,be
one designated.
Flathead produced no activity in these collectors
resolvable
from the Zuni background
The conversion
to fissions was made by means of the How Island factors shown in Table B.13.

Collector
Designator

Shot Cherokee
Shot Zuni
Doghouse Activity
Doghouse Activity
at 100 hr
at 100 hr
counts/min
counts/min

Shot Navajo
Doghouse Activity
at 100 hr
counts/min

Shot Tewa
Doghouse Activity
at 100 hr
counts/min

F-B1
79
-B2
a7
-B3
548
-B4
598
-B5
2.560
-B6
897
-B? X
80
-B8
96
-B9
30
-BlO
174
-Bll 0
240
-B12
1,056

2.154.000
2,261,OOO
2.022,000
1,963,OOO
2.737.000
1,504,000 t
3,448,OOO
2,295,ooo
2,160,OOO
2.463.000
1.287.000
2.189.000

20,809
1
262.600
14,145 1
250,860
13,870 1
203,380
9,088 q
246,760
19,443
206,940
30,650 t
303.620
26,454
329,970
7,688
138.500 t
8,163
206,640
18,550
200.450
6,176 P
39,370
17,654
216,610

Meananda:
537*192
2,250,200* 234.170
14.300+ 5,855
233,384a 35,150
(35.8 pet)
(10.41 pet)
(40.94 pet)
c15.06 pet)

Mean fissions/
collector

Mean fissions/
ft*

5.42hO.57 x 10”
3.2; f 1.32 x lo’*
5.98AO.90 x 10”

2.08iO.22
x 10”
1.24t0.51
x 10”
2.30i0.35
x 10”

Values are pre-Redwing background activities.
t Collector
in estimated platform shadow; omitted from mean value.
$ Collector
directly under platform; omitted from mean value.
0 Collector
on sandbank slope; omitted from mean value.

7 Water leakage during recovery; omitted from mean value.

260

LOPS WI
*ll”3
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TABLE
B.29
HOW ISLAND SURVEYS,
STATION P
Il.
RESOLUTION
OF lONlZATlON RATES BY EVENT

The lonlzstlon
rater for Shots Zunl. NPVPJO, and Tewa are mhown; Shota Flathead and Dakota produced negligible
amounta
of talloul.
Hourn Since
lonlratlon
Rate. mr/hr
TE

ZU
FL
NA
TE
ZU*
Nat
BY
By Relative
Mean Observed
Realdual

Diff. f
Decnv 4
and 0
Erl%X
pet

1.714 t9.1s
561
292
142
101
04.1
51.7
41.9k22.6
20.9
20.6t15.6
19.2
9.25 a29.3
90.0
52.1
15.1
12.5
229 12.6
193 i 13.2
97.5 il.?
32.7 f 9.99
19.7 t15.4

PC1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-9.45
-12.6
-19.2
+39.5
* 26.4

11.2
30.3
62.6
100.6
124.2
149.0
197.6
240.6
370.4
396.3
U2.4

l.fll9

1,063

1.066

1,095

1.112

1,304

1,306

1,324

1,349

1.396

-
-
-
1,714
561
292
142

101

94.1

67.7

41.9

20.9

20.9

19.2

9.92

9.60

9.60

9.46

9.32

7.55

7.55

1.40

7.46

7.34

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

9.9

27.9

51.9

659

703

706

725

752

944

S46

964

999

1,035

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

7.1

10.5

28. s

56.1

246

250

269

293

339

-
-

71.4
43.5
7.24
4.16
0.463
0.456
0.410
0.364
0.293

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

8.5

10.8

28.8

53.2

98.8

-
-
-
-

220
199.2

185
181.1

79.6
64.3

24.9
34.5

12.1
15.3

’ Computed
from ZU + 1018 hr and later by 4-1 gamma
relntlve
lontrntion decay ‘of How F-84
ZU. Tray
856.

t Computed
from difference.
observed
ZU, to NA + 66.1 hours; thereaRer
by 4-1 gamma relative
lontzatlon decay
of YAG 40-A-l.
Tray P-3753.
t Compuled
from dttferenca.
observed
(ZU + NA).
I Computed
from best fit of 4-r gamma
relative
loniratlon decay of YFNB 13-E-57.
Tray 1973.

Designation
Sample Description
Number
Instrument

,
\

102
10
102
103

TSD
(HR)

Figure B.2 Gamma decays of solid fallout particles,
Shot Zuni.

263

267

z .
a

Station
Location

HOW ISLAND
PLATFORM F

Detector Type 0 Number

HOW ISLAND y;!y2Rr!I
PTS

TIR
V

CUTIE PIE--O
Tl S --_---_#

25 FT

3 FT
3Fr

I
I
I
q

0

I
I
I

‘.
I *.
. .
‘.
. . lxLL

:
*.
.,
-.
-.

10-s -
1
10
102

TIME SINCE ZUNI
(HR)

Figure B.7 Gamma-ionization-decay
rate, Site How.

268

B.3
CORRELATIONS
DATA

269

TABLE
8.29
SAMPLE
CALCULATIONS
OF
PARTICLE
TRAJECTORIES

AVAILABLE
DATA,
SHOT
ZUNI

1.
Conatant-level
chart@ of the wlod fleld (Iaogon-laotach
aoalyala).
Reference
10.

Altitude
Time

feet
houra

10.000
H-3,
H+B,
Ht21.
H+33

16,000
H-3,
H+D.
H+21.
H+33

26,000
H-3,
H+O,
H+21.
H+33
.
30,000
n-3,
ii+v.
n+21,
n+33

40,000
H-3,
H+6,
H421.
Ii+33

60.000
H-3,
H+B,
H+21,
Hi33

60,000
H-3,
n+8,
n+2i.
H+33

2.
Vertical-motion
charta
of the wind
Held
(computed
valuea),
Reference
71.

Altitude
Time

feet
hourr

2,000
H-3,
H+3,
H+B.
H+ll,
H+Zl.
H+27,
H+33

10.000
n-3,
n+3,
rite,
ntiti,
n+21,
n+27,
~t33

20,000
n-3,
H+3.
n+e.
ll+l6.
n+zl,
H+27.
n+33

30,000
n-3,
nt3.
n+9,
n+ls.
~+21,
H+27.
nt33

40,000
~-3.
nt3.
H+B,
n+Is.
ni21.
~+27.
n+33

50,000
n-3,
H+3,
nt6,
n+16.
n+21,
H+27.
H+33

3.
Measured
wlnda
aloft
at Blklnt,
Enlwetok,
and Rongerlk
Atolla,
Reference
‘IO.

COMPUTATION
OF PARTICLE
TRAJECTORIES

1.
Conelderlng
Ume-and-space
varlatlon
of the wtnd
Reid:

a.
Shot Zunl:
particle
rlre,
76~;
orlginatlng
altitude,
60,000
feat;
aaeume
3-hr
per-

elstence
of wind
Deld.

b.
Latitude
and longttude
of particle:
11. 30’ N 106* 22’
E at 0 tlme.

c.
Time
to fall
5.000
feet
(80,000
to 66,000):
1.16 houre.

d.
S.OOO-foot
zonal
wind
(60,000
to 66,000),
(Ume
and apace
varlatton
LnaIgnIftcant),

160 degreea.
17 knots.

e.
Compute
trajectory
prolectlon
of particle
through
layer
(uaed plotting
device.
Reference
66).
I.
Plot Vector
1 (used plotting
dsvlce).

g.
Latttude
and longitude
of parttcle
at 56.000
feet:
11’ 47’ N 186.
14’
E .

h.
Time
to fall 5,000 feet
(56.000
to 50.000):
1.16 hours
I.
5,000-foot
zooal wind t55,OOO to 60,000).
(Ume and apace varlatlon
Inalgntftcant).
240 degreea.
25 knot&
1. Compute
traJectory
proJectIon
of particle
throu@
layer
(used plotting
device).

k.
Add Vector
2 to end of vector
1 on plot
(uaed plotting
device).

1.
f.ntlt”ite
and longIt”&!
of partlole
at 60,000
foetl
12’
02’
N 166’
41’
E .

m.
Time
to fall
8.000
feet
(60.000
to 46,000):
1.21 hourr.

n.
InterpolaUon
for ttme-and-space
varlatlon
of winds
from
constant
level
charts:

(1)
Chart
1. H-3
houra.
50,000
feet,
12’
02’
N.
165’
41’
E : wind
250 degrees.

38 knota.

(2)
Chart
2.
H-3
houra.
40.000
feet,
12.
02’
N. 165.
41’
E : wmd 240 degreea.

31 knota.

(3)
Interpolated
value
of wind
In layer
50,000
to 45.000
feet:
245 degrees.
38 knota

at n -3
houra
(to neareat
5 degreea).

(4)
Cbart
3.
H+B
hours,
50.000
feet.
12. 02’
N,
165.
41’
E : wnd 235 degrees.

30 knota.

(5)
Chart
4.
H+S
houra.
40.000
feet,
12’
02’
N.
165’
41’
E : wind
210 degrees,

40 knota.
I

(6)
Interpolated
value
of wind
In layer
50.000
to 45.000
feet:
230 degreea.
32

knota
at H + 0 houra
(to neareat
5 degreea).

(7)
Final
Interpolated
value
of wind
In layer
50.000
to 45.000
feet:
240 degrees.

37 knota
at H + 3 houra
(to neare#t
5 degreel).

o.
Compute
trajectory
proJectIon
of particle
through
layer
“alng
flnel
wind
In N-l
(used

plottlnp
device).

p.
Add Vector
3 to end of vector
2 on plot
(used plotting
device).

q.
Conttnue
the above
computatton~
until
partlcle
reaches
surface.

2.
Conrlderlng
ttme-and-apace
varlatlon
of the wind
fteld
aa well
am vertical
motions:
a.
Shot Zunl; particle
lze. 7511; orlglnatlng
altitude.
60,000 feet; aeeume
J-hour
per-

alstence
of wind
fteld.

b.
Latitude
and lo@tude
of particle:
11’ 30’ N. 165’
22’ E at 0 time.

c.
From
computed
vertical
motion
cbarta.
determlne
by Interpolation.
the value
of the

vertical
wind
through
the 5.000-foot
layer
(60.000
to 55,000)
at H+ 0 houra
and 11.
30’
N.
165’

22’
E: -18.6
cm/reo.

d.
From
meaeured
Blklnl
wlnde,
obtain
5,000-foot
ronal
wind
(60.000
to 55.000)
at H + 0

houra:
IEO’degreea.
17 knots.

e.
Compute
time
to fall,
5,000
feet In atltl
atmoaphere
(60,000
to 55.000):
1.16
houra.

f.
Compute
corrected
Urns to fall by conalderlng
vertical
motlone
(60.000 to 55.000).
0.76 hour.

g.
Compute
effective
wind
speed
thrcugh
layer
by conslderlng
corrected
ttme
to fall,

63 percent
lncreaee
In falllng
aped
or 53 percent
decrease
In wind
apeed:
160 degreea.
11
knotB.
h.
Ualng effective
wlod speed and all11 air Ume
to fall
5.000
feet.
compute
trajectory

projectlon
of partlcle
through
layer.
(Thla
reverse
approach
waa
wed
to Implement
plotting

wlth
plotting
device.
)

I.
Plot
Vector
1 (“red
plotting
device).

J.
Conttnue
tbte proceaa
Interpolating
for vertical
motlons
and wlnd
velocity
from
charta.

aa a function
of time,
epace.
and altitude.
until
particle
reacher
rurface.

TABLE B.Z!3 CONTINUED
1. SPACE VABIATION AND TIME VARIATION OF THE WIND FIELD

Latlhtde
Altitude
Time
Cumu-
-
Longitude
lnternolntlon for Time-Swce Vnrlallon of Wlndr

Thrcu6l1
;,;I
of Particle
(from Plol)
$hnrr 1
Chart 2
lnterp -
Chart 9
CharI 4
Illklrpo-
locremeot
Fmal Value

Surface Zem
Time
Alt.
Time
AIt.
loted
Valllk?
Time Alt.
Time
Alt.
l&led
Value
Wind Valoclly

10’ h
he
brr

shot zurd
Partlcle slre, 75 mlcrooe
Orl6inaU~ alltude, 60.000 feet

Fr0m
60 (0 66
1.16
66 to 60
1.16

60 lo 46
1.21

46 lo 40
1.26

40 tc 36
1.32

35 to 30
1.37

30 la 26
1.42

25 to 20
1.46

20 lo 1s
1.61

16 10 10
1.54

10 to6
1.58

6100
1.62

1.16
2.32

3.53

4.78

6.11

7.48

6.90

10.36

Il.87

13.41

14.w

16.61

de6 mia
de6 mln
bra
1o’n
hrl
1o’n
hrr
1O’f1
he
loah
deg
knots

11
11
12

12

13

13

13

13

14

14

14

14

30
165
23
47
165
14
03
165
41

34
166
19

63
166
64

22

40

60

01

12

07

07

161 24

167 41

166 01

166 06

167 42

167 21

161 01

H-3
50
n-3
40
260/36
240/3?
H-3
so
H-S
40
250/33
240/31
H-3
40
H-3
30
240/96
210/20
H-3
40
H-3
30
250/40
220/20
H-3
30
H-S
26
220/20
200/12
-
-
-
-

H+S
16
0?0/16
H+S
10
080/12
H+S
10
080/12

-
-
-

H+S
10
080/12
-
-
-
-

Use measured Blklnl wlndr
Uae measured Blklnl wladr
0.15
H+a
so
246 36
235/30
0.25
H+D
60
240 36
235130
0.15
H+S
40
230 33
220/40
0.25
Ii+8
40
230 25
226/45
0.6
tits
30
210 16
240/12
-
H+S
26
-
235/10
-
tit9
25
-
236/10
0.6
H+21
16
075 13
110/l?
1.0
H121
10
090 12
090/16
1.0
H+21
10
DUO 12
OaO/lS

Ii+9
40
210/40
ti+O
40
216/40
H+B
30
340/12
Hi8
30
240/12
H+O
26
235/10
H+O
16
070/16
H+O
16
070/16
H+21 10
090/16
-
-
-
-

0.75
230 32
0.25
220 37
0.75
226 33
0.25
235 20
0.6
237 11
0.76
190 12
0.25
100 16
0.5
100 16
1.0
090 16
1.0
080 16

160
17
240
25
0.25
240
37
0.50
230
36
0.50
226
33
0.75
230
22
0.76
230
12
1.0
190
12
1.0
100
15
0.26
080
14
0.25
090
13
0.26
OS0
13

TABLE
8.29
CONTlNUED

Altitude

Increment

Latitude
Longltude

Time
Cumu-
-
-
lnterwlatlon
for Time-Space
Varlntlon
of Winds

of Parllcls

Through
latlve
-
ffiom
Plot)
Chart
1
Chart
2
lnterpo-
Chart
3
Chart
4
lnterpo-
Final Value

Tlme
Burlace
Zen
Time
Alt.
Tlme
Alt.
lated

Value
Time
Alt.
Tlme
Alt.
lated

Val l.le
Wind Velocity

1O’fl
hra
bra

Shot Zuni

Particle
size,
100 mlcrotw

Orlglnatlng
sltltude.
60.000
feel

From
60 to 56
0.64

56 to 50
1.29

50 to 45
1.97

46 to 40
2.66

40 to 35
3.42

35 to 30
4.20

30 to 25
4.99

26 to 20
5.61

20 to 15
6.66

IS to 10
7.65

10 to 5
6.46

5 to 0
9.45

dsg
mln
deg
mln
bra
lo*11
hrr
10*fl
hrs
10’ft
hrs
1o*ft
deg
knota

11
30
-

11

11

12

12

12

12

12

13

13

13

41

165
22
-

166
33

56
165
51

12
166
12

27
116.
30

;6
166
42

46
166
so

166
49

166
39

166
27

166
12

H-3
50

260/33

II-3
50

250/33

H-3
40

250/36

n-3
40

250/36

H-3
30

215/20

H-3
25

190/14

H-3
25

190/14

II-3
16

120/05

H-3
10

090/20

H-3
10

090/20

b

H-3

Use measured
Blklnl
wlnds

Uee measured
Blklnl
wlnda

40
0.75
Hi.9
50

240/35

H-3
40

240/35

H-3
30

205/21

H-3
30

215/20

n-3
25

215/20

H-3
16

120/05

H-3
16

120/05

H-3
10

090/20
-

-

-

-

245
33
235/30

0.25
t1+9
50

240
34
235/30

0.15
fft9
40

240
30
215/40

0.25
Hi9
40

226
25
220/40

0.5
H+9
30

215
20
240/12

0.75
H+9
25

135
12
225/06

0.25
H+9
25

135
07
225/06

0.5
H+9
16

105
12
060/16

1
H+B
10

090
20
090/15

1
H+9
10

090
20
090/15

H+9
40

210/40

Hi9
40

210/40

ff+9
30

230/11

H+9
30

240/12

fi+s
25

235/12

Ht9
16

060/16

Hi9
16

060/16

Hi9
10

090/15
-

-

-

-

0.75
0.25

230
32
240
33

0.25
0.25

215
36
235
35

0.75
0.50

220
33
230
32

0.25
0.50

235
20
230
22

0.5
0.5

235
12
225
16

0.75
0.5

195
06
165
16

0.25
0.15

115
14
120
13

0.5
0.15

065
15
090
14

1
0.15

090
15
090
16

1
0.75

090
15
090
16

TABLE 8.29
CONTWUED
II.
VERTICAL MOTIONS AND WlND SPEED AND DIRECTION

tai-
Longt-
loterpol~tloa for Determining VertlcPl Yotlon
Ah.
1ude
tude
lnterpolntlon for Time-Space Vsrlatton of whde

Incrr-
of Par1rc1e
Chart 1
Chart 2
TSD
-
-
IllMQo-
Chrt 3
Chart 4
lnterpo-
Chart 1
Chart 2
--
Fhl
-
-
Interpo-
Chart 3
Chart 4
Interpo-
Final
--
VVIUO
men1
(from Plot)
Time: hr6
hated
Time: hrr
1Pled

Grould Zero
Ah: 10) n
Time: brs
Inted
Time: bra
Mad
VPlUfJ
All: 10’ ft
Value
Veh3
AIt: 10’ II
VYh
All: 10’ It
V*lUU
Wind

iu’ ft
deg min deg mln
cm/*80
cm/ret
cm/se0
voluclly
hrs
cm/set
cm/se0
cmheo
cm/se0
cm/set
--
cm/eec
deg kte-

lib01
zunl
Parl~le olre, 75 microns
Orry~naung ahtude, 60.000 feel

From

60 to 55
11 30

55 10 50
11 41

2
w
50 to 45
11 50

45 10 40
12 07

4oto35
12 28

35 to 30
12 57

301025
13 23

25 to 20
13 32

20 to 15
13 50

15 to 10
13 56

10 to 5
13 55

5 to 0
13 63

165 22

165 18

165 34

165 57

166
26

167 03

167 26

167 36

167 41

0
H-3
50
-
-32
-

0.76
H-3
50
-
-33
-
1.51
n-3
50 H-3
40
-31
-22
2.34
H-3
50 n-3
JO
-24
-16

3.31
H+3 40
-
0
-

4.63
H+3 JO
-
+6
-

8.34
Hi3
30 Hi3
20
+9
+ 10

7.76
u+3
30 Hi3
20
+ 10
+ 10
Ht9
20
-
9.36
_3
-

167 22
10.14
Hi9
20
-
_3
-

167 04
12.13
Hi9
10 H+a 2
-3
+ 0.5
H+9 2
-
166 41
13.42
0.5
-

1
H+3 50
-
1
-32
-?
-
-7
1
Hi3
60
-
1
-33
-?
-
-7
0.75
H+3 00
Ht3
40
0.15
-26.3
-5
-2.5
-4.3
0.25
H+3 50 H+3 40
0.25
-20
-2
t0
0
1
H+3 30
-
1
t0
t2
-
+2
1
Hi3
30
-
1
+6
+6
-
+6
0.75
H+Y 30 H+9 20
0.75
+9
-13
-3
-10
0.25
H+9 30 Hi9
20
0.25
+ 10
-13
-3
-5
1
lJt9 10
-
1
-3
-3
-
-3
1
H+9 10
-
1
-3
-3
-
-3
0.15
H+15 10 Hi15 2
0.75
-2
-7
-15
-9
1
H+15 2
-
1
to.5
-16
-
-15

0.b
-19.5
0.6
-20
0.50
-16.3
0.50
-10
0.15
0
0.25
+6
0.50
+0
0.60
+3
0.15
-3
-

-3
0.50
-6
0.5
-1

Use measured Biktnl wtnde

Use meoeured Blklnl wlnds

H-3
50 H-3
40
240/35
230/3?
H-3
50 H-3
40
250/34
240/37
H-3
40 H-3
30
245/36
210/20
H-3
40 H-3
30
250/36
210/20
H-3
30 H-3
25
210/16
200/12
H-3
25 H-3
16
200/12
120/5
H+9 28
-
240/10
-
lit9
16
-
075/17
-
tt+9 10
-
065/12
-
Hi9
10
-
065/12
-

0.16
231 35
0.25
242 39
0.75
235 32
0.25
220 25
0.5
205 lb
0.75
160 10
1
240 10
1
015 17
1
065 12
1

H+9 50
230/30
H+B 50
240/31
H+o 40
220/45
H+9 40
220/45
Hi9
30
236/13
H+O 25
240/10
H+S 16
075/17
H+9 10
085/12

Hi9
40
210/40
Ht9
40
215/42
H+O 30
240/12
Hi9
30
236/12
H+9 25
240/10
Hi9
16
075/17
-
-
-
-

0.75
0.25
225 32
234 34
0.25
0.25
220 39
235 39
0.75
0.5
225 39
230 35
0.25
0.5
230 20
225 22
0.5
0.75
231 11
230 11
0.15
0.75
165 12
165 12
1
0.25
015 11
115 15
1
0.5
065 12
060 14
Hi21 10
-
1
0.25
090/17
-
090 17
095 13
H+21 10
-
1
0.25
065 12
090/11
-
090 11
065 13

TABLE
8.29
CONTINUED

Lntl-

tude

*-
lnterpolatlon
for
Determlning
Vertical
Motlma
Interpolation
for Time-Space
Varlatlon
of Winfs
AIt.
tude

lncre-
OI
PnrucG-
Chart
1
Chart
2
TgD
-
-
Intarpo-
Chart
2
Chart
4
loterpo-
chart
3
chart
4
FIllal

msnt
(from
Plot)
Time:
brr
Iatad
Time:
brm
--
lntcrpo-
Tlme:
hrr
VallW

Oround
Zero
Al(:
10) n
wed
Tlmc:
bra
Alt:
10) A
lnted
ValliO
VAM?
. Ak:
10’
n
ValW?
Wld

cm/aec
Velocity
cm/rea
cm/ma
10’ It
deg
mln
deg
mln
hrr
cm/aeo

Shot
Zunl

Partlcle
Are,
100 mlcmn~

Orlglnatlng
altitude.
60.000
bet

cm/ret
cm/aec
cm/set
cm/we
cm/ret
dcg
kll

From

60 1055
11
30

55to50
11
36

Y
60 to 45
11
44

lb
46 to40
11
53

JOto
12
05

26 to30
12
18

30 to 25
12
30

25 to 20
12
31

2oto15
1x
41

16 to 10
12
56

10 to 6
I2
S6

6toO
12
66

166
22

10s
19

166
30

166
44

166
02

166
16

166
26

166
33

166
30

166
20

166
01

166
61

0
n-3
so
-

-32
-

-
0.49
H-3
60

-32
-

0.99
H-S
60
H-a
40

-31
-20

1.62
H-3
60
‘H-3
40

-30
-20

2.11
m-3
40
H-3
30

-17
-4

2.77
H-3
40
H-3
SO

-16
-6

2.61
H+3
30
Hi3
20

+S
1

4.36
If+3
36
H+S
20
3
+7

1.29
I#+3
20
H+2
10

+7
+s

6.26
H+3
20
Hi3
10

+?
+s

1.11
H+S
10
ii+3
2

+5
0

6.14
n+a1
-

0
-

1

-32

1

-32

0.76

-29

0.26

-22

0.76

-13

0.26

-6

0.76

+4

0.26

+6

0.16

+6

0.25

+I

0.16

+3

1

0

H+3
60
-
-7
-

H+S
50
-

-1
-

Hi3
SO
it+3
40

-6
-3

Ii+3
60
Hi3
40

-3
-2

n+2
40
n+3
30

0
0

H+3
40
H+S
SO

+3
+2
-
-

-
-

-

-

-
-

-
-

H+D
20
Hi9
i0

-1
-2

H+9
10
H+9
2

-2
to.1

H+9
2
-
0.6
-

1

-7

1
*

-7

0.16

-6

0.25

-2

0.76

0

0.2s

+2
-

-

-

-

-

-

0.25

-2

0.75

0

1

0.6

0.6

-19.5

0.6

-19.6

0.60

-17.0

0.50

-12.0

0.60

-7

0.60

-3

1

+4

1

+6

1

+6

0.60
1

0.6

+2

0.6

0.3-O

H-3
60

240/32

H-3
60

240/32

H-3
40

240/35

H-3
40

240/36

H-3
30

210/20

H-3
25

160/16

H-3
25

160/16

H-3
16

140/s

H-3
10

095/20

H-3
10

095/20

H-3
40

240/36

H-3
40

240/35

H-3
30

210/21

H-3
SO

210/20

H-3
25

160/16

H-3
16

120/s

H-3
16

120/6

H-3
10

095/20
-

-

0.75
H+9
50
H+9
40
0.15
0.25

240
33
235/30
210/40
230
33
237
33

0.25
Hi9
50
H+9
40
0.25
0.25

240
34
236/30
210/40
215
37
235
35

0.75
H+9
40
H+9
30
0.75
0.25

235
31
210/40
220/12
212
33
230
3)

0.25
H+D
40
H+9
30
0.25
0.25

220
24
210/40
240/10
230
17
222
22

0.5
H+9
30
H+9
25
0.5
0.5

195
11
24OAO
210/10
226
10
210
13

0.75
Ii+9
25
Hi9
16
0.75
0.5

165
13
210/10
060/15
150
11
160
I2

0.25
H+9
25
Ht9
16
0.25
0.50

135
7
210/10
060/15
120
I4
125
12

0.5
H+9
16
H+9
10
0.5
0.15

120
12
090/11
090/15
065
16
095
15

1
H+9
10
-
1
0.75

095
20
090/15
-
090
15
090
16

1
H+9
10
-
1
0.75

095
10
090/15
-
090
15
096
16

TABLE
8. 28
CONTINUED

LPU-
Lollgl-
lnterpolnllon
for
Debrmiclcg
VertkPl
Hoiione
lnterpolnllon
for
Time-Space
Varlnllon
of Winds

All.
rude
lude
Illlcrpa-
kInal
Ctlert
4
incre-
of Particle
TSD
C@art
1 chatt
2
lcterpo-
Chart
a

loted
Time:
hrs
loted
F1M.l
Chart
1
Chart
2
Inlerpo-
Chart a
Chnrt
4
--
Icterpo-
TLme:
hre
Vplce
TLme:
lws
laced
Time:
hrs
V&llce
men1
(from
Plot)
All:
10’ h
Vrllle
Ah:
10’
ft
Vollle
Ah:
10’ n
VPllle
Ah:
16’ ft
lated
Wind

Ground
zem
V&le
Velocity

10’
I1
deg
mia deg mln
bra
cm/WC
cm/eec
cm/set
cm/aec
cm/set
cm/eec
cm/ret
cm/eec
cm/set
de6
knots

Shot Zuni

Particle
elze,
200 microcr

Or@neUnp
altitude.
80.000
fe-cl

,

From
H-3
50
-
60 to 55 11
30
165
22
0
1

-33
-
-33

H-3
50
-
1
551050
11
32
165
21
0.1s
-33
-
-33

501045
11
a5
165
28
0.39
H-3
50
H-3
40
0.75
r:
-33
-20
-29

u)
45 (0 40
11
3s
165
al
0.61
H-3
50
H-3
40
0.25

-31
-20
-23

40 (0 35 11
44
165
31
0.85
H-3
40
H-3
36
0.75

-20
-2
-14

95 IO 30 11
49
165
43
1.12
H-3
40
H-S
30
0.25

-20
-2
-7

aoto2511
54
165
45
1.41
H-3
30
H-3
20
0.15

_2
-3
-2

25Lo2011
56
165
45
1.73
H-3
a6
H-3
20
0.25

_2
-3
-a

165
43
2.07
H-3
20
H-3
10
0.75
20 to 15 12
02
-3
-4
-3

151010
12
04
165
40
2.43
H-3
20
H-3
10
0.25

_a
-4
-4

10,05
12
05
165
a4
2.83
H-3
10
H-3
2
0.75

_(
-7
-5

5100
12
05
165
26
3.23
H-3
2
-
1

-7
_
-7

B+a
50
-
1
0.5

-7
-
-7
-20

Hia
50
-
1
0.5

-7
-
-7
-20

H+3
50
H+3
40
0.76
0.50

-6
-6
-6
-18

His
50
Ht3
40
0.25
0.50

-5
-a
-4
-14

tf+a
40
H+3
a0
0.75
0.50

-2
-1
-2
-8

n+a
40
H+a
30
0.25
0.50

-2
-1
-1
-4

~+a
30
~+a
20
0.75
0.50

-2
+5
0
-1

H+a
30
H+3
20
0.25
0.50

-2
+5
+a
0

H+3
20
Hi3
10
0.75
0. so

+5
+7
+5
+1

Hi3
20
Hi3
10
0.26
0.50

+5
+7
+7
+a

Ht3
10
H+a
2
0.75
0.50

+7
o
+6
10

H+3
2
-
1
0.5

0
-
0
-3

H-3
50

240/32

H-3
50

240/32

H-3
40

240/35

H-3
40

240/35

H-3
30

205/21

H-3
25

150/14

H-3
25

150/14

H-S
16

120/10

H-a
10

090/21
-

n-a
10

OBO/21

H-3
40

240/35

n-a
40

240/35

H-a
30

205/21

n-a
30

205/21

H-3
25

150/14

H-3
18

12OAO

H-S
16

12000

H-3
10

090/21
-
_ -
-
-

0.15
Hi@
50
Hi9
40
0.75
0.25
240
33
230/30
205/40
225
32
235
33
0.25
Hi@
50
H+Q
40
0.25
0.25
240
a4
230/30
205/40
210
38
230
35
0.15
Hi@
40
H+S
30
0.75
0.25
230
32
205/40
200/12
205
a3
225
32
0.25
Hi@
40
H+O
30
0.25
0.25
215
24
205/40
200/12
201
19
205
20
0.5
Hi0
30
H+8
25
0.5
0.25

175
17
200/12
zoo/o7
200
us
180
15
0.75
Hi@
25
Hi9
16
0.75
0.25
140
13
200/O?
085/15
165
09
145
12
0.25
HtS
25
H+B
16
0.25
0.25
125
11
200/O?
oe5/15
115
13
120
11
0.5
H+U
16
ti+B
10
0.5
0.25
105
15
085/15
09008
085
17
100
16
1
H+s
10
-
1
0.25
090
21
oSo/1e
-
090
18
090
20
1
H+B
10
-
1
0.25
090
21
090/1e
-
090
18
090
20

TABLE
B.29
CONTINUED

IlL
SPACE
VARIATION,
TIME
VARIATION.
AND
VERTICAL
MOTIONS
OF
THE
WIND
FIELD

Altitude
Time
CClrITCtd

Time
Cumulntlve
Wind
Vertical
Remarks
on
CorrectIon
EffIXtlw

Increment
Through
Through
Time
Velocity
Motion
VWtlUI
for
Fall-
Wind

MOtlOll
1w Speed
VdOClty

10’
R
ha
hrs
bra
deg
knot8 cm/aec
ft
pet
deg knots

_
Shot
Zunr

Particle
rize,
75 mrcrona

Onginatmg
altitude.
60.000
feet

From

60 to 55
1.16
0.78

55 to 50
1.16
0.75

50 to 45
1.21
0.63

45 to 40
1.26
0.97

40 to 35
1.32
1.32

35 to 30
1.37
1.71

30 to95
1.42
1.42

25 to 20
1.40
1.62

20 to 15
1.51
1.36

15 to 10
1.54
1.39

10 to 5
1.56
1.29

St00
1.62
1.21

Shot
zuni

Particle
17.e. 100 microna

Originating
111titode.
60.000
f-t

From

66 to 55
0.64
0.49

55 to 50
0.65
0.50
-

50 to 45
0.88
0.53

45 to 40
0.71
0.59

40 to 35
0.14
0.66

35 to 30
0.78
0.14

30 to 25
0.79
0.85

25 to 20
0.82
0.93

20 to 15
0.85
0.97

15 to 10
0.89
0.91

10 to 5
0.93
0.97

5 to 0
0.97
0.97

Shot
zlml

Particle
Bize.
200 mlcroru

Originating
Pltttude.
60.000
feet

From

60 to 55
0.21
0.19

55 to 50
0.22
0.20

50 to 45
0.24
0.22

45 to 40
0.26
0.24

40 to 35
0.28
0.27

35 to 30
0.30
0.29

30 to 25
0.32
0.32

25 to 20
0.34
0.34

20 to 15
0.36
0.36

15 to 10
.0.38
0.40

10 to 5
0.40
0.40

5 to 0
0.42
0.41

0.76
160
17
-19.5

1.51
240
25
-20

2.34
234
34
-16.3

3.31
235
39
-10

4.83
230
35
t0

6.34
225
22
+6

1.16
230
11
to

9.38
185
12
+3

10.74
115
15
-3

12.13
080
14
-3

13.42
085
13
-6

14.69
085
13
-7

0.49
160
17
-19.5

0.99
240
25
-19.5

1.52
237
33
-17.0

2.11
235
35
-12.0

2.11
230
31
-7

3.51
222
22
-3

4.36
210
13
+4

5.29
160
12.
+6

6.26
125
12
+6

7.17
095
15
1

8.14
090
16
+2

9.11
090
16
0

0.19
160
17
-20

0.39
240
25
-20

0.61
235
33
-18

0.85
230
35
-14

1.12
225
32
-8

1.41
205
20
-4

1.73
180
15
-1

2.07
145
12
o

2.43
120
11
+1

2.83
100
16
+6

3.23
090
20
40

3.64
090
20
-3

50,000
53
4
160
11

chart
only
54.6b
240
16

46.6)
234
23

30
4
235
30

0
230
35

20
t
225
27

0
230
11

10
t
185
13

11
1
115
13

11
b
060
13

22
4
065
11

27
1
065
10

50,000
i

30
I

chart
only
30
4

27
b

20
4

12
b

5
b

7 f

12
1

12
t

2
t

4
t

0

50.000
10
4
charts only
11
4

10
4

6.9

5
4

3
I

1
I

0

1
t

5.51

0

3
4

160
13

240
19

237
26

235
29

230
2S

222
21

210
14

160
14

125
14

095
15

090
17

090
16

160

240

235

225

276

Y
-a

TAB1.E
H.3U
I~ADIOCIIEMICAL
ANALYSIS
OF SUHFACE
SEA WATEH AND YAG-39
DECAY-TANK
SAMPLES

_--_
_. .
-_-___--__._.______~~_
---___
_ _

SIIUI
rhlllc

Na~,het
Dceignatol
Time
of
Location

Cullection
Lnlltutlu N
Lon~llutle
E
Fltwon/ml
Flasion/ft3\
-
II + Ill-
Jcg
mln
dug
min

-
Zuni
6030
Y3-S-1B
26.1
13 00
165
11
1.94 x 10’
5.49 x 10’1

1035
Y3-T-1B
26.4
-
-
3.26 x 10’
9.29 x 10“

&25.1
Y4-S-18
16.1
12 25
165
26
8.20 x 10’
2.32 x 10’2

FlLllllt!ild
M.544
YJ-S-1B
13.&
12 04
165
26
3.85 x ld
1.09 x IO”

85-19
YJ-T-1B
14.1
-
-
3.2’J
X
10’
9.32
A
101’

Navajo
6052
M- MS-SA
43.0
12 44.3
162
40
4.12 x 101
1.34 x 10”

8053
M-MS-BB
43.0
I2
44.3
162
40
5.97 x 10”
1.69 x IO”

8241
M-MS Sta. 10
-39.6
11 41
165
11.5
2.66 x 106
6.16 x 10”

6242
M-MS Sk. 11
34.4
I1
34.5
164
44.1
5.62 x 10’
1.59 x 10’0

M581
Y3-s-3B
16.2
11 59.5
165
15.5
4.16 x 10’
1.18 x 10’2

8585
Y3-T-3B
16.3
-
-
1.64 x 10’
4.64 X 10”

Tewa
6284
Y4-S-2B-T
16.0
12 06.0
165
06.5
9.97 x 100
2.82 X 16”

6326
YY-S-lB-T
11.0
12 00.5
165
16
6.64 x lo*
1.94 x 10’3

6350
YY-T-lB-T
52.6
-
-
1.15 x 10’0
3.26 X 10”

Esl~malcd
rclialulily
f 25 to 50 pet.

_
_u

TABLE B.31
RAINFALL-COLLECTION
RESULTS

Collectlone
were made In the traye of the OCC’ a and AOC,’ 8 on the standard platform
of the LST-611 (Station D. Figure A.l) while the
ship was berthed at the San Francleco
Naval ShIpyard,
Hunters Point (N0.24).
Slmultaneouely,
collections
were made In two rectangu-
lar arrays
of 12 Identical trays located at the end of the adjacent pler and In a flat unobstructed
area on the ground about 2,200 feet
northwest
of the ehip.
Wtnde were measured
contlnuouely
on the tops of two bulldlnge in the area (Nos. 815 and 511) and accompanying
ratnfall measurements
were made on one (No. 815); a few readInga were made with a hand-held
Anetrument on the pllot house of the ship.

At regular intervals
the contents of the tray8 were emptied directly
into a contalner
graduated
in milliliters;
all values for a glven array

were later averaged and etandard devlatlone computed.
Weighted-average
wlnd velocities
were calculated by averaging the separate

wind meaeurementa,
aealgnlng welghta to the different Intervals on the basis of the parallel ratnfall measuremente.
and averaging the
resulting
values.
Rainfall catch
ml/2.60
It*

Ftalnfall Perlod

From
To

Weighted Average
Wlnd Velocity
Platform
Array &ST-611)
Non-Platform
Array
LST Average
LST Maximum

Degrees
Knots
Min
Max
Average
Ground
Pler
Ground
Ground
Average
Average
Average
Average

3/29
0130
3/29
0315
200
2
450
520

4/13
1820
4/15
0800
210
26
397
910

4/16
1400
4/18
1900
170
13
150
385

4/l?
1250
4/17
1400
220
15
525
720

4/17
1830
4/17
2130
160
11
1,740
2,540

5/l
2300
5/2
0130
200
11
500
760

5/8
0205
S/8
0335
180
9
540
805

5/8
1900
5/S
0030
190
9
150
410

5/S
0930
5/Q
1130
180
8
65
240

5/11
1000
5/13
0700
180
5
110
375

5/14
0300
5/14
0920
260
5
235
295

5/14
1030
5/14
1100
270
4
235
320

5/20
0930
5/20
2000
145 to 010
10
1,970
2.900

483t
50
4QQi
25
470a
10
0.968*0.111

551*
40
1,418*242
0.389t0.072
$

252t 154
834*
60
505t116
0.397 0.246

591 188
345t
922 131
0.641t0.223:

2,020 f 520
242*145
2,684*145
0.837 f 0.221

617* 264
852 f 143
813* 120
0.724t0.333

620 f 255
759 f 105
807+
84
0.817*0.354

263* 278
525*
87
378*
68
0.501 f 0.536

145i 143
744 167
208 107
0.697 0.775 :

220 201
355 f 315
248t
98
0.620 0.790

254*
48
296*
55
283t
55
0.858 f 0.223

262t
53
200*
14
283*
68
1.3lOt
0.280

2,307*919
4,220*381
3,752*358
0.547 0.223
- Mean = 0.716*0.402

1.042 0.052

0.642*0.110$

0.607t0.057

0.781
O.lll
$

1.053* 0.063
_

0.892*0.150

0.998 f 0.138

1.085t0.180

1.154t0.594f

1.056 f 0.937

0.997 f 0.185

1.6OOiO.112

0.687* 0.062

0.969 0.327

+ No value avaIlable.
t Mleeed beglnntng of rainfall.

1 Pier value ueed for ground average.

B.4
UNREDUCED
DATA

279

TABLE
B.32
ACTIVIl7ES
OF WATER
SAMi’L!ZS

Type
Number
LOCZll ion
Collectron

North
Latrtude
East
Longitude
Time
Dlp counts/2.000
ml

Mm
H*hr
Net counl#/mm
at H+hr
Dcg
Mn
Deg

Shot
Cherokee,
YAG
40

Surface

Surface

Surface

8081

8082

8083

sea Background

sea BPckground

Sea Background

Shot
Cherokee.

8078

8019

8080

YAG
39

Sill-face

Surface

Surface

8013

8014

8015

8010

8011

8012

Tpnk

Tank

Tank

8018

8019

8020

Tank Background

Tank Background

Tank Background

shot
Cherokee.

8007

8008

8009

DE
365

Surface

Surface

8173

8174

Shot
Cherokee,
DE
534

Surface

Surface

Surface

SUI-flU%?

Surface

8195

8196

8191

8198
.

8199

SllrfZU7e

Surface

Surface

Surface

Surface

8200

8201

8202

8203

8204

Shot
Cherokee.
norrroa

Depth 15 m

Depth 30 m

Deptb45m

Depth 60 m

Depth 7s m

8127

8128

8129

8130

8131

Depth 8.5 m
8132

Depth 95 m
8133

Depth1OOm
8134

Depth 105 m
8135

Depth 115 m
8136

SUrfPCC

Surface

Surface

Surface

Surface

8107

8108

8109

8110

8111

Surface
8112

Surface
8113

Surface
8114

Surface
8115

12

12

12

12

12

12

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

14

14

12

12

12

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

15

13

13

13

14

14

13

15

13

Surface
8116
12

38
164
23.5
17.65
66
98.8

38
164
23.5
17.65
66
96.8

38
164
23.5
17.65
54
97.8

43
164
39
2.85
5
99.3

43
164
39
4.65
0
93.8

43
164
39
4.65
6
97.4

20
163
40
16.40
20
94.4

20
163
40
16.40
15
94.6

20
163
40
16.40
28
94.1

20
163
40
3.98
1
94.9

20
163
40
3.98
0
76.6

20
163
40
3.98
8
96.9

20
163
40
16.69
123
76.3

20
163
40
16.69
120
99.3

20
163
40
16.69
138
99.4

20
163
40
3.90
9
99.6

20
163
40
3. so
8
98.3

20
163
40
3.98
3
98.9

42
161
55.5
81.97
537
150.2

42
161
55.5
61.97
137
150.1

17
164
55
26.65
29
148.7

11
165
00
28.48
39
148.8

03
165
04
29.15
49
148.8

59
165
06.5
29.38
43
149.0

56
165
08
29.62
50
149.2

53
165
10
29.85
41
149.3

51
165
11
30.08
89
149.5

48.5
165
12
30.28
108
150.3

46
165
15
30.52
132
149.6

43
165
15
30.15
226
149.7

43.5
164
05
32.15
0
297.3

43.5
164
05
32.15
0
292.5

43.5
164
05
32.15
18
287.2

43.5
164
05
32.15
1
287.0

43.5
164
05
32.15
3
287.6

4b5
164
05
32.15
0
281.8

43.5
164
05
32.15
0
288.1

43.5
164
05
32.15
6
291.8

43.5
164
05
32.15
0
288.2

43.5
164
05
32.15
0
288.3

23
163
05
46.98
22
147.2

23
!63
44
2?.15
23
141.3

23
163
44
27.15
12
147.4

43.5
164
05
31.90
8
147.5

36
164
14
61.15
1
148.0

10.5
164
43
16.15
22
147.7

44.5
165
13
68.09
29
147.9

07.5
165
39
55.40
7
148.1

18
165
40
72.15
43
148.5

32
165
56
76.15
17
148.6

280

TABLE
8.32 CONTINUED

TYPE
NUmlJel
LUCZtlW
CUlleCtlOn

Xorth
L3tltud.s
East Lung~tude
Time
Dip coUnts:2,000 ml

Deg
Min
Dcg
Min
H+ hr
Net co""ts,m,n at H+hr

SUrfJCc
8253
Surfsce
8254
Surfxe
a255
Surfxc
8258

SurfIlce
a260
Surhce
9259
Sea Background
a251
Sea Background
32.52

Shot Zuni. YAG
39

Surface
8029
Surface
8030
Surface
a031
Sea Background
8023
Sea Back@wund
a024
Sea Background
8025

Sea Bsckgrcund
a026
Tank
8034
Tank
8035
Tank
8036
Tank Back~rcund
8021
Tank Background
8028

Shot Z.unI. DE.365

Surface
6301
Surface
6302
Surface
8303
surface
6304
SllrfPX
6305

Surface
8306
Surface
8301
Surface
830.9
Surface
8309

Surface
8310

Surface
8313

Surface
6311
Surface
8314
Surface
6311
Surface
8312
Surface
8315
Surface
8316

Shot Zunl.
DE 534

SUrfiCO
8261
Surface
6262
Surface
8263
Surface
8264
Surface
6265

Surface
8266
Surface
6267
Surfsce
8268
Surface
8269
Surface
8210

Shot Zunr,
Horizon

Depth 2,000
8111
Depth 1.500
8118
Depth 1.000
8119
Depth 750
8120
Depth 500
al21

Depth 250
8122
Depth 150
8123
Depth 125
al24
Depth
30
8125
Depth 110
9126

12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12

13
13
13
13
13
13

13
13
13
13
13
13

11
11
11
l?
12

13
13
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12
12

11
11
11
11
12

12
13
13
13
12

13
13
13
13
13

13
13
13
13
13

25
165
26
16.08
193.345
12.2
?5
165
26
16.06
248,266
72.5
25
165
26
16.08
132.931
72.6
22
165
27
11.08
153,510
149.3

22
165
27
11.08
139.134
149.9
22
16.5
21
17.08
136,300
150.1
22
165
49
3.42
113
12.1
22
165
49
3.42
5.991
12.1

00
165
11
26.08
4.949
147.8
00
165
11
26.08
5.250
141.9
00
165
11
26.08
5,825
147.9
00
165
00
5.58
33
123.0
00
165
00
5.58
0
141.3
00
165
00
5.56
24
149.4

00
165
00
5.58
a
149.6
00
165
13
26.42
15.087
148.0
00
165
13
26.42
21.132
148.2
00
165
13
26.42
16,192
148.3
00
165
00
5.33
11
141.5
00
165
00
5.33
9
147.6

21
165
08.2
1.08
313
240.2
21
165
08.2
1.08
14
240.3
45.1
165
08.2
10.92
3,610
240.4
10
165
27.8
13.92
21.109
240.5
13.8
165
53
18.33
3.311
240.5

37
163
40.2
49.50
2.469
240.6
31
163
40.2
49.50
2.710
241.5
46.1
166
01.3
31.25
11.180
241.6
52.1
165
45.2
67.08
4,965
241.7
31.6
165
49.5
69.08
a.199
242.0
33
164
40
77.25
11.409
242.3

43.9
165
30.2
72.25
13.563
242.3
33
164
40
17.25
11.503
242.3
39.1
163
38
86.83
1.058
242.4
33
165
09.4
74.56
36,688
242.5
20
164
59.3
79.42
41.461
242.6
10.3
164
50.8
80.61
865
242.6

59
165
04
11.42
16,660
213.8
59
165
04
11.42
11.341
214.1
40.3
165
35.2
a.92
229
214.3
40.3
165
35.2
6.92
31.9
214.6
14.1
164
29
16.58
13.414
214.8

14.1
164
46
164
46
164
47
163
44
165

06.4
165
06.4
165
06.4
165
06.4
165
06.4
165

29
33
33
47
59

02
02
02
02
02

02
02
02
02
02

16.58
12.533
216.0
56.58
594
215.2
56.58
8,666
215.3
61.58
261
215.5
90.33
10.043
215.6

50.75
58.75
58.15
58.15
58.15

0
20
0
7
4

15
13
31
22
21

166.0
166.1
166.2
166.4
166.5

06.4
165
06.4
165
06.4
165
06.4
165
06.4
165

58.15
5.9.15
58.15
58.15
58.15

166.6
166.8
167.0
167.1
167.2

281

TABLE
B.32
CONTINUED

Type
Number
Locnrion
COlleCtlOll

North
L;rtrtudr
EMI
Longltudc
Time
Dip ~0~nl8/2.000
ml

Min
k3
hull
H + hr
Nel counts/mm
at H hr

Depth
10
a137

&Pth
250
a146

Depth
75
a136

Depth
30
a139

Depth
50
6140

Depth
90
a141

Depth
100
a142

Depth
125
a143

Depth
150
a144

Depth
200
a145

Depth
300
a147

Depth
350
8148

Depth
400
a149

Depth
450
a150

Depth
500
a151

Depth
70
a152

Depth
10
8153

Depth
50
8154

Depth 3,000
0375

Depth 2.500
a376

Surface
a363

Surface
a364

Surface
a365

Surfux
8366

Surface
8367

Surfnce
a368

Surface
a377

SUrfnIX
8378

Surface
a379

Surface
8380

Surface
8388

Surface
8389

Surface
a390

SUl-f~CC
a391

Sllrfnce
a392

Shot
Flathead.
YAG
40

kg

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13
13

13

13

12

13

13

12

13

13

13

13

13

13

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

00
165
12
32.50
2.58 x 10’
167.3

00
165
12
32.58
27
167.2

00
165
12
32.58
2.31 . 10’
167.4

GO
165
12
32.58
3.3.5x10*
167.5

00
165
12
32.58
2.42 x 10’
167.6

00
165
12
32.58
1.62x 10’
167.7

00
165
12
32.58
1.aox1d
168.1

00
165
12
32.58
40
168.2

00
165
12
32.58
25
168.4

00
165
12
32.58
0
168.6

00
165
12
32.58
93
194.0

00
165
12
32.56
35
194.2

00
165
12
32.58
53
194.3

00
165
12
32.58
71
194.5

00
165
12
32.58
73
194.6

06.4
165
02

06.4
165
02

06.4
165
02

08.5
164
59

06.4
165
02

58.75

58.75

50.75

.
64.06

58.75

1.64x 10’
194.6

1.64x10’
195.0

1.53 x 10’
195.1

55
195.2

60
195.4

00
16.5
12
32.58
2.06 x 10’
243.7

00
165
12
32.58
1.75 x 10’
243.8

04
165
12.5
37.08
2.05x10’
243.9

04.7
165
12.5
41.83
1.77x10’
244.0

00
165
12
26.08
2.54 x 10’
244.1

06.5
165
39
a.42
93
244.2

06.5
165
02
58.75
1.11 x 10’
244.4

06.5
165
02
58.75
1.04x 10’
244.5

19
165
17
19.08
5.12x10’
244.5

06
165
04.5
53.08
1.78X10’
244.6

09

11.5

12.5

11

13

29

29

45.5

41

41

41

29

29

08

08

45.5

29.8

19

19

04

04

08

08

04

08

165
58.5
68.08
1.01 x 10’
262.1

165
55
72.33
9.90x 101
262.2

164
56
80.33
9.38X 10’
262.4

165
5.5
76.08
1.06X 10’
262.6

164
52
84.58
9.85X 101
262.7

Surfice
a092

surface
8093

SUl-fWe
a097

SIlrfXO
8104

Surface
8103

Surface
8102

SWYkX
6095

Surfw?e
8094

SUl&X
9098

Surface
8099

Sea Bnckground
6088

Sea Background
8089

Sea B~ckgramd
8090

Sea Background
a091

Shot
Flathead.
YAG
39

165
4s
18.5
12.332
170.0

165
4s
18.5
9.286
170.5

165
01
25.1
6,186
170.3

166
0.5
26.9
3.670
170.2

166
05
26.9
7.681
170.3

166
05
26.9
4.856
170.4

165
45
18.5
7,906
170.4

165
45
18.5
7,694
170.6

165
28
18.8
19.401
189.4

165
28
18.8
24.122
189.4

166
01
6.63
8.087
170.0

165
22.2
6.63
7,266
170.1

165
20.5
7.65
7,944
172.5

165
20.5
7.65
1.953
172.5

SWf.WX

Surface

Surface

Surface

Surface

Surface

a543

a545

a553

8555

as44

6554

165
26
13.8
12.890
73.5

165
26
13.8
8,442
73.6

165
28
18.8
7.491
172.6

165
28
18.8
3,744
189.3

165
26
13.8
9.205
73.5

165
28
16.8
3,008
189.2

282

TABLE 8.32 CONTINUED

Type
Number
Loczltlon
Collection
North L;ltltude Ettst
Longitude
Time
Dip ccunts/2.000
ml

Min
Deg
hlin
Hthr
Net counts/min
at H+hr

Sea Bnckground
s530
Sea Bockground
S540
Sea Background
9541
Sea Background
s542
Tank
3546
TarJc
a.550

Tank
5549
Tank
5556
TUJ(
3559
Tank
3560
Tank Backgrwnd
8537
Tank Back6round
9536

Shot Flathead.
DE 365

SUrfaCe
Surface
SUrfaCe
Surface

Surface

Surface

surface

SlWhCC

Surface

8400
8399
8401
a394
8390
a397
8396
a393
8395

Shot Flathead.
DE 534

Surf&e

Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
surface

SWhCC

SUhCC

surface

Shot Flathead.

Depth 251
Depth 150
Depth 501
Depth126
Depth105

Depth 3.51
Depth 25
Depth 25
Depth 350
Depth 50

Depth 25
Depth 50
Depth 501
Depth 75
Depth 351

Depth 91
Depth 15
Depth Sl
Depth106
Depth126

Depth151
Depth 251
Depth 150
Depth 500
Depth 75

Depth 50
Depth 105
Depth 90
Depth 25
Depth 125

8436
a435
a439
8440
a442
a443
8441
0431
a436

Horizon

a497
9496
6496
a500
a499

a495
a503
6504
a505
a566

a524
a522
a620
a523
a519

a521
a514
as13
a515
a516

a517
a516
a501
a502
a507

8509
a510
a512
8511

I?
12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12
12

13
13
13
11
12
13
13
11
12
I

11
11
11
11
11
12
11
11
11

12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12

01
165
Ll
-0.68
125
71.9
01
165
07
-0.68
631
12.2
05
165
15
2.01
438
12.3
05
165
1.5
2.01
424
12.4
04
165
26
14.1
209.561
7Zl
04
165
26
14.1
91.314
73.9

04
165
26
14.1
113,319
73.8
08
165
2a
19.2
30.555
189.6
08
165
26
19.2
30.537
169.6
06
165
28
19.2
41.859
189.7
01
165
07
-0.93
556
12.5
01
165
01
-0.93
512
72.6

11
165
05.3
52.3
2.605
214.6
17
165
05.3
52.3
2,169
214.9
47.8
164
21.5
60.1
2,764
215.0
30.5
164
53.6
11.1
1.113
215.1
44.0
165
31.2
34.6
6.145
215.1
10.3
166
09.1
42.6
2.165
215.8
21.2
165
36.9
48.1
1.846
215.9
30.5
164
53.8
11.1
1.326
215.9
30.0
165
14.2
29.9
6,649
216.0

36
165
11
16.1
4.691
194.3
36
165
11
16.1
4.912
194.3
51
165
20
35.6
19.491
194.4
53
164
56
36.1
11.651
194.5
45.1
165
03.6
41.6
10.161
194.5
42
163
29
51.1
1.011
194.6
45.1
165
03.6
47.8
10.025
194.1
52
165
23
19.1
22,535
194.6
52
165
19
31.1
15.211
ls4.9

29.5
164
29.5
164
29.5
164
29.5
164
29.5
164

5.49x10'
190.6
7.00x10'
19as
1.61x101
191.2
1.25~10'
191.5
1.21x10'
191.6

29.5
164
09.2
165
07.2
164
09.2
165
01.2
164

4.16X10'
191.9
3.64x10*
192.5
3.48X10'
193.4
3.21x10'
193.5
4.05x10'
193.6

22.5
164
22.5
164
01.2
164
22.5
164
01.2
164

6.36X 102
196.3
3.82x1$
196.5
1.01x10'
196.6
1.13x10'
213.5
2.02x10'
213.6

22.5
164
01.2
164
07.2
164
01.2
164
01.2
164

3.91x101
213.1
1.03x10'
213.9
1.02x10*
214.0
95
214.1
1.1sx1d
214.3

01.2
01.2
09.2
09.2
09.2

09.2
09.2
09.2
09.2
09.2

164
164
165
165
165

34
34
34
34
34

34
31
50.5
31
50.5

34
34
50.5
34
50.5

34
50.5
50.5
50.5
50.5

50.5
50.5
31
31
31

31
31
31
31
31

15.1
15.1
15.1
15.1
15.1

75.1
29.6
53.1
29.6
53.1

75.1
15.1
53.1
75.1
53.1

75.1
53.1
53.1
531
53.1

53.1
53.1
29.6
29.6
29.6

29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6

a.38xioz
214.3
1.96x10*
214.6
2.56x1+
211.5
2.40x10'
217.6
9.31x10'
217.1

165
165
16s,
166
165

4.60x10*
a.56x10z
1.55XlO~
3.80x10*
1.47x10*

239.9
240.0
240.2
240.4
240.5

283

TABLE
8.32
CONTINUED

TYpe
Numlw
Locntron

North L;LtItudc.
East Lon@tudr
Deg
Mill
Da
Mill

C0llWX1UIl

Time
DIP counts/?.
000 ml

H+hr
Net counts/mm
st H + hr

0485

8486

0481

0406

6471

Slirfs0e

SurfPce

Surface

Surnce

SUrfiCe

8418

6481

8480

0482

6492

Slirf&VZe

Surface

Surface

SurfnIX

8493

8483

8464

8479

Shot
Nsvnjo.
YAG
40

Surfsce
6216

Surface
8211

Surfsce
0210

Sea Bnckground
8212

Sea Bockground
8213

Sea Background
8214

Shot
Nsvn]o.
YAG
39

Surfsce

Surface

Surfsce

Surfitcc

Surface

8580

8561

8582

8561

8565

SUrfWe

Surface

Surfsce

Surface

Surfsce

8566

8580

8595

8596

8568

Surface

Surface

Surface

Surface

Surface

8601

8662

8513

8581

8589

Surface
8574

Surfsce
8515

Surface
6600

Surfice
8594

Sea Bockgrotmd
8564

Ss8 Bsckground
8563

TsItk
8569

TCtUk
6510

Tlnk
8511

TPnk
6563

Tank

Tsnk

Tlnk

Tnnk

.TUlk

8585

8586

El519

8599

6591

TuJ(

Tank

Tank

Tank

Tank

8592

‘8604

6593

8596

8665

Tvrk
8.571

Tank
8578

Tank Background
8561
Tank Background
8562

12

12

12

12

12

12

11

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

12

12

11

11

11

11

11

12

11

12

12

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

12

11

11

12

11

11

11

29
164
00
70.1
1.92 p 101
190.1

22.5
164
34
98.9
4.12” 102
190.3

24
164
32
80.1
4.25x 10’
190.5

24
164
32
80.1
4.10x10’
190.6

10
165
31
29.6
1.29 7 10)
192.0

01
164
52.3
50.6
5.65 * 10’
192.1
\ 30
165
11.3
17.6
1.16~ 10‘
192.2

07
164
51
46.1
1.48 x 10’
192.2

10.2
165
31
16.6
4.12~ 10’
192.4

14
165
21.2
101.6
3.90x10*
214.7

36.5
165
23
100.6
6.91~ 10’
214.9

06
163
52
42.6
9.26 x 10’
216.4

07.4
164
48.6
56.8
1.93x 10’
211.4

10
165
31.3
29.6
1.69x10’
193.7

07
164
57.5
16.9
15.196
94.8

07
164
57.5
16.9
15,615
94.9

01
164
51.5
16.9
15.823
95.0

10.5
165
03.5
1.3
2.136
16.5

10.5
165
03.5
1.3
2.161
16.6

11
165
05
1.8
399
94.7

59.5
165
15.5
18.2
81.925
75.5

59.5
165
15.5
18.2
80.837
15.1

59.5
165
15.5
18.2
19.545
15.8

59
165
19
10.3
109.820
75.9

59
165
19
10.3
111,223
95.5

59
165
19
10.3
141.359
95.5

59.5
165
15.5
18.2
60.389
95.6

56
165
13
35.9
13.329
191.0

56
165
15.5
35.9
14.291
191.5

58
165
15
32.4
18.006
191.6

00
165
15
39.9
12,324
191.7

00
165
15
39.9
12.432
191.9

59.5
165
15.5
17.6
27.877
192.0

58
165
15
32.4
17.509
195.9

58
165
15
32.4
16.594
196.0

59.5
165
15.5
17.6
39,429
196.0

59.5
165
15.5
17.6
24.122
196.1

00
165
15
39.9
11.726
196.2

56
165
15.5
39.5
14,114
190.9

10
165
16
0.9
328
95.3

10
165
16
0.9
224
95.2

59
165
19
10.6
411.687
76.0

59
165
19
10.6
423.655
16.0

59
165
19
10.6
456,030
76.1

59.5
165
15.5
18.3
448,969
16.2

59.5
165

59.5
165

59.5
165

56
165

56
165

18.3
461.724
16.2

18.3
451.191
76.3

17.6
142.146
196.4

36.0
126.213
192.2

32.5
126.729
196.3

58
165

00
165

58
165

56
165

00
165

15.5

15.5

15.5

15.5

15

15

15

15

15.5

15

15.5

15.5

19

32.5
126.065
196.5

40.0
124.524
196.5

32.5
129,962
196.6

36.0
109,514
217.8

40.0
104,539
217.8

59.5
165

59.5
165

59
165

17.6
122,019
217.9

17.6
116,574
218.0

1.0
3,009
35.0

1.0
3.084
95.1
En
route

284

TABLE
B.32
CONTINUED

Type
Number
Location
COlleCtlOIl

North Latitude
East Lpngltude
Time
Dip
counts/Z.000
ml

kg
Mill
Deg
Mill
H+hr
Net counts/min
at H+ br

Shot
NAVAJO.
DE
365

Surfxe
8041

SUrfaCe
8051

SUI-faCe
8048

Surface
6049

Surface
0242

Surface
8052

Surface
8053

Surface
8050

Surface
1
8054

Surface
8241

Shot
NAVAJO.
DE
534

Surface
8235

Surface
8238

Surface
0237

SUI-tiCe
8238

Surface
6239

Surface
8240

Surface
8444

Surface
8445

Surface
8446

Surface
8447

Surface
8448

Surface
8451

Surface
8452

Surface
8453

Surface
8454

Surface
8455

Shot
Navajo.
Horizon

Depth
55
8210

Depth
26
8207

Depth
9
8205

Dcptb
100
8234

Depth
90
8231

Depth
20
6226

Depth
60
6222

Depth
60
6230

Depth
64
6211

Depth
74
6212

Deptb
15
6223

Depth
63
6213

Depth
25
6217

Depth
15
6216

Depth
80
6232

Depth
5
6215

Deptb
10
8225

Depth
92
8214

Depth
30
a227

Depth 100
0224

Depth so
6233

Depth
50
8220

Depth
55
8221

Depth
16
8206

Surface
8179

Surface
8156

Surface
8165

Surface
6191

Surface
6155

Surface
6190

Surface
6163

Surface
6164

Surface
8160

Surface
6162

Surface
8189

Surfxe
8166

11

12

11

11

11

12

12

11

12

IL

11

11

12

11

11

12

12

11

11

12

12

12

12

11

12

12

12

12

12

11

11

11

11

11

12

12

11

12

11

11

11

11

11

12

11

11

11

11

11

12

12

11

11

12

11

12

11

11

11

11

12

11

38.5
164
53.4
14.0
21.206
110.4

03
163
18.2
36.6
356
110.5

38.5
164
53.4
14.0
22.007
110.5

36
164
43.6
15.3
26.027
110.5

34.5
164
44.1
-34.4
2,545
110.8

44.3
162
40.0
43.0
6.206
112.2

44.3
162
40.0
43.0
5.246
172.3

31.5
164
31.5
18.5
12,165
213.1

23.1
164
41.4
15.0
634
214.0

41
165
11.5
-39.6
20,283
189.8

52
165
41
12.5
981
190.1

52
165
41
12.9
693
215.0

09
165
12.2
30.3
5,346
214.2

49.5
164
45.3
34.4
a.117
214.9

57
163
55
43.3
3,376
214.8

36
164
54
56.2
2.019
215.8

36
164
54
56.2
2,001
214.8

38
164
53.2
61.1
14.219
216.4

25
164
26.5
64.3
6,046
190.0

09
164
14
76.4
1,383
190.3

42
163
33.4
85.0
296
190.4

42.5
164
19
80.1
680
191.0

42.5
164
19
80.7
735
190.0

52.8
164
31.6
85.0
1.033
215.6

20
166
20
66.3
1,120
214.9

01
165
27.5
90.5
2,452
215.0

06.5
164
53.1
79.0
0.09 x 10‘
110.6

06.5
164
53.1
19.0
0.145x 10‘
170.1

06.5
164
53.7
19.0
2.43 x 10‘
110.9

46.2
165
15.6
90.0
2.49x 10‘
110.1

46.2
165
15.6
90.0
2.56 x 10‘
171.0

46.2
165
15.6
90.0
2.58x 10‘
111.0

59.5
165
09
35.4
2.29x 10‘
191.8

46.2
165
15.6
90.0
2.23 x 10‘
215.0

06.5
164
53.1
79.0
0
214.3

06.5
164
53.1
19.0
1.93x 10‘
214.3

59.5
165
09
35.0
2.09x 10‘
124.4

08.5
164
53.1
19.0
0.016 x 10‘
214.5

59.5
165
09
35.0
2.11 x 10‘
214.5

59.5
165
09
35.0
2.53~ 10‘
214.1

46.2
165
15.6
90.0
1.96X 10‘
214.1

59.5
165
09
35.0
2.58~10‘
215.4

46.5
165
15.6
90.0
2.33~10‘
215.5

06.5
164
53.7
19.0
5.13x 10‘
215.1

46.2
165
15.6
90.0
1.96X 10‘
216.0

59.5
165
09
3S.0
1.81 x 10‘
216.0

46.2
165
15.6
90.0
1.96x 10‘
216.1

53.5
165
09
35.0
2.22 x 10‘
216.2

59.5
165
09
35.0
2.16 x 10‘
216.4

06.5
164
53.7
79.0
2.02x10‘
216.5

00.6
166
29.5
10.3
1.06x10’
111.1

34.5
166
09
13.4
1.42~10‘
169.9

59.5
165
04
37.10
7.16~ lOa
190.1

07
165
56.5
80.6
1.00 x 102
190.1

21.3
165
14
7.9
6.00 x LO’
190.2

01
164
56.5
80.6
8.11 x 102
190.5

53.5
165
09
35.0
7.12x LO’
190.6

59.5
165
09
35.0
1.26~ LO’
190.7

58.3
165
12.3
26.0
1.05x 10‘
191.9
59.5
165
09
35.0
1.34 x 10’
8.81 x 102
190.9
01
164
56.5
80.1
191.1

39
166
03.6
73.2
1.52 x 104
192.0

285

TABLE B. 32 CONTINUED

Type
NUIOtXX
LOCPllWl
COll6XllOll

North
LWlud~
!3st
Langltude
Time
Dip
counts/2,OOOml

Deg
Mln
Da
H*hr
Net ccuntdmin at H + hi

Surface
8177
Surface
8187
Surfmcc
8186
SUrfaCe
8186
Surface
8175
Surface
8176
SudBCe
8157

Shot
Tewa,
YAG
40

Burface
6264
SUdWe
6266
surface
6265
Surface
8285

Surface
8290
Surface
6268
sea Background
8260
Sea Backgmmd
8261
Sea Background
8282

Shot
Tewo,
YAG
39

Surface
6325

SWfSCl?
6334
Surface
8335

Surface
0347

Surface
8341

11
11
11
11
11
11
11

12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12

0o.i
04
04
12

165
18
165
15
165
15
165
10.5
At Eniwetok

11.0
911.781
96.4
20.3
385.747
215.2
20.3
386.665
215.3
39.1
367.218
214.1
89.7
393,485
214.3

SUdX!E
6342
Surface
8329
Surfme
8330
Surfnce
6337
Surface
8338

Surface
8331
SUrfice
8333
Surface
6339
Surface
8346
Surfice
6343

SUrfice
8284
surface
8326
Surface
8327
Surface
8345
Sea Background
8322

OS
165
03
165
03
165
04
165
04
165

03
165
04
165
04
165
12
165
09
165

07.4
164
00.5
165
00.5
168
12
165
En route

07
37.0
404.010
214.3
16
16.2
450.532
196.8
16
16.2
432.405
196.7
13.4
31.4
333,775
213.7
13.5
31.4
339.126
213.5

lb
16.2
370.653
213.5
15
20.5
385.065
213.5
13.5
31.3
322.553
215.0
10.5
39.1
362.513
214.4
07
37.0
392,477
215.0

50.6
18
18
10.5

15.2
590.172
148.0
11.0
932,578
96.3
11.0
999,568
94.9
39.1
371.474
215.0
1.2
uo
96.0

!lea Background
832 1
En route
1.2
388
95.7
Tlnlr
8349
En route
52.0
1.314x10’
215.7
Tti
8380
En route
52.0
1.302~10’
216.0
TUlk
8351
En route
52.0
1.325~10’
215.4
Tlnlr
8410
At
Eniwstok
91.7
1.325 X 10’
216.1

TU4k
.84ll
At
Eniwetok
9s. 7
1.292x 10’
216.3
TpnL
8412
At
Enirctok
99.7
1.314 x 10’
216.4
TUlk
8413
At
Eniwetok
99.7
1.292 x 10’
216.5
TUlk
6415
At Eniwetok
105.2
1.292 x 10’
216.5
TpnL
8414
At
Eniwctok
105.2
1.325 * 10’
216.5

Tpnk
8416
At
Eniwetok
105.2
1.302 x 10’
216.6
Tti
8353
At Eniwetok
75.6
1.314 x 10’
216.7
Tlnk
8354
At Enlwetok
75.5
1.314x10’
216.8
Turlr
6355
At Eaiwetok
15.5
1.302~10’
2168
TMk
8408
At Eniwetok
61.7
1.346X 10’
216.0,

TUik
6409
At Eniwetok
61.7
1.314 x 10’
216.1
Tank Bac!qround
0324
En route
1.6
5.848
95.9
Tank Background
8323
En route
1.6
5.802
96.0
Depth Background
8764
Bikini
Lagoon
-110.2
29.061
96.0
Depth Background
8163
Bikini
Lagoon
-110.2
28,776
96.0

46.2
165
15.6
9o.c
47
164
46.2
70.2
43.2
185
17.2
55.6
46.5
165
14
52.7
46.2
165
15.8
90.0
46.2
165
15.6
90.0
47.2
165
07.3
15.6

2.16X10’
215.0
1.38 x 10’
214.1
3.06 * 10’
215.0
7.86~10‘
216.2
2.09x10’
216.2
2.16x10’
1 216.3
3.41 x 10’
218.1

07.4
164
50.6
15.2
1.12 x 10‘
96.1
07.4
164
50.6
15.2
1.208~10’
96.2
06.0
165
00.5
18.0
1.239x10’
96.2
‘07.4
164
50.6
15.2
1.112x10’
96.3

06.0
165
00.5
18.0
1.261 x 10’
, 96.4
06.0
165
00.5
18.0
1.186 x 10‘
96.5
15
164
54.0
3.5
3,853
94.8
15
164
54.0
3.5
4.002
95.0
15
164
54.0
3.5
4.389
95.2

286

TABLE
B.32
CONTINUED

Shot Tawa,
DE
365

aurfacc
Surface
Surface
Surface
aurhce

6616
6616
6615
6627
6626

Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface

Surface

6625
6624
6623
6612
6610

SUdNX
Surface

Surface

SWfrCb3
Surface

6609
6614
6613
6619
6621

Surface
Surface
Surface
6urhce

6611
6620
6622
6617

Shot
Tewa.
DE
534

6656
6664
6655
6652

Surface
SIlrfPlX
Surface
Surface

6653
8651
6662
6661

Surface
Surface
surface
surface

6660
8659
6656
6667

Surfam
Surface
_
Surface
Surface
Surface

6667
8666
6666
6663
6664

Shot
Tewa.
Her izon

Depth IO
6150
ocptb 20
6134
Depth
40
6736
Depth
50
6737

D&
60
6136

Depth
IO
6739
Doptb
60
6740
m
60
6149
Doput
65
6151
aprh
169
6732

Number
&cntLon
COll.SXlO~
North Latitude Eaar Longitude
Time
Dip coun~/2.000 ml

bun
-g
Min
H +hr
Net counts/n& at H+hr
WI

11
11
11
13
13

13
12
13
11
11

11
11
11
13
12

11
12
12
12

13
12
13
11

12
11
11
11

12
12
12
13

11
12
12
11
11

11
12
12
12
12

12
12
11
11
12

.

57
164
32.8
42.2
190.76a
195.6
24.2
165
24.0
51.4
k 4.167
195.7
51.4
163
43.6
38.2
24,412
1987
50.0
162
41.0
104.1
511
194.2
50.0
162
41.0
104.7
585
193.1

35.b
163
30.0
99.0
3,682
193.0
31.2
163
49.5
93.0
5.037
193.0
00.6
164
05
85.3
7.303
192.9
36.0
164
07.2
25.0
76.103
192.8
31.5
165
06.2
14.0
7.302
192.8

31.5
165
06.2
14.0
6.846
192.7
51.4
163
43.6
38.2
25.502
192.6
43.7
165
05.1
33.4
5,Sll
192.5
06.7
164
51.2
62.1
10,095
196.6
40.5
164
53.9
69.4
142.860
196.3

35.7
164
40.0
la.?
149,040
196.3
40.5
164
53.9
69.4
145.527
195.9
14.2
165
01.5
14.4
333.796
213.8
02.5
165
13.6
45.7
319.167
216.1

46.8
164
46.8
41.9
a26
195.2
57
166
07
25.3
6.039
195.6
41
165
48
34.1
3.055
195.2
46.5
165
33.1
12.6
1.510
195.0

21
165
41
17.7
461
195.0
46.5
165
33.7
12.6
1.563
195.0
56.2
164
54.5
14.2
27.365
194.9
32
164
00
65.1
62,472
194.8

07
164
29
59.3
41.863

32
164
42
54.1
69,024
194.6
49.5
164
42
52.1
24.196
194.7
46.6
164
46.8
41.9
1.459
194.6

40
162
33.3
169.9
1.931
194.5
20
162
43.4
105.6
3.266
194.4
49.9
162
55.5
95.4
1.900
194.3
56.2
164
54.5
75.2
27.826
194.1
41.2
163
10.6
68.1
7.916
193.4

53.2
165
30.5
164
30.5
164
30.5
164
MS
164

30.5
164
30.5
164
53.2
165
53.2
165
11
165

14
51.1
51.1
57.1
57.1

57.1
57.1
14
14
10.5

59.2
1.04x10'
192.4
51.2
1.54x10‘
192.4
51.2
7.84~~0'
192.4
51.2
0.72x10'
192.3
51.2
0.67X10'
192.3

51.2
0.54x10'
192.2
51.2
0.67~10'
192.1
59.2
7.54x10'
192.1
59.2
6.53X10'
192.0
41.2
L.03XLO4
192.0

Type

287

I

TABLE B.32
CONTWUED

Number
*Llxarlo~
Collectron
North Latitude
EPst Longktude
Time
Dip count~/Z.OOO
ml

De3
MUI
Dee
Mill
H+hr
Nel counts/nun ~1 H + hr

8730
8731
8729
0733
8728

a727
0724
8723
6725
8726

8735
8752
0748
0741
8746

8745
0144
8743
0742
0741

8716
6719
8695
8697
8700

8706
8712
8722
8721
8714

6699
8693
8694
8720
8711

8698
8711
8705
0107
8706

8109
8710
6713

12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12

12
11
11
11
11

11
11
11
12
12

12
12
12
12
12

11
11
12
12
12

12
11
12
12
12

12
12
12
11
11

11
11
11

11
165
10.5
41.2
3.21 i 10’
192.0
11
165
10.5
41.2
0.75 x 10‘
191.7
11
165
10.5
41.2
1.15x IO‘
191.7
36.5
164
61.1
51.2
1.61 x 10‘
191.7
11
166
10.5
41.2
2.12x 10‘
190.8

11
165
10.5
41.2
2.00 x 10‘
190.7
11
165
10.5
41.2
1.92x10‘
190.6
11
165
10.5
41.2
1.95x10‘
190.6
11
165
10.5
41.2
1.92x 10‘
190.5
11
165
10.5
41.2
1.96x 10‘
190.5

30.5
164
57.1
51.2
1.53x 10‘
190.4
53.2
165
I4
59.2
4.08X10’
190.3
53.2
165
14
59.2
2.07 x 10‘
190.3
53.2
165
14
59.2
2.07~10‘
190.3
53.2
165
I4
59.2
1.66X IO‘
190.1

53.2
165
14
59.2
1.23~ 10‘
190.0
53.2
165
14
59.2
6.15~ 10’
190.0
53.2
165
14
59.2
3.90x 10’
190.0
36.5
164
57.1
51.2
0.50x 10’
190.0
30.5
164
57.1
51.2
0.49x 10’
189.9

11
165
10.5
41.2
4.20 x 10’
215.1
11
165
10.5
41.2
4.06 X 10r
215.1
05
165
16
21.7
3.33 x 10‘
214.2
11
165
10.5
41.2
4.10 x 10‘
214.2
36.5
164
51.1
51.9
1.42~ 10‘
196.5

56.2
164
57
77.7
5.02X 10’
196.4
36
164
07.2
25.0
2.03 x 10’
196.2
36.5
164
57.1
51.9
1.35x 10‘
196.1
36.5
164
57.1
51.9
1.39x 10’
196.1
05.2
164
36.2
92.2
1.44x 10‘
196.0

36.5
164
57.1
51.9
1.46X 10‘
195.5
53.6
165
26.2
1.3.4
6.36~ 10’
196.0
05
165
16
21.7
3.36 x 10‘
189.8
13.2
165
06.7
46.4
4.21 x IO‘
214.0
11
166
10.5
41.2
4.14x 10‘
214.0

06.6
165
12
31.0
3.56~ IO‘
215.9
10.3
165
11.2
81.2
5.67~ 10‘
218.1
00
164
52
71.9
4.43x 10’
195.3
53.2
165
I5
59.0
3.53x10’
195.4
53.2
165
15
59.0
3.55x 10’
195.4

52.2
166
15
59.0
3.42X 10’
195.5
53.2
166
15
59.0
3.36~ 10’
195.6
59
164
20.5
85.2
4.38X10’
195.7

Pending further data reductiw.

288

I

TABLE B.33 INTEGRATED ACTIVITIES FROM PROBE PROFILE MEASUREMENTS
(SIO)

Station
Number
H+hr
North Latitude East Longitude
Fissions/ft2*

Deg
Min
De5
Min

Shot Tewa,
Horizon

T-l
18.4
T-2
21.3
T-3
26.8
T-4
30.0
T-5
40.2
T-5A
41.8
T-6
46.5
T-11
78.6
T-12
81.2
T-13
85.2
T-14
94.8
T-15
101.8

11
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
12
11
11
12

Mean of stations
2to6and12
-

Shot Nava]o, Horizon

N-4
18.6
11
N4A
20.0
11
N-5
21.2
11
N-7
31.0
11
N-8
3d3
11

Meanof Stations
4to8

53.6 165
26.2
2.76*0.23x10"
05
165
16
2.0110.17x10's
06.9 165
13.2
3.61*0.30x10'c
06.6 165
12
3.47*0.29x1ots
11
165
10.5
2.98i0.25X10ts
13
165
12
2.11a0.18xlO" t
13.2 165
08.7
2.90+0.24x10'"
58.2 164
57
7.68iO.84XlO"
10.3 165
11.2
3.89+0.33X10"
45
164
28
2.05*0.17x10"
59
164
20.5
5.88+0.50X10"
05.3 164
36.2
1.66a0.14x10'~

57
165
17.5
7.21*0.80x10"
58.5 165
13
5.81*0.64x10"
58.5 165
13
5.95*0.66X10"
59
165
08
5.86t0.65XlO"
59.5 165
09
5.07*0.56X10"

5.98+1.02x10"

Conversion
factors
( dip counts/mm ):
2.29t0.24xlOa
(Tewa)
app mr/hr
1.51*0.38x10c
(Navajo)

7 Nansen bottle
sampiingpro5le
gave 1.82x10" fissions/f?
for this
station.

289

TABLE
B.34
INDIVIDUAL SOLID-PARTICLE
DATA, SHOTS ZIJNI AND TEWA

Particle
Mcnn Cullcc~~on
Particle

TYPO
Numbci
Time
Diameter
Activity

- H+hr
microns
Net counts/min
at H + hr

Shot
Zuni.
YAC
40-A-1

Sphere
331-7
3.84
200
1.200.000
Sphere
322-17
7.11
240
601,000
Yellow sphere
327-59
5.58
143
504.000
Irregular
327-15
5.58
200
432.000
Irregular
325-64
5.17
240
320.000

Agglomerated
327-21
5.58
260x360
501,000
Agglomerated
327-66
5.17
180
439.000
Sphere
331-2
3.84
220
219,000
Sphere
335-6
4.67
70
129
Yellow sphere
335-l
4.61
55
32

Yellow agglomerated
335-10
4.67
120
77.600
Irregular
335-12
4.61
83
9.830
Irregular
335-17
4.67
10
244
Irregular
335-19
4.61
42x83
4,940
Irregular
335-22
4.61
220
152.000

Sphere
335-26
4.67
83
22.600
Irregular
335-29
4.67
83x143
18.800
Irregular
324-l
4.67
260
372.000
Agglomerated
324-4
5.00
120
31,800
Irregular
324-6
5.00
220
114,000

Irregular
324-12

Yellow irregular
324-16

Irregular
324-19

Sphere
324-23

Irregular
324-24

Irregular
324-26

220
235.000
220
732.140
42
9.030
180
359,000
180
104,000
50
12.200

Irregular
324-31

Agglomerated
324-34
Agglomerated
324-36

Sphere
324-37

Sphere
324-43

180
123.000
120
30,900
110
50,300
60
9,180
120
86,400

Irregular
324-48

Sphere
324-51
Sphere
324-53
Sphere
324-54
Black sphere
324-55

240
27.800
166
418,000
143
417,000
170
555,000
42
17

Yellow sphere
325-56
Irregular
325-57
Sphere
325-60

Irregular
325-63
Agglomerated
325-67

Agglomerated
325-11

Agglomerated
325-15
Irregular
325-79
IrreguIar
325-83
Irregular
325-85

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00
5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.11
5.17
5.17
5.17
5.17

5.17
5.17
5.11
5.17
5.11

5.11
5.17
5.i7

5.17
7.11

7.17
5.00
5.17

83
112.000
50
719
130
456.000
240
320,000
180 to 260
167,000

166
123.000
6.5
9.530
83
17.700
380
167,000
380
25.900

Agglomerated

Black irregular

Sphere

325-90

325-93

325-97

70
8.820
100
1,870
83
8.960

Irregular
325-99
Irregular
322-9

Agglomerated
322-13

Irregular
324-51

Irregular
352-2

166
28.000
260
111,000
360
549.000
200
68.000
35
11,400

290

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0
12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0
12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0
12.0

12.0

TABLE
B.34
CONTINUED

Particle
Mean Collection
Particle

Tne
Number
Time
Diameter
Activity

Irregular
325-5
5.17
65
1,660
12.0
Sphere
325-7
5.17
166
106.000
12.0
Sphere
325-14
5.17
166
42,100
12.0
Irregular
325-16
5.17
120
72.500
12.0
Agglomerated
325-20
5.17
120
51,300
12.0

Irregular
325-23
5.17
100
22,200
12.0
Black sphere
325-26
5.17
45
317
12.0
Irregular
325-27
5.17
120
22.900
12.0
Irregular
325-31
5.17
285
216,000
12.0

Irregular
325-25
5.17
240
38.000
12.0
Irregular
325-39
5.17
03
17.800
12.0
Irregular
325-41
5.17
120
114.000
12.0
Agglomerated
325-43
5.17
220
223.000
12.0
Sphere
325-51
5.17
100
19.900
12.0

Irregular
325-54
5.17
110
65’7.000
12.0
Irregular
325-55
5.17
100
26.600
12.0
Irregular
322-16
7.17
240
381,000
12.0
IrreguIar
327-21
7.17
120
853
12.0
Irregular
327-2
5.58
so
39.600
12.0

IrreguIaq
327-5
5.50
180
178,000
12.0
Sphere
327-0
5.50
120
132,000
12.0
Irregular
327-12
5.58
155
90,000
12.0
Sphere
327-17
5.50
130
51,000
12.0
Irregular
327-20
5.58
240
63,900
12.0

Irregular
327-26
5.58
380
141,000
12.0
Agglomerated
327-28
5.58
380
136,000
12.0
Agglomerated
327-31
5.58
166
126,000
12.0
Sphere
327-33
5.58
60
22,500
12.0
Irregular
327-37
5.58
200
3.930
12.0

Agglomerated
327-43
5.58
166
116.000
12.0
Irregular
327-45
5.58
60X 120
13,000
12.0
Irregular
327-47
5.58
220
80.300
12.0
Irregular
327-52
5.58
120
12.700
12.0
Sphere
327-55
5.58
03
50.700
12.0

Irregular
327-50
5.56
83
8.200
12.0
Yellow sphere
327-59
5.58
143
504,000
12.0
Sphere
327-63
5.58
200
123.000
12.0
Irregular
322-4
7.11
240
69.000
12.0
Irregular
322-26
7.17
166
3.750
12.0
Yellow Irregular
311-11
8.42
160
126.000
12.0

Shot
Tewa,
YAG
40-A-l

IrreguIar
white
1839-8
5
165* 330
3.279
6.42
Irregular
white
1842-3
5
231
1.504,907
7.08
Irregular
white
1842-5
5
231
521,227
8.25
Flaky white
1832-5
9
198
476,363
15.75
Spherical
wi-dte
1837-9
8
132
250,651
15.67

Irregular
colorlerr
1832-1
9

Irregular
white
2131-10
10
Flaky white
2145-15
6

Irregular
white
1839-2
5

Irregular
white
1839-5
5

Irregular
white
1842-3
5

Flaky white
1842-4
5

Irregular
white
1842-S
6

Flaky white
2993-9
6

Irregular
white
2993-11
6

99

132

528

165

231 X 330

231 ’

264
231

198

165

97.179
15.67
122.480
30.58
2,465.587
33.67
241
5.33
1.268.762
5.92

1,504.907
7.08
4,326,667
7.17
521.227
6.25
243.712
10.33
679.808
10.67

- H+hr
microns
Net counts/min
at H + hr

291

TABLE
B. 34
CONTINUED

Particle
hlcan Collection
Particle

Type
Number
Time
Diameter
Activity

Flaky white
1838-9
8
165 x 495
1,451,104
22.92
Spherical colorless
1838-11
8
33
65,762
14.67
Irregular
white
1837-2
8
66
752.185
21.33
Flaky white
1837-S
8
132
240,195
16.17
Irregular
white
1837-8
8
132
96.158
20.00

Flaky colorless
1837-11
8
330
1,017,529
21.00
Irregular
colorleee
1832-3
9
132
661,689
20.17
Flaky white
1832-S
9
198
478,363
15.75
Flaky white
1832-12
9
297
631,311
17.42
FIaky white
1832-15
9
165
634,383
17.58

Flaky
colorlese
1832-17
9
165
158,659
16.08
Flaky white
1832-21
9
330
505,515
24.75
Flaky white
1855-2
10
99
70,370
41.69
Irregular
white
1855-6
10
198
291,910
41.18
Flaky white
1855-10
10
297
787,597
41.33

Spherical white
1842-7
6
115
200,789
8.58
Irregular
black
1842-12
6
33
1,762
8.83
Irregular
white
2145-10
6
165
460,000
33.50
Irregular
white
2145-13
6
99
248.000
33.65
Irregular
white
2144-3
6
198
129,860
37.58

Irregular
white
2144-7
7
231
274,540
34.06
Irregular
white
2144-10
7
132
105.263
37.33
Irregular
white
1836-4
13
198
181.295
37.50
FIaky white
1836-8
13
165
292,330
34.58
Spherical white
1841-2
13
132
51.420
36.91

Irregular
white
1849-1
15
165
112,033
38.75
Spherical colorless
1840-4
15
396
35.503
37.92
Irregular
white
1840-6
15
99
121.820
37.92
Flaky white
1838-1
8
396
2,303,519
21.17
Irregular
white
1838-7
8
199
320.153
19.83

Colorless
1855-18
10
198
172
25.33
Flaky white
1855-20
10
66
11,200
41.54
Colorless
1855-29
10
297
122
27.08
Flaky white
1843-2
11
66
82,349
27.33
Spherical white
1843-4
11
132
139,630
40.56

Flaky white
1843-10
11
99
21,440
40.01

Irregular
white
1843-13
11
132
101,559
27.67

Flaky
white
1843-16
11
165
185,505
40.17

Irregular white
1843-17
11
99
14.650
41.13

Irregular
white
1852-2
11
198
47,245
41.00

Flaky white
1852-5
11
132
63,790
39.92

Irregular
white
1852-11
11
132
163.917
41.58
Flaky white
1852-12
11
66
691
28.17
Irregular
white
1852-14
11
33
5,996
41.17
Irregular
white
2125-3
7
132
163.841
40.00

Flaky white
2125-9
7
330
376,736
39.50
Irregular
white
2125-11
7
99
31,819
37.75
Flaky white
2125-13
7
33
33,050
38.66
Irregular
white
2125-16
7
66
25.615
28.58
Irregular
white
2129-4
8
165
45,217
39.83

-H
+hr
microns
Net countdmin
at H + b7

292

TABLE
B. 34
CONTINUED

Particle
Mean Collection
Particle

Type
Number
Time
Diameter
Activity

- H+hr
microns
Net countdmin
at H + hr

Flaky colorless
2129-6
8
99
49,295
28.50
Spherical
white
2129-9
8
99
125,583
28.67
Flaky white
2129-11
8
198
298,737
39.67
Irregular
white
2129-17
10
66
13,090
31.83
Irregular
white
2131-l
10
264
596.410
39.14

Irregular
white
2131-3
10
132
242,473
28.92
Flaky
white
2131-7
10
330
1.366.339
29.10
Flaky white
2131-9
10
198
383.425
29.83
Spherical
white
2131-5
10
132
181.177
34.25
Irregular
white
2131-6
10
99
169,257
29.06

Irregular
white
2133-I
10
132
125.271
31.08
Irregular
white
2133-4
10
165
253.241
34.08
Irregular
white
2133-6
10
132
210,497
30.00
Irregular
white
2133-11
10
165
189,999
29.50
Flaky white
2136-4
12
68
21.679
29.58

IrreguIar
whit8
2136-7
12
165
409.519
29.75

Irregular
white
2136-10
12
132
272,559
29.67
Irregular
whtte
2136-14
12
132
171.285
32.67
Irregular
whits
2136-16
12
165
190.020
31.78

Irregular
white
2139-2
12
165
228,587
32.17

Irregular
white
2139-4
12
132
214.080
32.35

Spherical
black
2138-2
14
198
0
32.67

Flaky white
2142-3
6
198
755,093
32.83

Flaky white
2142-7
6
165
346.200
37.18

Irregular
white
2142-11
6
132
278,823
33.33

Irregular
white
2142-15
6

White
2145-3
6

IrreguIar
white
2145-7
6

Irregular
white
2132-1
9

risky White
2132-2
9

165

330

165

198
.
132

198
165

363

198

144

203.303
33.25
680.070
33.17
562.400
33.41

4,538
9.42
1.232.123
9.58

Flaky white
2137-l
11

Flaky colorlera
2137-4
11

Flaky white
2137-8
11

Irregular
white
2137-10
11

SpherIcal white
1856-2
6

902.179
13.75
,
1.024.960
12.08
1.017,891
22.83
644,789
23.58
171.555
23.17

Flaky white
1858-3
6
144
130.923
24.33

Irregular
colorless
1858-7
6
144
72
21.92

Flaky
white
1834-3
7
165
481.317
24.00

Irregular
white
1834-6
7
132
21.396
24.42

Irregular
white
1834-10
7
99
63,890
14.25

Spherlcsl
white .
1844-3

Irregular
white
1844-4

Spherical white
1844-10

1

7

99.
243,385
21.50
264
996,939
22.06
165
97,524
22.25

293

TABLE B.35 INDIVIDUALSLURRY-PARTICLEDATA,
SHOTS FLATHEADANDNAVAJO

Partxle
Mean Collection Particle
Chloride
Number
Time
Diameter
Content
Activity

-H+hr
microns
gram8
Net counta/min
at H+hr

Shot Flathead, YAG 40-A-1

3812-3'
9.8
-
3812-6
9.8
-

Shot Flathead, YAG 40-B-7

3759-l
9.0
171
3758-2
9.5
164
3757-l
10.0
126
3756-3
10.5
25
3756-l
10.5
-
3754-2
11.5
123

3752-l
12.5
77
3745-l
16.0
108
3741-l
18.0
-

Shot Flathead, YAG 39-C-33

2959-l
7.25
134
2961-1
8.25
160
3752-l
12.5
-
2979-l
17.25
72

Shot Flathead. LST 611-D-37

3538-l
7.5
136
3537-l
7.58
107
3536-2
7.75
124
3535-2
8.00
101
3534-2
8.12
108

3533-3
8.25
111
3532-5
8.5
109
3531-6
8.6
103
3531-3
8.6
104
3530-12
8.8
119

3530-7
8.8
122
35304
8.8
125
* 3630-l
8.8
99
3529-6
9.00
114
3529-l
9.00
98
3525-l
9.8
107
3529-3
9.00
99
3529-2
9.00
102
3528-2
9.1
98
3528-l
9.1
119

Shot Flathead, YFNB
29-H-78

3069-l
1.08
67
3069-2
1.08
-
3070-l
1.58
-
3070-2
1.58
-

3070-3
1.58
-
3070-5
1.58
55
3070-6
1.58
66
3070-7
1.58
-
3070-9
1.58
-

1.1x10-‘
2.10"
8.5~10"
&6x10-
5.3x10-T
7.5x10"

1.0x10"
3.4x10"
2.7x10-'

1.1x10'
890.000
577,500
2,200
279,000
2.3x10'

1.7x10'
1.1x10'
1.4x10‘

1.1x10“
1.5x10"
1.0x10"
1.5x10-T

1.25x10‘
623,000
L7XlO'
527,000

5.9x10"
971.000
3.8x10"
942,000
5.5x10-T
488.400
4x10"
1.11x10‘
3.3x10-1
1.23~10'

28x10"
3.0x10"
2.2x10"
2.2x10-T
27x10"

1.14x10‘
338,000
917,000
1.12x10'
867.000

rL5XlO"
982,000
3.9x10"
944,000
3.2x10-'
1.04x10'
4.4x10-T
313,000
3.2x10"
LOX10
4.7x10-T
970.000
2.6~10"
945,000
3.7x10-'
713,000
2.2x10-'
578.000
5.8x10-'
1.2x10‘

_ 1.5x10-'
2.3x10-'
7.3x10-c
5x10"

58.000
39x10‘
24x10'
86,000

3.8x10"
5,215
4.5x10-'
15.700
26x10-'
16,500
8.2x10-'
4.700
1.8x10"'
60,500

294

1.85~10‘
435,200
13.2
14.0

12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0

12.0
12.0
12.0

12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0

12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0

12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0

TABLE B.35 CONTINUED

Particle
Number
Mean Collection Particle
Chloride
Time
Diameter
Content
Activity

-H+hr
microns
grams
Net countdmin
at H + hr

Shot Navajo, YAG 40-A-1

1869-S
9
165
1872-2
9
99
1874-l
14
132
1876-4
16
-

1869-2t
9
149
1867-l
7
-

1867-2
7
-
1667-S
7
165
1869-1t
9
149
1869-S
9
198
1869-st
9
198

Shot Navajo, YAG 40-B-7

3303-l
8
161
3303-2
8
126
3303-3
8
166
3303-4
8
128
3306-l
9
130
3306-2
9
112

3369-3
9
-
3306-4
9
121
3306-5
9
134
3306-6
9
121
3306-7
9
29
3308-l
10
143

3308-2
10
-
3308-3
10
139
33084
10
126
3308-5
10
112
3308-6
10
107
3308-7
10
112

3308-8
10
100
3308-S
IO
97
3308-10
10
109
3308-11
10
111

Shot Navajo, YPNB
13-E-57

3489-3
1.4
265
3489-5
L4
309
3490-l
CS
234
3490-s
1.9
326

3491-l
24
279
34914
24
286
3491-6
2.4
230
3491-7
2.4
330

2.5x10"
25,059
152
11x10-'
.
17,891
152
2.3~10"
4.410
152
1.1x10-'
7,794
152
9.6~10"
18,643
147
6.8X10"
2.992
147

6.8x10-r
6,052
148
6.8x10-1
8,838
148
1.1x10-‘
9,682
148
6.8X10_'
11.460
148
3.5x10-'
4,263
148
1.6x10"
33,082
148

1.6x10-e
6.8X10"
lJxto-‘
6.8X10"
5.8x10"
5.8x1O-r

22,098
148
32,466
148
11,696
149
9.076
149
11,084
149'
5,562
149

3.8x10"
2,720
3.8x10"
938
5.8x10"
10,192
3.8x10-'
6.068

149
149
149
149

12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12

9.4x10"
560,000
1.3x10“
299,000
4.4x10-'
199,000
1.5x10-L
362,000

6.5X16-'
780,000
5.5x10-'
3.6X10-'
151,000

1.4x10“
131,000
281,000

286,737
10.6
82.293
14.2
129,821
14.7
32,397
16.9
369,291
10.0
-
86,560
7.68

786,051
7.75
562,080
8.16
242,152
9.84
599,190
12.4
599,190
12.4

Insoluble
solids
scraped from reagent-film
reactionarea
3812-6;gamma-enerw spectra
for both are given
in Figures B.15 and B.16.
t Dried slurry.

295

TABLE
B.36
HIGH VOLUME
FILTER
SAMPLE
ACTIVITIES

Shot
Station
Sampling
Exposure
Interval
Head Number
From
To
Ionization
Chamber

Activity
at H + hr

ZUlli
YAG 39

YAG 40

Flathead
YAG 39

YAG 40

L5T 611

Navajo

Tewa

YAG 39

YAG 40

LST 611

YAG 39

YAG 40

LST 611
D-42

C-25
12.2
31.1
389
458

B-8
1.8
16.3
1,543
458
B-9
3.4
4.8
4,440
458
B-10
4.8
5.3
10.270
458
B-11
5.3
5.8
10.380
458
B-12
5.8
6.3
9,540
458
B-13
6.3
6.8
2,800
458
B-14
6.8
7.3
3,040
458
B-15
7.3
7.8
173
458

C-25
4.4
23.7
108 t
340

B-8
6.1
26.4
340

D-42
1.0
7.6

D-43
7.6
8.2

D-44
8.2
10.9

D-45
10.9
12.2
D-46
12.2
14.1

D-47
14.1
15.6

D-48
15.6
18.6
D-49
18.6
25.6

140

3

58

14

3

5

3

5

5

340

340

340

340

340

340

340

340

C-25
2.1
15.9
244

B-8
1.2
19.1
386
244

D-42
3.2
15.4
76
244

C-25
2.0
2.7
320
412
C-26
2.7
3.2
1,260
412
c-27
3.2
3.7
3.230
412
C-28
3.7
4.2
8.980
412
c-29
4.2
4.7
14.890
412
c-30
4.7
5.2
6,890
412
c-31
5.2
5.7
5.240
412
C-32
5.7
8.4
6,310
412

B-8 I
4.3
5.6
3,690
412
B-9
5.6
6.2
4,750
412
B-10
6.2
6.7
3.530
412
B-11
6.7
7.2
2,950-
412
B-12
7.2
7.7
3,280
412

B-13

B-14

B-15

7.7

8.2
8.7

7.3

8.2
1.930
412
8.7
2,920
412
18.4
10.590
412

20.5
7,280
412

H+hr
H+hr
x1011 ma

* Response
to 100 pg of Ra= 700x10”
ma.

t DMT spilled on recovery.

296

TABLE
B.37
OBSERVED
WIND VELOCITIES
ABOVE
THE STANDARD
PLATFORMS

Relative
wind direction
is measured
clockwise
from
the bow of all vessels,
and indicates
the direction
from which the wind is blowing.
Xo recording
anemometers
were
installed
on YFNB
13-E and YFNB
29-H;
the LST 611 instrument
malfunctioned.

Time
Relakve
Wind Velocity
Time
Relative
Wind Velocity
H+hr
Direction
Speed
H+hr
Direction
Speed
From
To
degrees
knots
From
To
degrees
knots

3.35
3.55

3.55
3.85

3.85
4.20

4.20
4.55

4.55
4.05

4.85
5.20

5.20
5.55

5.55
5.85

5.85
6.15

6.15
6.25

6.25
6.55

6.55
6.65

125

130

130

130
130

135

135

135

130
130 to 350.

350

3.55

11

12

11

10
13

10
11

10
14
17

19

21

YAG 40 FL

7.30
7.55
255
13

7.55
7.65
255 to 325’
18

1.65
9.00
325
15

9.00
10.00
340
15

10.00
11.00
340
15

11.00
12.00
335
15

12.00
13.00
335
17

13.00
14.00
345
17

14.00
15.00
355
17

15.00
16.00
355
I?

16.00
17.00
15
15

17.00
18.00
0
16

YAG 40 NA

6.05
6.60
350
18

6.60
7.00
350 to 235 t
18

7.00
7.05
235
13

7.05
7.50
235 to 135
18

7.50
8.35
235 to 135
11

8.35
9.20
135to25t.t
16

9.20
9.30
25
18

9.30
9.50
25 to 275
14

9.50
9.70
275
15

9.70
10.00
275 to
25 t
14

10.00
10.30
25
15

10.30
10.40
25 to 315
14

10.40
10.45
315
16

10.45
10.90
315 to 325 t
12

10.90
11.10
325
16

11.10
11.25
375 to
60
15

11.25
11.60
60
15

11.60
11.65
60 to
45
12

11.65
11.90
45
14

11.90
12.40
45 to
90 t
12

12.40
12.55
90
11

12.55
12.90
90 to
65
13

YAG 40 zu
YAG 39 ZU

12.7
13.0
10
19
13.0
14.0
0
18
14.0
15.0
0
17
15.0
16.0
355
18
16.0
17.0
340
17
17.0
18.0
335
18
18.0
19.0
340
17
19.0
20.0
350
16
20.0
21.0
0
16
21.0
22.0
350
17
22.0
23.0
0
18
23.0
24.0
355
18
.
24.0
25.0
355
18
25.0
26.0
5
19
26.0
27.0
25
16

27.0
28.0
30
17
26.0
29.0
25
18
29.0
30.0
,I5
15

YAG 39 FL

4.35
5.65
5
17
5.65
5.80
5 to
85’
16

5.80
6.70
85
18

6.70
6.80
85 to 295 f
16

6.80
8.30
295
15

a.30
0.45
295 to
80
16

8.45
10.30
80
15

10.30
10.60
80 to 290 t
13

10.60
12.25
290
15

12.25
12.60
290 to
75
14

12.60
13.30
75
17

13.30
13.35
75to
151
14

13.35
15.25
15
15

YAG 39 NA

2.20
2.35
265
16
2.35
2.50
265 to
25
18

2.50
2.60
25
18

2.60
2.70
25 to
90’
18

2.70
2.80
90
18

2.80
2.90
goto
lot
16
2.90
3.10
10
16

3.10
3.30
10 to 295 t
17
3.30
4.10
295
17
4.10
4.30
295 to
65
18
4.30
5.00
a5
18
5.00
5.20
85 to 305 t
18
5.20
6.10
305
17
6.10
6.30
305 to
85.
17
6.30
7.00
85
I?

297

4’

TABLE
B.37
CONTINUED
.
Time
Relative Wind Velocity
Time
Relative Wind Velocity
H+hr
Direction
Speed
H+hr
Direction
speed
From
To
degrees
knots
From
To
degrees
knots

YAG 40 NA

12.90
12.95
12.95
13.40
13.40
13.45
13.45
13.70
13.70
13.18
13.75
14.10
14.10
14.20
14.20
14.80
14.60
14.85
14.85
14.90
14.90
14.95
14.98
15.00
15.00
15.05
15.05
15.10
15.10
15.25
15.25
15.30
15.30
18.00
18.00
18.30
18.30
18.00

4.35
4.85
4.85
4.10
4.10
4.90
4.90
5.05
5.05
1.30
1.30
1.35
1.35
1.40
1.40
6.25
8.25
9.30
8.30
8.55
8.55
9.15
9.15
9.50
9.50
9.55
9.55
10.00

85
12
85 to 70t
12
IO
13
IO to 25’
10
25
14
25 to 15.. :
12
15
15
15 to 325 t
12
325
15
325 to 275
12
275
13
215 to 335 *
14
335
15
335 to 295 t
18
295
18
295 to 215 t
18
275
18
215 to IO t
15
70
15

YAG 40 TE

255
255 to 230 t
230
230 to 355
355
355 to 380 t
380 to 305 t
345 40 D
305 to 355
355 to 280 t. :
14
280
13
380 to 300
14
300
14
300 to 330
, $
14

11
2.20
4.80
12
4.80
5.00
12
12
15
15
15
15
15

HawF

YAG 39 TE

355
14
355 to 100.
14

Shot
Time
H+hr
From
To

True Wind Velocity
Directton
Speed
degrees
knots

ZIUli
0
Cessation
11
11
Flathead
0
Cessation
54
11
Navajo
0
Cessation
79
12
Tewa
0
Cessation
92
3.5

YFNB 29-G

Shot
Time
Relative Wind Velocity
H+hr
Direction
Period
Speed
From
To
degrees
minutes
knots

ZUXli
0
Cessation
348 53
10
20
Flathead
0
Cessation
10a15
10
18
Navajo
0
Cessation
5*50
10
ia
Tewa
0
Cessation
22~43
11
15

* Clockwise direction.
t Counterclockwise direction.
1 Following 380 degrees,
rotation in indicated direction.
0 Oscillating relative wind, 12-minute period.

298

Detector
Type B Number

END OF SIO-P
BOOM

LIMIT
OF CALIBRATION

0
10
20
30
401
50
60
70
TIME
SINCE
DETONATION
(HR)

Figure B.8 Surface-monitoring-dedevice
record, Yffi
39, Shot Zuni.

299

LIMIT
OF CALIBRATION
I
I
0
IO
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

TIME
SINCE
DETONATION
(HR)

Figure B.9 Surface-monitoring-device
record, YAG 39, Shot Flathead.

300

IO3
I
I
I
I
I
I

Station
Location
Detector
Type
8 Number

YAG 40
END OF SIO - P BOOM
NY0 -
M

LIMIT
OF CALIBRATION

1
I
0
IO
20
30
40
50
60
TIME
SINCE
DETONATION
(HRI

Figure B-10 Surface-monitoring-device
record, YAG 40, Shot Flathead.

70

301

LIMIT
OF CALl6RATlONi
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I/----l
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
1
I

0
5
10
I5
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
TO
75
TIME
SINCE
DETONATION
(HI?)

Figure
B.ll
Surface-monltorlng-devlce
record,
YAG 39, Shot NavaJo.

END OF SIO-P
BOOM

-LIMIT
OF CALIBRATION

0
2
4
6
a
10
12
14
16
16
20
22
24
26
28

TIME
SINCE
DETONATION
(HR)

Figure B.12
Surface-monitoring-device
record,
YAG 40, Shot Navajo.

YAG 40
ENDOFSIO-P
BOOM

0
2
4
6
6
10
12
14
16
16
20
22
24
26
28
30
TIME
SINCE DETONATION
(HR)

Figure
B.13 Surface-monitorlng-devlce
record,
YAG 40, Shot Tewa.

10.0

0.01 1 .

--a-
TEWA
. . . . . . . . . . . NAVAJO

-
-
-
FLATHEAD

-
ZUNI

I I IIII
I Illll

40
100
1000
2006

TSD
(HRl

Figure B-14 Normalized dip-counter-decay curves.

305

0

,
/’
I
C’
\

0
0
0

31llNIW 1 SlNll03

306

w
0
4
I
Q

100,000

10,000

=”
z I .
if
5
8

1000

Figure B.16 Gamma spectra
cd slurry-particle
reaction
area,
Shot Flathead.